United States Court of Appeals
                          FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 06-1870
                                   ___________

Jane E. Stewart,                       *
                                       *
            Plaintiff-Appellant,       *    Appeal from the United States
                                       *    District Court for the
      v.                               *    District of Minnesota.
                                       *
Independent School District No. 196,   *
                                       *
            Defendant-Appellee.        *
                                  ___________

                             Submitted: November 14, 2006
                                Filed: April 6, 2007
                                 ___________

Before LOKEN, Chief Judge, LAY1 and MELLOY, Circuit Judges.
                              ___________

MELLOY, Circuit Judge.

      Jane Stewart appeals the district court’s2 grant of summary judgment on claims
under the anti-retaliation provisions of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act,
29 U.S.C. § 623(d) (“ADEA”) and Americans with Disabilities Act, 42 U.S.C. §


      1
       The Honorable Donald P. Lay took permanent disability retirement on January
3, 2007. This opinion is being filed by the remaining judges of the panel pursuant to
8th Cir. R. 47E.
      2
        The Honorable Ann D. Montgomery, United States District Judge for the
District of Minnesota, adopting the report and recommendation of Janie S. Mayeron,
United States Magistrate Judge for the District of Minnesota.
12203(a) (“ADA”). She also seeks review of the district court’s refusal to exercise
supplemental jurisdiction over Minnesota statutory and common-law claims. We
affirm the judgment of the district court.

I.    Background

       Independent School District No. 196 (“the District”) is Minnesota’s fourth
largest school district. Starting in 1994 and continuing through July 1, 2000, Stewart
served as the Director of Education Services for the District. In this position, she was
a member of the superintendent’s cabinet. The superintendent for the District during
this time was John Haro. Haro previously had worked with Stewart in California and
was superintendent when the District hired Stewart. As Director of Education
Services, Stewart had many duties, including responsibility for a budget of over
$3,000,000. She also chaired a committee to create an alternative school and
performed a number of other administrative-level tasks.

      Prior to holding this position, Stewart had worked as a teacher in a number of
schools in Wisconsin, Florida, and California. She then worked as a specialist for a
drug abuse program in the County Office of Education in San Diego, California, a
counselor in an adult high school diploma program, and a counselor in a high school.
Next, she taught special education, worked as an elementary school vice-principal,
and worked as a high school vice-principal at a school in Antioch, California.
Immediately before starting work for the District, she worked as a testing and
curriculum consultant to school districts in California on behalf of a publishing
company. She holds a B.A., an M.A., and a Ph.D.

       As a result of budget cuts and a failed tax levy, the District eliminated Stewart’s
position in 2000. She does not allege that the elimination of her position in 2000 was
improper, discriminatory, or in retaliation for any type of protected conduct. The
District placed her on an unrequested leave of absence following the elimination of

                                           -2-
her position. This entitled her to recall rights that allowed her to return to her previous
position (if the position were to be restored) or to other positions of equal or lesser
rank or pay level that might become available (if she had the necessary licenses and
seniority to fill such other positions) for a period of five years. When the District
eliminated her position, Haro provided a favorable letter of recommendation for
Stewart. Before her last day of work as Director of Education Services, Stewart
obtained a new job as the principal of an elementary school in Wisconsin. Stewart
worked as principal at the elementary school in Wisconsin throughout the 2000-01
and 2001-02 school years.

       In 2001, the position of Director of Secondary Education came open in the
District. According to Stewart, this position was second in rank only to the position
of superintendent. Stewart asked to be named Director of Secondary Education and
claimed her recall rights applied to the position. The District told Stewart she didn’t
have recall rights to the position because it was a higher rank than her prior position.
Stewart claims that it was not truly a position of higher rank but that the District added
a stipend to the salary for the express purpose of raising the position to a pay level
above that covered by her recall rights. The District also told her that she lacked
experience as a high school principal and that such experience was important for the
position. The District hired John Currie, a former high school principal within the
District, for the position.

