United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                     ___________

                                  Nos. 06-2466/2467
                                    ___________

Eugene P. Kent,                          *
                                         *
       Appellee/Cross-Appellant,         *
                                         *
       v.                                *
                                         * Appeals from the United States
United of Omaha Life Insurance           * District Court for the
Company, a Nebraska corporation          * District of South Dakota.
with its principal office at Mutual of   *
Omaha Plaza, Nebraska,                   *
                                         *
       Appellant/Cross-Appellee.         *
                                    ___________

                               Submitted: March 14, 2007
                                  Filed: May 3, 2007
                                   ___________

Before WOLLMAN, JOHN R. GIBSON, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.
                          ___________

MURPHY, Circuit Judge.

       Eugene P. Kent, an insurance agent who did business with United of Omaha
Life Insurance Company (United), brought this action for breach of fiduciary duty and
deceit, claiming damages for the loss of his insurance license and for loss of his liberty
while imprisoned for mail fraud. A jury awarded him $27,400,000 in damages.
United moved for judgment as a matter of law, and the district court granted the
motion in respect to his loss of liberty claims and also reduced the punitive damages
awarded for the loss of his license. Judgment was then entered in Kent's favor for
$4,800,000. United appeals from that judgment, and Kent cross appeals the dismissal
of his loss of liberty claim and the reduction of his punitive damage award.

                                          I.

       Kent had sold life insurance for approximately 12 years and operated his own
insurance business, Kent Insurance, Inc., for six years before he agreed in 1985 to
serve as the exclusive agent for the Independent Community Bankers Association
(ICB) in its search for a health insurance provider. Kent first contracted with Central
Life Insurance Company (Central) to provide health insurance for ICB, but in August
1989 Central informed Kent that it would no longer offer group coverage and that he
needed to find a new provider. Kent approached United later that year and it was
agreed after negotiations that United would provide health insurance for ICB
beginning in January 1990 and that it would designate Kent as the insurance agent for
these transactions.1 Kent received an 8% fee from United for the ICB account, and
he rebated a portion of his fee to ICB.

      In late 1990 Kent initiated talks with United about converting the fully insured
ICB health insurance plan into one that would be self insured and using his financial
services entity, Kent Financial, Inc., as the plan sponsor. Although some member
banks had expressed an interest in a self insured policy, Kent did not tell ICB that he
was discussing conversion of the health insurance plan with United nor did he inform
United that he did not have authorization from ICB for the proposed conversion. He
discussed the conversion with United's regional manager, Dick Norberg, who sought
advice from its legal department about the self insured plan. Norberg then told Kent
about requirements for converting the plan, such as the need for new descriptive
materials and a joint checking account with Kent. They agreed that the plan sponsor

      1
        At that time South Dakota required that insurers have policies "written through
a licensed resident agent." S.D.C.L. § 58-6-62 (1990). A United representative
testified at trial that Kent "was kind of a dual agent" representing both it and ICB.

                                         -2-
would be required to maintain a sufficient reserve while United would provide
stoploss coverage for excessive losses and services pursuant to an "administrative
services only" agreement. Norberg also informed Kent that United's legal department
considered it likely that his practice of rebating a portion of his fee to ICB was illegal.

       Although Kent never told ICB that he had switched the plan into one that was
self insured and still had not informed United that ICB had not authorized the
conversion, United and Kent began treating the ICB plan as being self insured
beginning in January 1991. United sent Kent a contract for the administrative services
provision later that month, but Kent did not sign it because it listed ICB as the plan
sponsor and not him. United also sent Kent a check made out to ICB for $150,000
based on unused premiums paid in 1990, and Kent deposited the check in the joint
account he had opened with United. Kent withdrew $10,000 per month from the joint
account as his fee and used the account to pay claims for the 1991 year.

       The legal department at United continued examining the legality of the self
insured plan after it had been implemented. Norberg sent Kent a letter on February
7, 1991 saying that the self insured plan put United at risk "financially and legally"
and that Kent could also be at risk for operating an insurance company without a
license. Norberg proposed that ICB instead operate on a "minimum premium plan"
and advised Kent to talk to his own attorney. Kent met with his attorney and called
Norberg in late February to request that the ICB plan be converted to a minimum
premium plan.

