United States Court of Appeals
                          FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 06-2407
                                   ___________

Shirl A. Roberson,                     *
                                       *
             Appellant,                *
                                       * Appeal from the United States
      v.                               * District Court for the Eastern
                                       * District of Missouri.
                   1
Michael J. Astrue, Commissioner of     *
the Social Security Administration,    *
                                       *
             Appellee.                 *
                                  ___________

                             Submitted: March 12, 2007
                                 Filed: April 2, 2007
                                 ___________

Before RILEY, BOWMAN, and ARNOLD, Circuit Judges.
                           ___________

ARNOLD, Circuit Judge.

       Shirl Roberson, who suffers from bipolar disorder, applied for social security
disability insurance benefits and supplemental security income. After the Social
Security Administration (SSA) denied her benefits initially, she received a hearing
before an administrative law judge (ALJ), who concluded that she was not disabled
and denied her claim. The Appeals Council denied review, and so the ALJ's decision


      1
       Michael J. Astrue has been appointed to serve as Commissioner of Social
Security and is substituted as the appellee pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate
Procedure 43(c)(2).
became the final decision of the SSA. Ms. Roberson sought relief in district court,2
which upheld the ALJ's decision, and Ms. Roberson appealed, contending that the
administrative decision is not supported by substantial evidence. We affirm.

       We review the district court's decision de novo. See Pettit v. Apfel, 

, 902 (8th Cir. 2000). Like the district court, we review the decision of the ALJ
for substantial evidence and adherence to the relevant legal requirements. Id.; see also
42 U.S.C. § 405(g). Substantial evidence "means such relevant evidence as a
reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion." Richardson v.
Perales, 

, 401 (1971) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
When deciding whether the ALJ's findings are supported by substantial evidence, we
consider evidence in support of and contrary to those findings. 

.

       The SSA uses a five-step process to determine whether a social security
claimant is disabled. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520. Here the ALJ first determined that
Ms. Roberson was not engaged in substantial gainful activity, and decided at the next
step that her bipolar disorder was a severe impairment, i.e., one that "significantly
limit[ed][her] physical or mental ability to do basic work activities," see 20 C.F.R.
§ 404.1520(c). At the third step, the ALJ concluded that Ms. Roberson did not meet
the criteria for any of the listed impairments that are acknowledged to be so severe as
to result in a conclusive presumption of disability. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(d). Ms.
Roberson's claim was denied at step four; the ALJ concluded that she was capable of
performing her past relevant work as a computer programmer and was therefore not
disabled. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(f). If a claimant is unable to perform past
relevant work, the burden shifts to the government to show that he or she cannot
perform any other work in the economy. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(g).




      2
        The Honorable Catherine D. Perry, United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Missouri.

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                                          I.
       Ms. Roberson contends that she "arguably" met Listing 12.04 for bipolar
disorder and thus should be presumed disabled. But we believe that the ALJ's
conclusion that she did not meet a listing was supported by substantial evidence.
Although Ms. Roberson had "bipolar syndrome," see Listing 12.04A3, in order to
meet the listing, a claimant also must have two of the four restrictions listed in
12.04B. Ms. Roberson contends that she met that requirement because she had
"[m]arked difficulties" both "in maintaining social functioning" and "in maintaining
concentration, persistence, or pace." See Listing 12.04B.2,3. At the hearing,
Ms. Roberson testified repeatedly that she had difficulty understanding instructions,
remembering what she was told to do, focusing, and completing her work in a timely
manner; she also mentioned having problems interacting with others in the workplace.
But she did not offer medical evidence to support a finding that her limitations in
those areas were "marked" or rose to a degree that prevented her from functioning
satisfactorily. Thus we reject Ms. Roberson's contention that the evidence compels
the conclusion that she met a listing.

                                         II.
       Ms. Roberson also maintains that the ALJ erred in several respects in step four
of the inquiry, in which he concluded that she could return to her work as a computer
programmer.

      She first contends that the ALJ failed fully to consider all of the evidence when
assessing her residual functional capacity (RFC). Before determining whether
Ms. Roberson was able to return to her past work, the ALJ was required to determine
her RFC. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(e). The RFC "is a function-by-function
assessment based upon all of the relevant evidence of an individual's ability to do
work-related activities," despite his or her physical or mental limitations. S.S.R.
96-8p, 

, at *3 (Soc. Sec. Admin. July 2, 1996); see 20 C.F.R.
§ 404.1545(a).

                                         -3-
      The ALJ concluded that Ms. Roberson's mental impairment limited her ability
to do work-related activities only by preventing her from performing work that
involved complaints from the public and that she was not limited by any physical
impairment. When determining a claimant's RFC, the ALJ must consider all relevant
evidence, including the claimant's own description of her or his limitations, as well as
medical records, and observations of treating physicians and others. See Pearsall v.
Massanari, 

, 1217-18 (8th Cir. 2001); see also 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1545,
404.1546.

