United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 06-1772
                                   ___________

United States of America,               *
                                        *
              Appellee,                 *
                                        * Appeal from the United States
      v.                                * District Court for the
                                        * District of Nebraska.
John Palma,                             *
                                        *
              Appellant.                *
                                   ___________

                             Submitted: November 17, 2006
                                Filed: January 18, 2007
                                 ___________

Before BYE, BOWMAN, and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges.
                          ___________

BYE, Circuit Judge.

       A jury convicted John Palma of conspiracy to defraud the United States in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371, two counts of social security fraud in violation of 42
U.S.C. § 408(a)(4), and two counts of making a false statement to the United States
in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1001(a)(2). Palma appeals contending the prosecutor made
an improper statement during closing argument which invoked the jurors' status as
taxpayers. Although we agree the comments were improper, we conclude the error
was harmless and therefore affirm the judgment of conviction.
                                           I

        This case arises from an anonymous tip the Social Security Administration
(SSA) received indicating a woman named Deborah Holbrook was working under the
name of her daughter, Stacy Corbett, at the Second Base Bar in Omaha, Nebraska.
The Second Base is owned and operated by John Palma. Holbrook was working
under Corbett's name so she could continue receiving social security disability
benefits. A special agent from the Office of the Inspector General for the SSA
initiated an investigation which revealed not only was the tip accurate, but John Palma
himself was working at the bar while receiving social security disability benefits.

        The case proceeded to trial. The government presented a strong case. In a
search of Palma's home, the government found checks made out to both Stacy Corbett
and Deborah Holbrook, showing Palma was aware the mother was not the daughter
and suggesting he was complicit in Holbrook's fraud against the SSA. Holbrook also
testified Palma knew both her and her daughter, Stacy, because Stacy played darts in
a league at the bar. Stacy's testimony indicated she herself had never worked at the
bar.

       The government called several witnesses to prove Palma was working at the
bar, including the lessor of the bar property, the operator of a beauty shop located in
the same building, three former bartenders, a beer distributor, a Frito Lay salesman,
a route driver for AmeriPride, and an administrator for the Nebraska Liquor Control
Commission. All testified to their personal knowledge of the work Palma performed
at the bar, such as opening the bar and closing the till on a daily basis, cleaning the
facility, scrubbing the floor with a mop, hiring and training bar employees, clearing
off tables, bartending, serving drinks, paying the rent and utilities, solving the
building's maintenance problems (such as the boiler and garbage pickup), moving beer
from the basement of the building to the bar, accepting beer deliveries, ordering potato
chips, ordering bathroom products from AmeriPride, and designating himself as the

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"corporate manager" for purposes of the liquor license for the bar. In short, the
evidence showed Palma participated in virtually every aspect of the bar's business at
one time or another.

         The government also presented evidence regarding Palma's disability interview
and application process to show Palma understood what amount of work would
constitute substantial gainful activity. Palma represented that "due to [his] disability
. . . he, in fact, hasn't done any activities for the [bar] since the onset [of his medical
disability]" and answered "no" to the question "[a]re you working now."

      At the end of the prosecutor's closing argument, he said:

      But the evidence has shown, ladies and gentlemen, that this defendant
      abused – abused the system. He took advantage of it. He lied to it and
      he got money from you and you and you and you and these folks back
      here that he did not disclose.

      Failure to disclose about work. That's what this case is about. He was
      working and he didn't tell the Social Security Administration. He
      defrauded the Social Security Administration not once but twice. Once
      through Debbie Holbrook – helping out Debbie Holbrook and then
      himself for his own benefit.

      There's no doubt here, ladies and gentleman, failure to disclose his work.
      There's no doubt and I ask you to return the only verdict that this – this
      evidence supports and that is guilty as to each crime. Thank you.

      Palma's attorney immediately requested a side bar and moved for a mistrial,
arguing:

             [B]ecause counsel for the government inappropriately
             pointed to each one of the jurors and said that the
             defendant, Mr. Palma, actually took money out of their


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             pockets. That is improper, it is – well, it's improper, it is
             improper argument, and it should not have been said, and
             I think the case law shows that it is reversible error. . . . He
             specifically pointed to them and said, He took money out of
             your pocket.

      The district court noted the motion for a mistrial but denied it, stating:

      If either attorney wants a brief break after closing argument to refer me
      to case law so that I can give a curative instruction, if you think that
      that's necessary or if that's requested, I'll be happy to entertain a request
      for a break and a request for a curative instruction.