       In November 2001, Stewart filed an EEOC complaint alleging age and gender
discrimination because Currie was male and younger than Stewart (Stewart was born
in 1942). Stewart identifies this EEOC complaint as her first act of protected conduct
and relies on this EEOC complaint as one of her protected acts for the purpose of her
retaliation claim under the ADEA.3

      3
       Stewart argued below and argues on appeal that her retaliation claims arise
under the ADEA and the ADA. Although she also alleged gender discrimination in
her November 2001 EEOC complaint, the present action does not include a retaliation
claim under Title VII.

                                           -3-
       Between November 2001 and April 2002, the District notified Stewart of
several different jobs that were open and available to her through the exercise of her
recall rights, given her qualifications and seniority. As to each job, she declined to
exercise her recall rights. None of the jobs that Stewart rejected were at a pay level
equal to or greater than her prior position.

       In April 2002, approximately five months after she filed her EEOC complaint,
the District notified her via email that there was an opening for a high school principal
and that her recall rights applied to the position. Haro stated in his deposition that the
site of the vacancy was not determined when a position was first offered to Stewart
because the District followed a lateral transfer policy. The policy gave rights to
principals at other schools in the District to claim open positions and transfer laterally
when positions came open. Stewart responded that she would accept the position of
high school principal “provided that the following conditions are determined and
agreeable to me: 1) location of the position, 2) compensation package (i.e., salary
schedule, placement, health benefits, degree recognition, etc.).” The District
eventually determined that the vacancy was at Eagan High School and notified
Stewart of the location. Stewart accepted the position.

       Eagan High School is an award-winning school, and the position of principal
at Eagan is a high-profile position within the District. Stewart describes Eagan as the
flagship school for the District. The actions of concerned and interested parents and
faculty members at Eagan, as described below, suggest that these groups agree with
Stewart's characterization of the school. These actions also show that the faculty and
parents had no reservations about expressing their opinions on matters concerning
leadership at the school. These groups were not supportive of having the
administration appoint a new principal without first seeking their input.

      After Stewart accepted the job at Eagan, Currie, Haro, and others told her that
the faculty had wanted an insider—one of the current assistant principals—to be
appointed principal and that the faculty were unhappy about Stewart's appointment.

                                           -4-
According to Stewart, Haro told her on May 9, 2002 that the assignment would be
“interesting and tough.” Stewart also reports that Currie told her the position would
be “miserable.” Stewart spoke directly to some current and former staff members
who, according to Stewart, “cautioned me about taking this position because the staff
wanted one of their own and would make my life miserable.” The outgoing principal
told Stewart to ask for another assignment and reported that “the staff was doing
research on [Stewart] and trying to ‘dig things up.’”

       Haro and Currie were aware of the situation with the faculty at Eagan and met
with the faculty immediately after the announcement of Stewart’s appointment.
Although Stewart was not present at the meeting between Haro, Currie and the staff,
she characterizes it as a meeting where Haro and Currie “listened to staff bickerings
concerning Stewart without making any effort whatsoever to positively support her.”
Haro and Currie state that they met with faculty members, told them Stewart was
entitled to the principal position through the exercise of her recall rights, and told
them the District believed Stewart deserved an opportunity to succeed at Eagan High
School. Haro and Currie also state that they would not normally meet with faculty in
relation to the announcement of a new appointment, but did so in this instance because
they knew of the faculty’s concerns and wanted to diffuse the situation.

       Stewart was scheduled to visit Eagan on May 16, 2002 to be introduced to the
faculty. She attempted to schedule an appointment with the departing principal prior
to the faculty meeting, but the departing principal refused to spend substantial time
with her in advance of the meeting, stating that it would be too disruptive and that she
should come one hour before the meeting. When Stewart arrived for the faculty
meeting, she encountered an apparently well-organized show of opposition. Many of
the teachers were wearing identical shirts as a show of solidarity. Many teachers
asked pointed and hostile questions that reflected a good deal of research into
Stewart's past and, although presented as questions, amounted largely to accusatory
statements indicting her qualifications, personality, and past performance. Many of



                                          -5-
the teachers participated in an organized walk-out from the introductory meeting. The
meeting was videotaped and transcribed, without advance notice to Stewart.

