United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 06-3265
                                   ___________

United States of America,               *
                                        *
            Appellee,                   *
                                        * Appeal from the United States
      v.                                * District Court for the
                                        * Northern District of Iowa.
Mario Rosas,                            *
                                        *
            Appellant.                  *
                                   ___________

                             Submitted: February 13, 2007
                                Filed: May 16, 2007
                                 ___________

Before O’CONNOR, Associate Justice (Ret.),1 WOLLMAN, and SMITH, Circuit
      Judges.
                              ___________

WOLLMAN, Circuit Judge.

      Mario Rosas was convicted of conspiring to distribute methamphetamine and
possessing methamphetamine with the intent to distribute, violations of 21 U.S.C. §§
841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(A), and 846. The district court2 imposed concurrent sentences
of 360 months’ imprisonment and five years’ supervised release for each offense.

      1
       The Honorable Sandra Day O’Connor, Associate Justice (Ret.), Supreme Court
of the United States, sitting by designation.
      2
       The Honorable Mark W. Bennett, then Chief Judge, United States District
Court for the Northern District of Iowa.
Rosas appeals from his sentence, contending that the district court erred in applying
a three-level aggravating role enhancement under United States Sentencing Guidelines
(U.S.S.G.) § 3B1.1(b) (2006). We affirm.

                                          I.

       Rosas was arrested in September 2005 after participating in a controlled buy
during which he sold methamphetamine to Juan Delaluz (hereinafter “Juan”), who was
acting as a confidential informant. Officers subsequently searched Rosas’s residence
and a separate apartment that was rented in Rosas’s name. During the search of the
apartment, officers found items associated with the operation of a drug storehouse and
“cut lab.” These items included mixing and cutting agents, cooking equipment, drug
packaging materials, scales, and a cardboard box that was sealed with foam insulation
and lined with coffee grounds – presumably to prevent illegal narcotics from being
detected. Officers also found approximately one and one-half pounds of crystal
methamphetamine in the apartment, nearly one pound of which was determined to be
98% pure. Tri-State Drug Task Force Officer Dane Wagner testified that the
apartment appeared to be used for the sole purpose of storing and mixing
methamphetamine, as it contained no furniture, clothing, or food. Wagner also stated
that the operation was extensive and fairly well organized.

      Juan testified that Rosas had previously fronted five or six one-half ounce
quantities of methamphetamine to him for sale. Juan further stated that he and his
brother, Nicomedis Delaluz (hereinafter “Nicomedis”), had made two trips to
California. On their second trip, they brought back a pound of methamphetamine,
purchased with funds provided by Rosas, which Juan delivered to Rosas. According
to Juan, Nicomedis worked for Rosas delivering drugs from California.

      Nicomedis testified that he had been hired by Rosas to make at least five trips
to California to pick up methamphetamine and bring it back to Iowa. According to

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Nicomedis, approximately two pounds of methamphetamine were brought back on
each trip. Nicomedis further stated that Rosas initiated the trips, that the two were not
partners, and that he had helped package drugs for Rosas.

       Following Rosas’s conviction, the district court, based on the evidence
recounted above, found him to be a supervisor of an otherwise extensive criminal
activity and imposed a three-level enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(b).

                                           II.

       A defendant’s offense level may be increased by three levels if he “was a
manager or supervisor . . . and the criminal activity involved five or more participants
or was otherwise extensive . . . .” U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(b). Rosas contends that the
district court erred in imposing the three-level enhancement because he was not a
manager or supervisor and the drug operation was not otherwise extensive. We
review for clear error the district court’s factual findings underlying the imposition of
a sentencing enhancement based on the defendant’s role in the offense. United States
v. Carpenter, 

, 748 (8th Cir. 2005), cert. denied, 

(2006).

       “We construe the terms ‘manager’ or ‘supervisor’ broadly under U.S.S.G. §
3B1.1.” United States v. Erhart, 

, 973 (8th Cir. 2005), cert. denied, 

(2006). For purposes of determining whether a defendant played a
managerial or supervisory role in an offense, application note four to § 3B1.1 directs
the sentencing court to consider such factors as:

      the exercise of decision making authority, the nature of participation in
      the commission of the offense, the recruitment of accomplices, the
      claimed right to a larger share of the fruits of the crime, the degree of
      participation in planning or organizing the offense, the nature and scope
      of the illegal activity, and the degree of control and authority exercised
      over others.

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       The evidence shows that Rosas hired and directed Nicomedis to make at least
five trips to California to acquire methamphetamine, that Nicomedis was not
considered a partner in the operation, and that Nicomedis helped package drugs for
Rosas. In addition, Rosas supplied the money for the methamphetamine that Juan and
Nicomedis had obtained from California and fronted methamphetamine to Juan for
sale. This evidence supports a finding that Rosas was a manager or supervisor of the
criminal activity, for it shows that he not only arranged, directed, and organized the
operation, including the trips to California, but that he also enlisted the help of both
Nicomedis and Juan. See United States v. Mendoza, 

, 694 (8th Cir.
2003) (upholding the imposition of a sentencing enhancement under § 3B1.1 when the
defendant, among other things, hired an individual to transport methamphetamine
from California to Missouri); 

(“[T]he simple fact that a
defendant recruits new members into a conspiracy supports a finding of the defendant
being a manager or supervisor.”). Furthermore, Rosas was not required to be in
complete control of either Nicomedis or Juan to be considered a manager or
supervisor, as Rosas asserts. See United States v. Pitts, 

, 681-82 (8th Cir.
1999) (“The fact that appellant did not control his co-conspirator’s every move does
not defeat the finding that he played a leadership role in the offense.”). The district
court therefore did not err in finding Rosas to be a manager or supervisor of the
criminal activity.

      The number of persons involved in the operation is of relevance in determining
whether the organization is otherwise extensive. United States v. Brockman, 

, 900 (8th Cir. 1999); U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1, cmt. n.3. As we have recognized,
however, other factors, such as “the nature and complexity of the operation and its
geographical reach,” United States v. Vasquez-Rubio, 

, 729 n.3 (8th Cir.
2002), as well as “the amount of loss caused by the offense,” 

, may also be considered.



                                          -4-
       The record shows that Rosas occupied a separate apartment for the sole purpose
of operating a drug storehouse and cut lab. In this apartment, as set forth above,
officers found mixing and cutting agents, cooking equipment, drug packaging
materials, scales, a cardboard box that was set up in a way to prevent the detection of
illegal narcotics, and a significant amount of high purity methamphetamine. Based
on this evidence, the relative infrequency of finding such an operation, and the volume
of high purity methamphetamine found, Officer Wagner classified Rosas’s operation
as an extensive and fairly well organized one. In addition to this evidence, the record
also establishes that Rosas coordinated at least five cross-country trips to California
to pick up methamphetamine and that Nicomedis and Juan had also been involved in
various aspects of the operation. Given this evidence, we cannot say that the district
court erred when it found Rosas’s operation to be otherwise extensive.

      The judgment is affirmed.
                      _____________________________




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