       Ms. Roberson contends that the ALJ's determination of her RFC is contrary to
the medical evidence. In support of this contention, she refers to evidence from
Dr. Howard Ilivicky, her treating psychiatrist; Dr. F. Timothy Leonberger, the SSA's
consulting psychologist who examined her; and Dr. R. Rocco Cottone, a psychologist
who evaluated Ms. Roberson, without examining her, at the initial stage of her claim.
In his decision, the ALJ referred to the opinions of all of these experts.

       Dr. Ilivicky began treating Ms. Roberson in 2000. At one point in her
treatment, he found that she had "extreme mood swings, uncontrollable anxiety, [and
an] inability to interact with people or handle stressful situations." Ms. Roberson
contends that Dr. Ilivicky found that she was disabled, and she relies on a Family
Medical Leave Act (FMLA) form that he completed in early August, 2002, about the
time that she claims her disability began. On the FMLA form, Dr. Ilivicky stated that
Ms. Roberson was unable to work; the doctor had last seen Ms. Roberson a week
earlier and written in his office notes that she said that she "needed to go on disability"
because of her bipolar disorder and that she was unable to work for the next four
weeks. Thus Dr. Ilivicky did not state that she was or would be disabled for the
twelve-month period required for social security benefits. See 42 U.S.C.
§§ 416(i)(1), 1382c(a)(3)(A).




                                           -4-
       Ms. Roberson did not return to work after taking her FMLA leave. In October,
2002, SSA asked Dr. Ilivicky to complete a form assessing Ms. Roberson's
limitations, but the doctor returned the uncompleted form, along with his office notes
for Ms. Roberson. Though we question the ALJ's conclusion that Dr. Ilivicky's failure
to complete the form indicates his belief that Ms. Roberson was not disabled, the
blank form certainly cannot assist her in proving her claim. And, as the ALJ notes in
his opinion, Dr. Ilivicky's office records from July, 2002, until late 2003 refer to Ms.
Roberson's forgetfulness or decreased memory only twice, her racing thoughts once,
and her increased rate of speech twice. Although they often state that Ms. Roberson
had a "labile" affect (frequently fluctuating mood), the doctor often described the
condition as "mild" or "slight." We do not believe that the ALJ's determination of Ms.
Roberson's RFC was necessarily contrary to the opinion of her treating doctor.

       After Dr. Leonberger met with Ms. Roberson and reviewed her records, he
diagnosed her with cyclothymic disorder, which is similar to bipolar disorder, and
involves chronic, fluctuating mood-disturbances. See American Psychiatric
Association, Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.) 361-66.
According to Dr. Leonberger, Ms. Roberson's condition sometimes caused her to be
"restless" and "fidgety" and to speak rapidly, "which [made her] social interactions
difficult."

       Dr. Leonberger assessed Ms. Roberson's RFC in all areas of mental functioning.
On the RFC form, the clinical psychologist concluded that Ms. Roberson had no more
than a "moderate" limitation in any area, and a moderate limitation, as defined on the
form itself, does not prevent an individual from functioning "satisfactorily." See
Lacroix v. Barnhart, 

, 888 (8th Cir. 2006). Dr. Leonberger found that
Ms. Roberson's mental impairment "occasionally" disrupted her concentration and
ability to persist on tasks and moderately limited her ability to understand, remember,
and carry out detailed instructions. He concluded that Ms. Roberson had a mild to
moderate limitation in concentration, persistence and pace, and a moderate limitation

                                          -5-
in her ability to respond appropriately to work pressures and to routine work settings,
and to interact appropriately with the public, supervisors, and co-workers. Although
Dr. Cottone found that Ms. Roberson was "markedly" limited in her ability to
understand, remember, and carry out detailed instructions, he described her other
limitations as no more than moderate.

      For the above reasons, we reject Ms. Roberson's contention that the ALJ's
determination of her RFC is contrary to all of the medical evidence.

       In assessing her RFC, Ms. Roberson also contends that the ALJ should have
considered the side effects of her medication, but at the administrative hearing
Ms. Roberson mentioned only that her medications made her somewhat tired. And
when asked to explain her difficulties at work, she did not attribute her work-related
problems to those side effects. And though Ms. Roberson refers on appeal to her
complaints of physical pain, we note that when she was asked at the hearing what kept
her from being able to work she made no reference to any physical problems.

       Ms. Roberson also argues that the ALJ improperly determined that she was not
credible and thus erred in failing to give her statements weight when determining her
RFC. An ALJ may not reject a claimant's subjective complaints, such as
Ms. Roberson's statements that she was unable to concentrate, sometimes had
difficulty sitting still, became confused, was often tired, and had difficulty
remembering and following instructions, based merely on the absence of objective
medical evidence. Polaski v. Heckler, 

, 1322 (8th Cir.1984). But an
ALJ may take the claimant's medical records into account when determining his or her
credibility, and may discount the claimant's subjective complaints if there are
inconsistencies in the record as a whole. 