       Haro and Currie were present for the May 16 meeting. According to Stewart,
Haro introduced her and sat down, but did nothing to constrain the hostility from the
faculty nor to prevent the videotaping of the meeting. In depositions, Currie described
the meeting as “tense and pointed and hostile” and Haro described the meeting as
“tense.” A transcript of the meeting reveals that Haro introduced Stewart and turned
control over to her following the introduction. Stewart does not allege that she asked
anyone to turn off the recording equipment.

       After the meeting, the videotape and Stewart’s resume appeared on the Eagan
High School Web site without her knowledge and consent. The videotape was taken
off the site because Haro deemed it inappropriate. It is not clear who placed the
materials on the site, arranged for the meeting to be taped, or arranged for the meeting
to be transcribed. Haro and Currie deny responsibility for these acts and Stewart
presents no evidence tending to show who was responsible. When the meeting
started, it was apparent to those present, including Stewart, that the meeting was being
videotaped.

       On May 23, 2002, Stewart sent a letter to Haro asking him to provide more
support for her in the form of a transition plan. She also accused Haro of depriving
her of support in the new position as an act of retaliation for filing the EEOC
complaint in November 2001. Haro delegated responsibility over Stewart’s transition
to Currie, and Stewart alleges Currie did nothing to assist her. No one from the
District conducted an investigation regarding her charge in the letter that the hostile
meeting was an act of retaliation. Stewart identifies her May 2002 letter as a further
act of protected conduct for the purpose of her retaliation claims.




                                          -6-
      In May, following the meeting, over ninety percent of the teachers at Eagan
High School participated in a vote of no confidence regarding Stewart. On a vote of
ninety-eight to three, the teachers passed the following resolution:

      Resolved: That the Eagan High School faculty express no confidence in
      the qualifications of Dr. Jane Stewart, and urge Superintendent Haro and
      the ISD 196 Board of Education to replace her with a principal who has
      significant and recent leadership experience in a large, comprehensive
      public high school that utilizes cutting edge technology, and who brings
      a clear vision for continuing Eagan High School’s tradition of academic
      and cocurricular excellence.

       On May 28, 2002, Stewart sent Currie an email in which she stated, “It appears
that things have not been going well at Eagan and that conditions appear to be very
poor.” Stewart indicated in her email that she “offered to take and requested other
positions for which I am qualified and would like to know what the district plan is [at]
this point.” Stewart claimed in her deposition that, around the end of May, Currie
suggested that she could take a different job that the District would create for her in
the District office. She did not accept this offer, and on May 29, she signed a contract
to serve as principal at Eagan. On May 31, Haro sent an email to all staff and
approximately 6,000 parents. The email stated that Stewart had over thirty years of
experience in education including teaching, counseling, and administrative work at the
elementary, high school, and district levels. The email stated Stewart was qualified
to be principal, Eagan was a “great school,” and “[w]e will work to help Dr. Stewart
continue that success just as we do with all new principals and other employees.”

       Stewart completed the 2001-02 school year in Wisconsin and returned to Eagan
in July 2002 to begin her new job as principal. In that same month, she was diagnosed
with endometrial cancer and had to schedule surgery and follow-up chemotherapy
treatments. She used sick leave to attend to her health issues and was off work for
parts of July and August. She returned to work on an essentially full-time basis after
mid-August. Upon her return, Currie again asked Stewart if she was interested in a


                                          -7-
district office staff position. Stewart refused, stating that she wanted to work with
students, parents, and teachers. In September and October, she took only limited sick
leave for her chemotherapy treatments. These ongoing treatments left her physically
weakened, and she limited her participation in certain functions that might normally
involve a principal, including some extracurricular and after-hours events such as
football games and open house/parent meetings.

