United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
      ___________

      No. 06-3292
      ___________

United States of America,               *
                                        *
            Appellee,                   *
                                        *
      v.                                *
                                        *
Kelvin R. Lyons,                        *
                                        *
            Appellant.                  *

      ___________
                                            Appeal from the United States
      No. 06-3344                           District Court for the
      ___________                           District of Nebraska.

United States of America,               *
                                        *
            Appellee,                   *
                                        *
      v.                                *
                                        *
Michael C. Elma,                        *
                                        *
            Appellant.                  *

                                  ___________

                             Submitted: January 9, 2007
                                Filed: May 16, 2007
                                 ___________

Before LOKEN, Chief Judge, BYE, and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges.
                                     ___________

SHEPHERD, Circuit Judge.

       Kelvin R. Lyons and Michael C. Elma pled guilty to possession with intent to
distribute less than fifty kilograms of marijuana. See 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1).
The district court1 sentenced Lyons and Elma to eighteen and twenty-seven months
imprisonment, respectively. In two issues on appeal, appellants contest the district
court’s denial of their motions to suppress. Specifically, appellants contend that the
district court erred in concluding that (1) the arresting officer had reasonable suspicion
to detain appellants after the officer concluded the traffic stop, and (2) the canine
search of appellants’ vehicle was legal. We affirm the judgments of conviction.

                                            I.

       On September 5, 2005, Trooper Wendy Brehm of the Nebraska State Patrol
stopped a white Dodge Caravan for speeding on Interstate 80 in Hamilton County,
Nebraska. Trooper Brehm approached the vehicle on the passenger side and advised
the driver, Lyons, that he was speeding. Lyons admitted that he had been speeding,
and provided Trooper Brehm with his driver’s license and a copy of the rental
agreement for the van, which showed that he had rented the van in Phoenix three days
earlier. Trooper Brehm later testified that she saw several large suitcases in the
backseat area of the vehicle during this initial contact.

       Lyons accompanied Trooper Brehm to her patrol car where Brehm inquired
about Lyons’s travel plans. Lyons stated that he had been in Phoenix for three days
visiting friends at Arizona State University, and that he and his passenger, Elma, were
traveling home to Ohio. Upon further questioning by Trooper Brehm about his


      1
       The Honorable Richard G. Kopf, United States District Judge for the District
of Nebraska.
                                           -2-
friends’ class status at Arizona State, Lyons told Brehm that his friends did not attend
the university, but merely lived in Tempe.

       Trooper Brehm asked Lyons how he and Elma had traveled to Phoenix, and
Lyons responded that they flew to Phoenix but decided to drive back to Ohio.
Trooper Brehm then asked about the notation on the rental agreement showing the van
was due to be returned in Chicago, and Lyons explained that he and Elma planned to
return the car in Chicago, visit Elma’s cousin for a day, and then rent a different car
for the return trip to Ohio.

       Trooper Brehm issued Lyons a warning citation for speeding and asked him
“Can you just wait here a minute while I go talk to [Elma]?” Lyons responded,
“Sure.” Lyons remained in the patrol car while Trooper Brehm spoke with Elma, who
was still in the van. Elma told Trooper Brehm that he came to Arizona to visit a friend
in Tucson, and that he and Lyons were headed back to Ohio and did not plan on
making any stops. When Trooper Brehm asked Elma if he knew where the van was
to be returned, Elma told her that it was to be returned in Illinois, but that he did not
know why, and that he thought that he and Lyons were going to fly home to Ohio
from Illinois.

      Trooper Brehm returned to her patrol car and asked Lyons if she could search
the vehicle. Lyons declined, and Trooper Brehm requested a K-9 unit.