ALJ recognized the Polaski
considerations, and he took into account such matters as her daily activities, the
effectiveness and side effects of her medication, the lack of restrictions placed on her



                                          -6-
activities, as well as her medical records, before deciding that her statements regarding
her inability to work were not credible. See 

noted the many daily activities that Ms. Roberson engaged in.
Although a claimant need not be bedridden in order to be unable to work, see Reed v.
Barnhart, 

, 923 (8th Cir. 2005), Ms. Roberson engaged in extensive daily
activities. She testified that she took care of her eleven-year-old child, drove her to
school and did other driving, fixed simple meals for them, did housework, shopped
for groceries, and had no difficulty handling money. After she separated from her
husband, she continued to visit with him and with her son, who was in her husband's
custody.

       In determining her credibility, Ms. Roberson also argues that the ALJ should
have considered a written statement from her husband that supported her testimony
about the difficulties that she experienced at work. Cf. Cox v. Barnhart, 

,
610-11 (8th Cir. 2003). We have held that an ALJ is not required to accept a
statement from a witness who will benefit financially from a determination of
disability, Buckner v. Apfel, 

, 1013 (8th Cir. 2000), although the record
in such cases generally includes some indication that the ALJ rejected the evidence
for that reason, see 

see no error here.

       In addition, she argues that her work history exhibits a determination to remain
employed, and should have been considered in support of her credibility. See Hutsell
v. Massanari, 

, 713 (8th Cir. 2001). It might have been better if the ALJ
had referred specifically to Ms. Roberson's work record when determining her
credibility, and Ms. Roberson contends correctly that a credibility determination must
be affirmatively linked to substantial evidence, see Tang v. Apfel, 

, 1087
(8th Cir. 2000); but we do not think that the ALJ was required to refer to every part
of the record, and we think that the portions of the record that he referred to were



                                          -7-
sufficient to support his credibility determination. Cf. Eichelberger v. Barnhart,

, 589-90 (8th Cir.2004).

       Ms. Roberson also contends that the ALJ should have assigned greater weight
to the opinion of Dr. Ilivicky, her treating psychiatrist, when determining her RFC.
Though a treating doctor's opinion may sometimes be controlling, and is often given
more weight than the opinions of non-treating physicians, Singh v. Apfel, 

, 452; see 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(d)(2), one difficulty here is that Dr. Ilivicky's
opinion is unclear. Although he diagnosed Ms. Roberson with bipolar disorder and
his office records refer to various symptoms over the years, as we have already said,
we think that the evidence available at the time of the hearing did not clearly state
Dr. Ilivicky's opinion of Ms. Roberson's ability to function in the workplace for a
period of at least twelve months.

       After her hearing, Ms. Roberson submitted additional records to the Appeals
Council that were prepared after the ALJ denied her claim. These included, inter alia,
Dr. Ilivicky's statements in November 2004 and January 2005. In these entries, Dr.
Ilivicky stated that he did not think that Ms. Roberson was able to work. The Appeals
Council will consider new evidence if it is material to the issue decided by the ALJ.
20 C.F.R. § 404.970(b). Evidence is material if it is "relevant to claimant's condition
for the time period for which benefits were denied." Bergmann v. Apfel, 

, 1069 (8th Cir. 2000). Here the Appeals Council concluded that the new records
described Ms. Roberson's condition on the date that the records were prepared, not on
an earlier date, and were therefore not material; it notified Ms. Roberson that the
records would not be considered but that she could file a new claim if her condition
had worsened since the ALJ made his decision. Medical evidence can, of course,
provide information about a claimant's condition at an earlier date, see Cunningham
v. Apfel, 

, 502 (8th Cir. 2000), but we have reviewed the records here
and, though we believe that the question is close, we cannot say that the Appeals



                                         -8-
Council erred in concluding that all of the new records referred to Ms. Roberson's
condition after April 26, 2004, when the ALJ issued his decision.

       Ms. Roberson also maintains that the ALJ substituted his own opinion for that
of a medical expert. In his written decision, the ALJ said that Ms. Roberson's last
employer, who terminated her from her position as a computer programmer, "stated
that other employees had difficulties with the claimant because she did not listen well,
and that the claimant had 'extreme' difficulty following instructions because she was
quick to say she understood when she had not." Rather than attributing these
difficulties to her bipolar disorder, the ALJ concluded, "in light of medical evaluation
results, these characteristics could only reasonably be attributed to the claimant's
inherent nature, not a mental impairment." According to Ms. Roberson, in reaching
this conclusion the ALJ made a medical judgment. We are unsure of the basis for the
ALJ's conclusion, especially given the "medical evaluation results" that refer to her
difficulties in relating to others. But we do not think that this statement from the ALJ
precludes the conclusion that his decision is supported by substantial evidence.

                                       III.
      Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is affirmed.
                      ______________________________




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