       Stewart claims that, during fall 2002 when she was present at Eagan in her
capacity as principal, she performed her duties well, exceeded all reasonable
expectations, and kept the school running smoothly. In addition, she states that some
teachers approached her and apologized for participating in the unfriendly
introductory meeting. Haro and Currie, however, received numerous complaints from
faculty and parents regarding Stewart’s performance.           In mid-October, a
representative from the teachers union, Jim Smola, met separately with Haro and
Currie to discuss complaints about Stewart from teachers at Eagan.

       Eventually, Currie presented a list of some of these complaints to Stewart, and
Stewart alleges that she addressed them to Currie’s satisfaction. Some of the specific
complaints related to Stewart’s absence from specific events; Stewart explained to
Currie that her absence was due to her physical weakness related to ongoing
treatments. Stewart claims that she responded promptly to all comments from
students, parents, or staff, and she received no replies indicating that her responses
were unsatisfactory. Notwithstanding Stewart’s acknowledgment that Currie
approached her with a partial list of complaints, Stewart claims that when anyone
made comments about Stewart to Haro or Currie, they referred the person to Stewart
for a response, and none of those persons made follow-up comments to Haro or
Currie. Stewart requested and received a meeting with Smola, and Stewart believes
she addressed the union’s concerns to Smola’s satisfaction because he did not raise
further concerns with Haro or Currie.




                                         -8-
       On October 16, 2002, the EEOC issued a right-to-sue letter related to the
November 2001 EEOC complaint. The EEOC found insufficient evidence to make
a determination as to the merits of Stewart’s complaint.

       Around this same time, school board member Bruce Endler sent a voicemail to
Smola and copied it to Haro, Currie, and others. In the voicemail, dated October 25,
2002, Endler defended himself against rumors apparently being circulated by some
members of the Eagan High School faculty. He also expressed anger at the behavior
of some of the faculty. In the voicemail, Endler made it clear that he believed certain
teachers had falsely attributed to him adverse statements about Stewart. As relevant
to Stewart’s present claims, the content of the voicemail demonstrated that at least
some teachers at Eagan knew or believed Stewart had raised some type of legal claim
against the District and felt Haro and Currie had abandoned Eagan High School.
Also, Endler asserted that statements and actions by faculty at Eagan High School
might be interpreted as adding to a hostile work environment for Stewart. Finally,
Endler stated that he was disappointed in a perceived lack of integrity among the
faculty and in their unwillingness to give Stewart a chance to succeed.

       In late October and early November, in an alleged response to the perception
that there was conflict between Stewart and the faculty at Eagan, Currie repeatedly
offered Stewart the opportunity to transfer to a specially created position in the
District office, Principal on Special Assignment. The District asserts that a person
was needed in the District Office to coordinate compliance efforts regarding the newly
passed No Child Left Behind Act. The District also asserts that the transfer was
viewed as a solution to the faculty’s unhappiness with Stewart. The Principal on
Special Assignment was to coordinate the entire District’s K-12 compliance with the
No Child Left Behind Act and to receive a stipend of $2,500 above Stewart’s salary
as principal at Eagan. Although Currie told Stewart the District could transfer her
without her consent, Stewart repeatedly refused the invitation to transfer. Stewart
viewed the new job as being poorly defined in scope and being a dead-end position



                                         -9-
in terms of possible advancement. On November 8, 2002, the District transferred
Stewart to the new position against her wishes.

       In November 2002, shortly after her transfer, Stewart commenced an extended
absence from work using vacation leave, sick leave, and eventually, disability leave.
She returned to work briefly in July 2003, but stayed only a short while, resuming her
leave until January 2005. In January 2005, she returned to the District office.
According to Stewart, when she returned in January 2005, there was no longer a
furnished office for her, she had only a shared secretary, and her position had no
specific duties. It is undisputed that the District, during the more than two years that
elapsed between November 2002 and January 2005, distributed duties related to
compliance with the No Child Left Behind Act to other employees.