        Sergeant Andrew J. Duis and his dog, Capone, arrived twenty-five minutes
later, and Trooper Brehm told him that the front windows of the van were open. Sgt.
Duis gave Capone the search command, and they walked around the vehicle. Sgt.
Duis later testified that during this initial trip around the van, Capone alerted several
times and nearly indicated to the presence of narcotics. On the second lap around the
van, Capone stuck his head through the open passenger-side window and then sat
down beside the front passenger door, his indication that he had found the strongest

                                           -3-
source of the odor of narcotics. The officers searched the van based on Capone’s
indication of the presence of narcotics and found 106 pounds of marijuana and
$29,685 in cash.

       Appellants were arrested and charged with possession with the intent to
distribute less than fifty kilograms of marijuana, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1)
and (b)(1). The government sought forfeiture of the cash pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 853.

      Appellants filed motions to suppress. A magistrate judge recommended the
denial of the motions, and appellants filed objections to his report and
recommendations. After de novo review, the district court adopted the report and
recommendations and dismissed the motions to suppress.

      Appellants pled guilty and agreed to forfeit $25,650, but reserved their rights
to appeal the denials of their suppression motions. Both appealed.

                                          II.

       When reviewing a district court’s denial of a motion to suppress, we examine
for clear error the district court’s factual findings and review de novo the ultimate
question of whether the Fourth Amendment was violated during the search. Ornelas
v. United States, 

, 699 (1996); United States v. Janis, 

, 686
(8th Cir. 2004).

                                          III.

      Appellants contend that the district court erred when it determined that Trooper
Brehm had reasonable suspicion to detain appellants after issuing Lyons a warning for
speeding. Specifically, appellants contend that, upon giving Lyons the warning ticket,
Trooper Brehm ended the traffic stop and was required to terminate the detention

                                          -4-
because she had no reasonably articulable suspicion that either passenger was engaged
in criminal activity.

      “[I]t is well established that a traffic violation—however minor—creates
probable cause to stop the driver of a vehicle.” United States v. Barry, 

,
376 (8th Cir. 1996) (quoting United States v. Barahona, 

, 416 (8th Cir.
1993)). When an officer makes a routine traffic stop, “the officer [is] entitled to
conduct an investigation reasonably related in scope to the circumstances that initially
prompted the stop.” United States v. McCoy, 

, 584 (8th Cir. 2000) (per
curiam). The officer also may detain a motorist while the officer completes certain
routine tasks related to the traffic violation, such as writing a citation and completing
computerized checks of a driver’s license, vehicle registration, and criminal history.
United States v. $ 404,905.00 in United States Currency, 

, 647 (8th Cir.
1999).

       Once the officer decides to let a routine traffic offender depart with a ticket, a
warning, or an all clear, “the Fourth Amendment applies to limit any subsequent
detention or search.” United States v. Alexander, 

, 1016 (8th Cir.
2006). The officer cannot continue to detain a motorist after the initial stop is
completed unless the officer has “a reasonably articulable suspicion for believing that
criminal activity [is] afoot.” See United States v. Beck, 

, 1134 (8th Cir.
1998). “If, during a traffic stop, an officer develops a reasonable, articulable
suspicion that a vehicle is carrying contraband, he has ‘justification for a greater
intrusion unrelated to the traffic offense.’” United States v. Bloomfield, 

,
918 (8th Cir. 1994) (en banc) (quoting United States v. Cummins, 

, 502
(8th Cir. 1990)).

      Trooper Brehm stopped Lyons for speeding after estimating that he was
exceeding the posted speed limit and verifying his speed with VASCAR, a vehicle
speed measuring system. Lyons conceded that he was speeding and does not

                                           -5-
challenge the fact on appeal. Thus, Trooper Brehm’s conclusion that the van was
speeding was reasonable, and there was probable cause for the stop. See Illinois v.
Caballes, 

, 407 (2005); see also United States v. Pipes, 

,
639-40 (8th Cir. 1997). When Trooper Brehm gave Lyons the warning ticket, the
traffic stop ended.