      After Palma's attorney gave his closing argument, the district court summoned
both attorneys back to the bench and made these comments regarding the motion for
a mistrial:

      I pulled up the most recent case from the Eighth Circuit that came down
      earlier this month that addresses this issue [United States v. Levering,
      

, 293 (8th Cir. 2005)], and it's clear that – first of all, that
      I've got a lot of discretion in the area and also that the government's
      closing argument is viewed in its entire context, not just one statement
      that may have been made. So I'm going to give you both a copy of that.
      You can have it. I don't think that a curative instruction is needed on that
      topic.

       The jury returned a verdict finding Palma guilty on all five counts. Palma's
attorney brought a post-trial motion for a new trial based on the prosecutor's closing
argument. The district court denied the motion without comment. The district court
subsequently sentenced Palma to twelve months and one day in jail. Palma filed a
timely appeal contending the district court abused its discretion in denying the motion
for a new trial.



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                                           II

       When a defendant alleges prosecutorial misconduct as the grounds for a new
trial, we "review the facts of each case in order to determine if the prosecutor's
remarks unduly prejudiced the defendant's opportunity for a fair trial [and] will
reverse the conviction if we conclude the jury's verdict could reasonably have been
affected by the prosecutor's improper comments." United States v. Conrad, 

, 855 (8th Cir. 2003).

       Palma argues the prosecutor's comments were improper because they invoked
the individual pecuniary interests of the jurors as taxpayers. We agree. A so-called
"golden rule" argument which asks the jurors to place themselves in the position of
a party "is universally condemned because it encourages the jury to 'depart from
neutrality and to decide the case on the basis of personal interest and bias rather than
on the evidence.'" Lovett ex rel. Lovett v. Union Pac. R.R. Co., 

, 1083
(8th Cir. 2000) (quoting Spray-Rite Serv. Corp. v. Monsanto Co., 

,
1246 (7th Cir. 1982)). The prosecutor's comments in this case were akin to a golden
rule violation because they suggested the jurors were themselves direct victims of
Palma's crimes.

       Remarks invoking the individual pecuniary interests of jurors as taxpayers are
universally viewed as improper. See United States v. Schimmel, 

, 806
(7th Cir. 1991) ("[A]n appeal to the pecuniary interests of the jurors is unquestionably
an unacceptable predicate for argument in a criminal trial: 'Since pecuniary interests
would necessarily disqualify a prospective juror from service, it is patently improper
to make an appeal to that interest in closing argument.'" (quoting United States v.
Scott, 

, 1170 (7th Cir. 1981))); United States v. Blecker, 

,
636 (4th Cir. 1981) ("We recognize that appeals to the pecuniary interests of jurors [as
taxpayers] are patently improper."); United States v. Lotsch, 

, 37 (2d Cir.



                                          -5-
1939) (indicating prosecutor's comment in a bank fraud case that "money lent to these
borrowers came out of the jurors' pockets [was] plainly an improper remark").

      In United States v. Smyth, 

(5th Cir. 1977), which like this case
involved a charge of conspiring to defraud the United States, the prosecutor's closing
arguments included this comment: "You want to say we approve of this type of
conduct in dealing with the Government? Let Uncle Sam take the ride, but when you
think about that, think of that, that's your tax money, that's your tax money being
kicked in here." 

(emphasis added). The Fifth Circuit concluded the
argument was an improper, personal appeal to the jurors as taxpayers: "We view the
prosecutor's pitch as an unprofessional and highly improper appeal to the passion and
prejudices of the juror[s]." 

v. United States, 

(6th Cir. 1950), a criminal tax
evasion case, a prosecutor made several statements implying that certain assets
traceable to the defendant were actually paid for by the jurors as taxpayers due to the
defendant's failure to pay taxes: "Little Creek paid part of it,- you and I paid the
balance . . .. You and I are paying the [defendant's life insurance] premium . . .. Each
one of us helped pay for that piece of property." 

On appeal, the defendant
argued the trial court erred in overruling his objection to the arguments. 

Circuit agreed: "We do not commend this character of argument. It was improper and
the court not only should have reproved counsel but should have instructed the jury
to disregard it." 

the prosecutor's comments were improper and the
jury should have been instructed to disregard them.

        Given the strength of the government's case, however, we cannot conclude the
district court abused its discretion by declining to grant a mistrial or give Palma a new
trial. See 

certainly did not abuse judicial discretion by declining to
declare a mistrial and discharge the jury, or by overruling appellant's motion for a new
trial. If the case against appellant had been a weak one another course might have

                                          -6-
been justified.") (emphasis added); see also United States v. Davis, 

,
1245 (8th Cir. 1977) ("Any error raised concerning closing arguments would be
harmless in light of the strong evidence of defendant's guilt.").

                                          III

       We agree with Palma's contention the prosecutor improperly appealed to the
jurors as taxpayers in his closing argument, but conclude the error was harmless given
the strength of the government's case, and therefore affirm the judgment of conviction.
                         ______________________________




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