       On December 17, 2002, one month after her transfer, Stewart filed a second
EEOC complaint. In this second EEOC complaint, she alleged that her transfer to the
position of Principal on Special Assignment was an adverse employment action taken
in retaliation for the filing of her November 2001 EEOC charge and in violation of the
ADEA and ADA.

       Stewart filed the present action on March 26, 2004, while on leave from her
position as Principal on Special Assignment. The parties engaged in discovery and
the District moved for summary judgment. The case was assigned to a magistrate
judge to prepare a report and recommendation. The magistrate judge recommended
a grant of summary judgment, and the district court granted the motion for summary
judgment.

       In granting summary judgment, the court analyzed Stewart’s claims as two
distinct claims based on two distinct protected acts: the filing of the two EEOC
complaints. As to the claim of retaliation arising out of Stewart’s filing of her first
EEOC complaint in November 2001, the court characterized Stewart’s claim as
alleging two retaliatory actions by the District: (1) her involuntary transfer in

                                         -10-
November 2002, and (2) exposure to a hostile work environment between April 2002
and November 2002. As to the transfer, the court found an outstanding question of
material fact as to whether the transfer was an adverse employment action,
specifically, whether Stewart received a reduction in title, prestige, job duties,
authority, and working conditions. The court ultimately held, however, that Stewart
failed to demonstrate a triable question of fact as to whether her involuntary transfer
was causally related to her filing of the November 2001 EEOC complaint.

       Regarding Stewart’s hostile work environment claim, the court did not analyze
it as alleged hostility based on retaliation, as argued by Stewart. Rather, the court
analyzed the claim as a discrimination-type hostile work environment claim under the
ADEA. As a result, the court granted summary judgment because Stewart had not
presented “the requisite facts to make out a prima facie case of a hostile work
environment based on age.”

      Regarding Stewart’s claims arising out of Stewart’s filing of her second EEOC
complaint in December 2002, the court considered two allegations of retaliatory
conduct by the District. First, the court considered the involuntary transfer in
November 2002, and second, the court considered the working conditions Stewart
found unacceptable upon her return to work in January 2005. Regarding the
involuntary transfer, the court noted that the November 2002 transfer preceded the
second EEOC complaint, which she filed in December 2002, such that the transfer
could not have been in retaliation for the second complaint. Regarding working
conditions in 2005, the court simply concluded that the extended time between
December 2002 and January 2005 was too long to support a claim of retaliation.

       After the grant of summary judgment and after the parties had filed their initial
briefs in the present appeal, the Supreme Court issued its decision in Burlington
Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White, 

(2006). In Burlington
Northern, the Court expressly held that retaliation claims under Title VII could be
based on a hostile work environment and need not be based solely on discrete adverse

                                         -11-
employment actions that affect the terms or conditions of employment. 

The Court proceeded to establish a standard to define the concept of a hostile work
environment for the purpose of retaliation claims under Title VII. The Court held that
actions are considered materially adverse and are actionable in Title VII retaliation
claims if the actions “well might have dissuaded a reasonable worker from making or
supporting a charge of discrimination.” 

(internal quotation marks omitted).

       On appeal, it is undisputed that Stewart participated in protected conduct.
Stewart alleges that there are triable questions of fact as to whether actions of the
District were adverse and whether such actions were causally related to her protected
conduct. Stewart objects in particular to the district court’s treatment of her hostile
work environment claim given the need to focus on causation related to retaliation
rather than age, and given the new standards set forth in Burlington Northern. In
addition, she argues that she participated in ongoing protected conduct (including her
letter in May 2002 alleging retaliation) beyond the mere filing of her EEOC
complaints and that this ongoing protected conduct is relevant to the question of
temporal proximity for the purpose of analyzing causation.



II.   Discussion

      A.     Standard of Review and Applicable Law

        We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, viewing the evidence in a
light most favorable to the non-moving party and drawing all reasonable inferences
in that party’s favor. Green v. Franklin Nat’l Bank of Minneapolis, 

, 910
(8th Cir. 2006).