       However, by the time Trooper Brehm issued the warning ticket, she had
developed reasonable suspicion of illegal activity sufficient to detain Lyons and Elma
for further investigation. While “reasonable suspicion” must be more than an inchoate
“hunch,” the Fourth Amendment only requires that police articulate some minimal,
objective justification for an investigatory stop. United States v. Sokolow, 

, 7 (1989). In determining whether Trooper Brehm had reasonable suspicion, we
must consider the totality of the circumstances in light of Brehm’s experience. See
United States v. Arvizu, 

, 273 (2002); United States v. Fuse, 

, 929 (8th Cir. 2004). “Although each factor giving rise to reasonable suspicion
may appear innocent when viewed by itself, ‘a combination of factors may warrant
further investigation when viewed together.’” 

(quoting United
States v. Linkous, 

, 720 (8th Cir. 2002)).

        Trooper Brehm, an experienced officer trained in highway drug interdiction,
testified at the suppression hearing about several facts she learned during the traffic
stop that raised her suspicion: (1) Lyons’s unusual itinerary, which involved flying to
Phoenix from Ohio, staying three days in Phoenix, then renting a van in Phoenix and
driving to Chicago, then dropping off the van and renting a different car to drive back
to Ohio; (2) Lyons's contradictory descriptions of the friends that he had just visited,
whom he first said were students at Arizona State University, but later said that they
did not attend the university but merely lived in Tempe; and (3) the large amount of
luggage for a trip lasting a short duration. The termination of the traffic stop did not
effectively erase the objectively reasonable suspicion developed by Trooper Brehm
during the traffic stop. See 

.

                                          -6-
       Appellants further contend that the length of the detention, approximately
thirty-one minutes between the issuance of the warning ticket and the arrival of the
drug dog, was unreasonable. A dog sniff may be the product of an unconstitutional
seizure if the traffic stop is unreasonably prolonged before the dog is employed.

. However, “[w]hen police need the assistance of a drug
dog in roadside Terry stops, it will in general take time to obtain one . . . the state
highway patrol cannot be expected to have drug dogs immediately available to all
officers in the field at all times.” 

.

       In the instant, Trooper Brehm called for the nearest available drug dog
immediately after she developed a reasonable suspicion of narcotics possession and
was denied permission to search. The nearest dog was assigned to Sgt. Duis, who was
not yet on duty when he got the call. Sgt. Duis arrived thirty-one minutes after
Trooper Brehm gave Lyons the warning ticket, and twenty-five minutes after Brehm
requested the K-9 unit. There is no evidence that Trooper Brehm or Sgt. Duis were
dilatory in their investigation or that there was any unnecessary delay. The officers
acted diligently in pursuit of their investigation, and the thirty-one minute wait was
not excessive under the circumstances.2 See United States v. Donnelly, 

,
951, 954 (8th Cir. 2007) (holding that a fifty-nine minute detention to wait for a drug
dog was reasonable where the officer requested the dog immediately after developing
reasonable suspicion); United States v. White, 

, 460 (8th Cir. 1994)

      2
         Although we find a thirty-one minute detention to be reasonable under these
circumstances, we note that the detention of Lyons was shorter than thirty-one minutes
because Trooper Brehm asked him to remain in the patrol car after she issued the
warning ticket so that she could question Elma, and Lyons agreed. “Only when the
officer, by means of physical force or show of authority, has in some way restrained
the liberty of a citizen may we conclude that a ‘seizure’ has occurred.” Terry v. Ohio,

, 19 n.16 (1968). Trooper Brehm’s request that Lyons remain in the patrol
car was not accompanied by physical force, a show of authority, or demanding
language. See United States v. Coney, 

, 858 (8th Cir. 2006).
                                          -7-
(determining that it was reasonable for an officer to detain a truck for eighty minutes
while awaiting the arrival of a drug dog where the officer “acted diligently to obtain
the dog, and the delay was caused only by the remote location of the closest available
dog.”).

       In their second issue, appellants contend that the district court erred when it
determined that the canine search of the vehicle was a legal search. Specifically,
appellants contend that Trooper Brehm created the opportunity for the dog to breach
the interior of the vehicle because appellants opened the windows as a direct result of
the traffic stop, and that Sgt. Duis improperly directed the canine into the vehicle’s
open passenger-side window.