       United never converted the plan into a minimum premium plan and did not
immediately inform Kent that it continued to treat the ICB plan as one that was self
insured. It sent Kent a check in May that was again made out to ICB for repayment
of unused premiums, and Kent deposited it in the joint account. After receiving
additional documents in July and August listing ICB as the plan sponsor for a self
insured plan, Kent requested a meeting with United. Kent told United for the first

                                           -3-
time at that meeting that he had never been given the authority to convert the ICB plan
into a self insured plan and that ICB did not know that it was operating under such a
plan. United then reinstated the fully funded plan retroactive to January 1, 1991, and
Kent forwarded funds to United in the amount of the two checks that had been made
payable to it. United terminated the coverage at the end of 1991, and ICB terminated
its relationship with Kent at the same time.

       After ICB learned that its plan had been converted into a self funded plan, it
filed lawsuits against both United and Kent seeking monetary damages. Kent
responded by seeking indemnification from United. A settlement was reached in
September 1995 under which United agreed to pay ICB $225,000 and Kent agreed to
pay it $75,000. A settlement agreement was signed by all three parties which released
"any and all claims which either have been or could have been raised by any party
against the other . . . relating to" ICB's health insurance in 1990 and 1991.

       The state insurance division also commenced proceedings. As a result, United
agreed to a penalty of $42,500, and an administrative law judge recommended that
Kent's insurance license be revoked. The insurance division revoked the license in
August 1995, concluding that Kent had "deliberately concealed" from ICB that he was
converting its fully insured plan into a self insured plan and that he had also withheld
from United the fact that he was acting without authority from ICB. Kent appealed
to the state circuit court which held that the revocation was justified, and the South
Dakota Supreme Court affirmed. See Kent v. Lyon, 

, 118 (S.D.
1996). Kent later reapplied for a new license, and the insurance division issued one
in 2001, based in part on the fact that Kent had paid back to United the total amount
of the premium checks he had deposited in his own account.

       The United States Attorney also initiated a criminal investigation into Kent's
relationship with ICB and United. A 61 count indictment issued in 1996 indicting
Kent for mail fraud and money laundering. Kent was found guilty by a jury on two

                                          -4-
of the mail fraud counts which charged that the mails had been used to deposit the
ICB checks into the joint account. At trial Kent's former secretary and Norberg both
testified that the mails had been used, but prior to sentencing Kent began to question
whether the checks had actually been sent through a private courier. Kent sought to
obtain the shipping records from United, but it would not release the documents
without a subpoena. The district court declined Kent's request for a subpoena, and the
government did not consent to one. Kent never sought a subpoena from the clerk of
court but instead filed a motion for a new trial. Attached to the motion were his
former secretary's affidavit stating that her testimony had been in error and evidence
from his own records indicating that a private courier had been used to deliver one of
the checks. The court denied Kent's motion for a new trial and sentenced him to 27
months imprisonment.

      After completing his sentence Kent filed a habeas petition and served a
subpoena on United for the shipping documents. United complied with the subpoena,
providing evidence that both checks had been sent through United Parcel Service
(UPS). His mail fraud convictions were subsequently vacated. Kent also sued the
lawyer who had represented him in the criminal court for malpractice and settled his
claim for $330,000.

       Kent alleges in this case that United had a fiduciary relationship with him which
it breached and that it violated the South Dakota statute on deceit. His complaint
further alleged that United was liable for the revocation of his insurance license
because it failed to inform him in 1989 of the legal problems associated with a self
insured plan and because it delayed in informing him that it had not converted the self
insured plan into a minimum premium plan. Kent also seeks to hold United
responsible for his loss of liberty due to the mail fraud convictions. He points out that
the convictions were vacated because the checks had in reality been sent by UPS
rather than through the mails. When he tried to get proof of this before his sentencing,
United refused to produce the evidence without a subpoena. Kent complains that

                                          -5-
United had a fiduciary duty to turn over the shipping documents to him and that
Norberg had deceitfully misled the jury into concluding that the checks had been
mailed.