      Without direct evidence of a retaliatory motive, we analyze retaliation claims
(whether under Title VII, the ADA, or the ADEA), under the burden-shifting
framework of McDonnell-Douglas Corp. v. Green, 

, 802 (1973). Under

                                         -12-
this framework, the initial burden is on the plaintiff to establish a prima facie case,
consisting of evidence: “(1) that he or she engaged in statutorily protected activity; (2)
an adverse employment action was taken against him or her; and (3) a causal
connection exists between the two events.” 

. If the plaintiff
establishes a prima facie case, the burden then shifts to the defendant to show a “non
retaliatory reason for the adverse employment action.” 

omitted).
If the defendant can show a legitimate, non-retaliatory reason for its actions, the
burden returns to the plaintiff who “is ‘then obliged to present evidence that (1)
creates a question of fact as to whether [defendant’s] reason was pretextual and (2)
creates a reasonable inference that [defendant] acted in retaliation.’” Logan v. Liberty
Healthcare Corp., 

, 880 (8th Cir. 2005) (quoting Smith v. Allen Health
Sys., Inc., 

, 833 (8th Cir. 2002)).

       We have described the actual evidentiary burden that a plaintiff must meet at
the prima facie stage as “minimal.” 

. Where the evidence used
to establish a prima facie case meets this minimal burden but is not strong, that
evidence, standing alone, may be insufficient to sustain the plaintiff’s case at the final
stage of the burden-shifting analysis. See 

(“[A]n employee’s attempt to
prove pretext requires more substantial evidence than it takes to make a prima facie
case because unlike evidence establishing a prima facie case, evidence of pretext and
retaliation is viewed in light of the employer’s justification.”) (quotation and internal
marks omitted); Davenport v. Riverview Gardens Sch. Dist., 

, 944-45 (8th
Cir. 1994) (stating that it was error to conflate the ultimate burden of proof with the
“minimal” threshold of proof necessary to make a prima facie case, but nevertheless
affirming a grant of summary judgment where a defendant had offered legitimate
reasons for its actions and there was “no genuine dispute on the issue of pretext and
the ultimate issue of defendant’s intentional discrimination”). Conversely, where the
evidence of causation for purposes of establishing a prima facie case is quite strong,
it may be sufficient, standing alone, to prove a defendant’s liability without resort to
further evidence. See, e.g., Smith v. Allen Health Sys., Inc., 

, 834 (8th



                                          -13-
Cir. 2002) (“It is possible for strong evidence of a prima facie case to establish pretext
as well.”).

       Taken together, these cases demonstrate that the burden-shifting framework is
merely an analytical construct; the ultimate burden of proving retaliation remains at
all times with the plaintiff; and the level of proof required to show causation is less at
the prima facie stage than at the final stage of the McDonnell-Douglas analysis. As
such, if an employer has articulated a legitimate reason for its actions, it is permissible
for courts to presume the existence of a prima facie case and move directly to the issue
of pretext and the determinative issue of causation when bypassing the prima facie
case analysis leads to clarity in framing the issues under review. We choose to do so
in the present case.

      B.      Stewart’s Retaliation Claims

      Turning to the issues of causation and pretext, the District asserted faculty
dissent and the need for a district-level employee to address the No Child Left Behind
Act as its legitimate reasons for Stewart’s treatment and eventual transfer. Stewart
must present sufficient evidence to create a jury question as to whether these reasons
were merely pretexts to hide an impermissible, retaliatory motive.

      i.     Retaliation based on the November 2001 EEOC Complaint and
             the May 23, 2002 Letter.

      Stewart focuses her arguments on showing adverse treatment, but offers little
support for her theory of causation. She relies primarily on two factors, temporal
proximity and the content of the October 25, 2002 voicemail from school board
member Bruce Endler.