      The district court did not err when it found that Trooper Brehm did not create
the opportunity for the dog to breach the interior of the vehicle. The district court
found that Elma opened the passenger window without any verbal order or request
from Trooper Brehm, and that there were no orders by Brehm to keep the windows
open. The video supports the district court’s findings.

       Appellants do not cite to any authority that holds that the officers had the
affirmative duty to close the windows in preparation for the dog sniff, and we find
none. Instead, appellants rely on United States v. Winningham, 

, 1329-
30 (10th Cir. 1998), where the Tenth Circuit held a search illegal where officers
opened the door of a suspect’s van, took the dog off its leash near the open door, and
allowed the dog to jump into the van through the open door “and methodically sniff[]
the van’s interior.” Drawing on previous Tenth Circuit precedent, Winningham held
that an officer may not open a vehicle to “creat[e] the opportunity” for a drug dog to
go where the officer himself cannot go, although a suspect may. 

& n.2;
see United States v. Stone, 

, 361-64 (10th Cir. 1989) (holding that search
was proper where a drug dog jumped into the open trunk of a car and “keyed” on a
duffel bag after the suspect opened the trunk). Winningham does not help appellants

                                          -8-
here, as both Trooper Brehm and Sgt. Duis, in the words of the district court, “took
the situation as [they] found it.”

        Further, the district court’s determination that Sgt. Duis did not direct the dog
to stick his head through the window of the van was supported by the evidence.
Absent police misconduct, the instinctive actions of a trained canine do not violate the
Fourth Amendment. United States v. Reed, 

, 650 (6th Cir. 1998); United
States v. Lyons, 

, 617 (8th Cir. 1992); 

. Sgt. Duis
testified about his training and experience, and stated that he knew that he could not
direct the dog to enter the vehicle without a warrant or the owner’s consent. He
further testified that he directed the dog to sniff at various locations on the exterior of
the van, but that when Capone stuck his head through the window, “That’s on his
own. He was not directed inside the vehicle.” The district court found Sgt. Duis’s
testimony to be credible, and that “the actions of Sgt. Duis at that point in the sniff
were not different because the window was open.” The video is not helpful on this
point because Sgt. Duis’s actions are obscured by the back of the van.

      The video does, however, support the district court’s determination that the dog
would have ultimately indicated on the van even if he had not stuck his head inside
the window. In Lyons, we found that when a dog’s alert was inevitable, the sniff did
not become an illegal search when the dog tore into a package and spilled out its
contents. 

. We stated, “Given the certainty that the course of
action the police were pursuing at the time of the [dog sniff] would have led to
discovery of the same evidence forthwith by unquestionably legal means, there is no
reason to penalize the police for this accident by excluding evidence.” 

court found that “with the window open there is little doubt from
the evidence here that Capone would have smelled the odor of the drugs in this case
even if he had been reined back and held outside the plane of the window track.”
Further, the district court found credible Sgt. Duis’s interpretation of the dog’s actions

                                            -9-
during the first lap around the vehicle as indicating that the odor was emanating from
the vehicle. Sgt. Duis explained that the dog continued sniffing until he found the
strongest source of the odor, which was consistent with the dog’s training. The district
court concluded, “the open window would still have been the strongest source for the
odor, and Capone would have indicated to that area of the vehicle, just as he did.”

       The video supports Sgt. Duis’s testimony, as it shows the dog alerting to several
areas of the van and almost indicating at the rear of the van before ultimately sticking
his head through the window. Sgt. Duis can be heard on the video saying that the dog
is smelling drugs “essentially everywhere.” The fact that the dog stuck his head
through the window does not change the result here.

      Finding no violation of the Fourth Amendment, the district court correctly
denied appellants’ motions to suppress. We affirm the judgments of conviction.

                        ______________________________




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