       In support of his loss of license claim, Kent testified at trial that he would not
have converted the ICB plan into one that was self insured had he been informed of
risks of which United was aware. He also testified that United told him to deposit the
checks made payable to ICB into their joint account and that he had assumed that a
minimum premium plan was in place for ICB through the summer months of 1991.
Kent said he had asked Norberg for advice as to whether he should proceed with the
self insured plan, and Norberg told him it would be no problem even though he knew
it involved a great amount of legal risk. Kent also told the jury that he had made it
known during 1991 that he thought the plan was being converted to a minimum
premium plan and that he continued to assume that the plan had been converted as late
as August 1991 because United was slow with paper work. As for the loss of liberty
claim, Kent testified about his difficulties while incarcerated and the effect his
imprisonment had on his family. Kent also sought to establish that United had not
given him the shipping documents for fear of reprisal from the government.

       The district court allowed the loss of license and liberty claims to go to the jury.
Over United's objection the court instructed the jury that "United owed a fiduciary
duty to Kent" and that "a fiduciary's duty is to act in the utmost good faith." The
instruction was not charge specific nor time specific. The jury returned a verdict in
favor of Kent for $27,400,000 in damages. It awarded $17 million for his loss of
liberty ($10 million in punitive damages) and $10.4 million for the loss of his
insurance license ($7.5 million in punitive damages). United moved for judgment as
a matter of law on all claims. The court granted its motion for the loss of liberty claim
after concluding that any special relationship between Kent and United had ended
before the criminal trial and that United had no duty to give Kent the shipping
documents without a subpoena. The district court also reduced the punitive damage

                                           -6-
award on the loss of license claim to $2.4 million, leaving Kent with a $4.8 million
judgment. Both parties appealed.

       United appeals the district court's denial of its motion for judgment as a matter
of law on Kent's loss of license claim. It argues that Kent's claim based on breach of
fiduciary duty and deceit could not prevail because Kent and United never had a
fiduciary relationship and it was not responsible for the loss of his license. It also
maintains that the loss of license claim is barred by collateral estoppel, the statute of
limitations, the terms of the 1995 release, and public policy. Kent responds that his
license would not have been revoked but for United's conduct and that the district
court correctly determined that its affirmative defenses failed.

       Kent cross appeals the judgment concerning his loss of liberty claim. He argues
that there was sufficient evidence to support the jury verdict holding United
responsible for his loss of liberty while he was imprisoned for mail fraud. He argues
that United had a duty to provide him with the shipping documents due to Norberg's
inaccurate testimony and its fiduciary relationship with him. United responds that no
fiduciary relationship existed and certainly not at the time of the criminal proceedings.
It also argues that the deceit claim fails as a matter of law because no United
representative made a statement on which Kent relied to his detriment.

                                           II.

       We turn first to United's appeal and its argument that the district court should
have entered judgment in its favor on Kent's loss of license claim because it is barred
by collateral estoppel since the South Dakota Supreme Court conclusively determined
that Kent's own dishonest conduct justified revocation of his license. Kent responds
that United can be held legally responsible in this proceeding because the question of
whether its misconduct caused revocation of his license was not at issue in the state
proceedings and because an adverse result can have more than one legal cause.

                                          -7-
       The parties also disagree about the appropriate standard of review for the issue
of collateral estoppel. Kent argues that we should review the district court's decision
not to apply collateral estoppel for an abuse of discretion, citing Berger Transfer &
Storage v. Central States Pension Fund, 

, 1376-77 (8th Cir. 1996). In
Berger Transfer, we indicated that district courts have discretion whether to apply
"offensive nonmutual" collateral estoppel. 

applies when a plaintiff
is attempting to prevent a defendant from pursuing an issue that the defendant
previously litigated and lost to a different plaintiff. See Parklane Hosiery Co. v. Shore,

, 326 n. 4 (1979). The scenario here is different, however, because
defendant United is seeking to prevent plaintiff Kent from relitigating an issue.
United is thus seeking to apply collateral estoppel defensively. Kent has cited no
supporting authority for his argument that the district court's rejection of United's
collateral estoppel defense should be reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard
even though United was not a party to the earlier proceedings. See Blonder-Tongue
Labs, Inc. v. Univ. of Ill. Found., 

, 325 (1971). The appropriate standard
for our review is de novo. Robinette v. Jones, 

, 588-89 (8th Cir. 2007).