     Regarding temporal proximity, alleged retaliation which precedes protected
conduct cannot logically be used to show causation because a prior event cannot be

                                           -14-
caused by a later event. Accordingly, the tense and hostile meeting on May16 and
other actions preceding the May 23 letter must be examined for causation only in light
of the November 2001 EEOC filing, not the May 23 letter.

       The District argues that the six months of time that elapsed between November
2001 and May 2002 preclude a finding of causation or, at a minimum, weigh heavily
against such a finding. Stewart argues that we should not consider the relevant time
frame to be six months because she was working outside the District and unavailable
to be subjected to retaliation. She asserts, instead, that temporal proximity weighs
strongly in favor of proving causation because the District retaliated against her at the
first available opportunity when she visited Eagan in May and the District
immediately took adverse action against her. Stewart points to the District’s failure
to control the faculty at the May 16 meeting. She also points to the taping and
transcribing of the meeting without her permission and the posting of the video and
her resume on the Internet.

       We agree with the District that the extended period of time in this case fails to
support a finding of causation. Although we have recently discussed the difficulty of
placing too much reliance on timing as evidence of causation, see 

, it remains clear that “[a] gap in time between the protected activity and the
adverse employment action weakens an inference of retaliatory motive,” Hesse v.
Avis Rent A Car Sys., Inc., 

, 633 (8th Cir. 2005), and that, given a delay
of sufficient length, the “causal nexus tends to evaporate.” Shanklin v. Fitzgerald, 

, 604 (8th Cir. 2005). Here, Stewart’s attempt to compress the six-month gap
in time fails because her interaction with the District continued throughout the six
months. The District repeatedly offered her positions during the six-month window,
as required in light of her recall rights. Although Stewart argues that these offers were
related to undesirable, lower-level positions and are themselves evidence of
retaliation, she has not adduced any evidence tending to show that higher-level
positions came available prior to the opening for principal of Eagan High School. She
also has not provided any evidence to show that the District failed to offer any such

                                          -15-
positions for her consideration. Because her interactions with the District continued
throughout the time she attempts to discount, and because the District took no adverse
actions during that time, we cannot accept Stewart’s attempt to discount the six-month
period.

        Regarding events that occurred after she sent the letter on May 23, 2002, the
bulk of her interactions with the District occurred in the fall. She was present for a
short term in July, but she had to take time off due to her serious health concerns and
returned to work later in August. Upon her return, some of the faculty and parents
continued to resist her appointment, at least in their complaints and comments to the
union representatives and to Haro and Currie. Nine weeks after her return, the District
transferred her from her position. Stewart characterizes the District’s failure to control
faculty as an adverse action that created a hostile environment, and she characterizes
the transfer as adverse. Even if we were to assume that the environment at Eagan
following her surgery was, immediately upon her return, sufficiently hostile to meet
the Burlington Northern standard, two months had elapsed since she sent the May 23
letter, and more than eight months had elapsed since she filed the 2001 EEOC
complaint.

       More importantly, however, Stewart admits that the faculty’s opposition to her
appointment was based on permissible grounds, namely, the faculty’s desire to have
an inside candidate appointed principal. In her deposition, while discussing her
reaction to the May 16, 2002 meeting, Stewart stated, “I felt that they wanted
somebody inside the District and that I was a scapegoat, that they were going to
intimidate and bully me not to take the job because they wanted someone internally.”
She also stated that she was told as much by the departing principal. From the time
Stewart’s appointment as principal was announced to the faculty, she lacked faculty
support based on the faculty’s perception of her qualifications and based on the
faculty’s anger at not having been given a chance to have input into the hiring process.
The transcript of the hostile meeting shows without exception that hostility was based
on the faculty’s perception of Stewart’s qualifications, and this is reinforced by the

                                          -16-
vote of no confidence passed shortly after the meeting. Given this evidence
supporting the District’s legitimate reasons for its action, Stewart may not satisfy her
burden of proving causation merely by arguing that temporal proximity ties the
adverse action to protected conduct that occurred two to eight months in the past.

       Stewart attempts to buttress her claim of causation and pretext by relying on the
contents of the voicemail from Endler. Taken in a light most favorable to Stewart,
Endler’s voicemail revealed that at least some faculty members knew or believed
Stewart had filed complaints against the District, some faculty members were
circulating rumors that Endler had characterized Stewart’s complaints as claims for
hundreds of thousands of dollars, and persons at the District were aware of a need to
be mindful of possible litigation with Stewart and to avoid acting in a manner that
could be viewed as contributing to a hostile work environment.

       There is no evidence, however, to suggest what certain faculty members may
have known about Stewart’s complaint, or when or how these faculty members may
have learned of her complaint. There is also no evidence linking this apparent
knowledge to any actions by the faculty that made the environment hostile or led to
Stewart’s reassignment by the District. In contrast, there is clear evidence—Stewart’s
own admission—that the faculty wanted an insider to be hired as principal at Eagan
rather than Stewart and that the faculty members were resentful of the fact that the
administration did not seek their input when making the decision to hire Stewart.
Finally, vague statements regarding apparent concern by directors or supervisors as
to possible litigation with persons who file complaints cannot suffice to prove
retaliatory animus. Directors and supervisors would be ill-advised not to act in a
guarded and careful manner after the receipt of a complaint. The exercise of such care
in no way demonstrates that adverse actions are motivated by a desire to retaliate. If
anything, it is evidence of a desire to placate.

       At most, then, Endler’s October 25, 2002 voicemail might appear suspicious.
It does not, however, suggest that the hostile actions Stewart identifies were based in

                                         -17-
any manner on her protected conduct. The evidence is simply insufficient to permit
a reasonable jury, without resort to speculation, to draw the inference that any adverse
action or hostile environment was based on Stewart’s November 2001 EEOC
complaint or May 23, 2002 letter. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 

,
252 (1986) (“The mere existence of a scintilla of evidence in support of the plaintiff's
position will be insufficient; there must be evidence on which the jury could
reasonably find for the plaintiff.”).

             ii.    Retaliation Based on the December 2002 EEOC Complaint.

       We also find that Stewart failed to generate a jury question as to causation
based on the December 2002 EEOC filing. No allegedly adverse actions that preceded
the 2002 EEOC complaint could have been in retaliation for the later-filed complaint.
Regarding allegedly retaliatory actions that followed the 2002 complaint, Stewart
identifies only the unsupportive and ill-defined situation upon her return to the District
in January 2005, labeling it a hostile working environment. We hold on the facts of
the present case that any conditions in January 2005 were simply too far removed in
time from the filing of her December 2002 complaint to establish a causal connection.
See 

(stating on the facts of the case that “[w]ith [a] lengthy
delay [of ten months], any causal nexus inference tends to evaporate”). Also, given
the practical considerations involved in holding a position open for an employee
during a two-year absence, no reasonable jury could find that the lack of immediate
support and lack of well-defined duties in January 2005 is the type of response that
could “dissuade[] a reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of
discrimination” Burlington 

(quotations omitted).4




      4
       Because Stewart alleges no protected conduct other than the filing of her
December 2002 EEOC complaint to support her ADA retaliation claim, we need not
address that claim further.

                                          -18-
       Because Stewart has not presented evidence sufficient to create a jury question
as to pretext and causation, summary judgment was proper on her retaliation claims.

      C.     Stewart’s State Law Claims

       The district court holds broad discretion under 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3) to
dismiss related state law claims after federal claims are dismissed. Moran v. Clarke,

, 650 n.6 (8th Cir. 2002). Here, Stewart argues only that the dismissal
of her state law claims was an abuse of discretion because she believes the grant of
summary judgment on her federal claims was improper. Because the grant of
summary judgment on Stewart’s federal claims was not improper, we find no abuse
of discretion in the district court’s dismissal of the state claims.

      We affirm the judgment of the district court.
                      ______________________________




                                        -19-