       For Kent to prevail on either his fiduciary duty or deceit claim that United is
responsible for the loss of his insurance license, he must prove that United caused him
to lose his license. See, e.g., Chem-Age Indus., Inc. v. Glover, 

, 772
(S.D. 2002) (causation is element of claim for breach of fiduciary duty); S.D.C.L. §
20-10-1 (same for statutory deceit claim). Kent cannot prevail on these claims if it
was established in the state revocation proceedings that it was his own misconduct and
dishonesty that caused the insurance division to revoke his insurance license rather
than the conduct of United. See Shevling v. Butte County Bd. of Comm’rs, 

, 731 (S.D. 1999) (collateral estoppel “prevents relitigation of issues
previously litigated”). The principles of collateral estoppel are fully applicable where
the basic set of facts was established during state administrative proceedings. See
Gottschalk v. S.D. State Real Estate Comm'n, 

, 907-09 (S.D. 1978).



                                           -8-
       Based on evidence presented to the insurance division, the South Dakota
Supreme Court concluded that Kent had violated "seven provisions of the Insurance
Code" and that the decision to revoke his license was not "too harsh a penalty" based
on Kent's misrepresentations, fraudulent conduct, and general dishonesty. Kent v.
Lyon, 

, 117-18 (S.D. 1996).2 The court found specifically that Kent
made "material misrepresentations to United about his authority," that he "fraudulently
concealed material facts from ICB," and that he "evinced a dishonesty in the manner
in which he conducted his affairs." 

The court also concluded that Kent
"cannot now blame United" because it was his responsibility to inform ICB of the
change in its policy, 

and that "United's conduct was far less egregious than
his." 

       Kent had full opportunity during the revocation proceedings to argue that his
license should not be revoked because it was not his fault or was instead caused by
United's conduct, and all four state decisions concluded that his own conduct
constituted sufficient cause for revocation of his license. Application of collateral
estoppel in such circumstances prevents "inconsistent judicial decisions" from being
made "on the same set of facts," and Kent's argument that United was the cause of his
license revocation is a collateral attack on the earlier judgment. Frigaard v. Seffens,

, 650 (S.D. 1990). The state supreme court concluded that Kent's
misconduct supplied more than sufficient grounds for the revocation, 

, and he cannot blame United for the revocation nor relitigate that
conclusion in this action. See 

.

      Kent raises two additional arguments as to why collateral estoppel is
inapplicable in this case, but neither merits extended discussion. He persuaded the

      2
        Kent points out that the state court opinion was not introduced into evidence,
but we may take judicial notice of other judicial opinions, and the earlier proceedings
are relevant in deciding a claim of issue preclusion. See, e.g., Wedow v. City of
Kansas City, MO, 

(8th Cir. 2006).

                                          -9-
insurance division in 2001 to permit him to sell insurance again by producing new
evidence, some of which he had only recently obtained from United, showing that he
had not misappropriated the returned premium checks. The discovery of additional
evidence does not afford Kent “a second opportunity to prove a fact or make an
argument relating to an issue previously decided,” however, see Liberty Mut. Ins. Co.
v. FAG Bearings Corp., 

, 762 (8th Cir. 2003), and the state court has
already decided that Kent was responsible for his license being revoked.

        Kent also asserts that United failed to preserve its collateral estoppel argument
for review. We disagree. United first attempted to dismiss the loss of license claim
based on collateral estoppel when it moved for summary judgment in October 2003.
It raised this argument again in its trial brief submitted to the district court in August
2005. United then moved for judgment as a matter of law based on collateral estoppel
three different times: at the close of Kent's evidence, at the close of all the evidence,
and after the verdict. The court denied all three motions, noting in its post judgment
order that "[United] reasserts each and every argument it has ever made in this case
in support of its post-trial motions." Based on the record we conclude that United
preserved the issue of collateral estoppel for our review and that the district court
erred by not dismissing the loss of license claim on this basis. Because of this
conclusion we need not address the other issues United raises in respect to this claim.

                                           III.

        Kent cross appeals the district court's dismissal of his loss of liberty claim. He
argues that the evidence was sufficient to support both his fiduciary duty and deceit
theories because United had a duty based on the parties' relationship and Norberg's
misleading testimony to provide him with the shipping documents. United responds
that in the absence of a subpoena it had no legal obligation to provide Kent with the
documents and that Norberg's testimony did not create such an obligation.



                                          -10-
        The district court instructed the jury that United and Kent were in a fiduciary
relationship and that United owed Kent the duty to act in the "utmost of good faith."
Although it originally permitted Kent's loss of liberty claim to go to the jury, it later
granted United's motion for judgment as a matter of law. It concluded that any special
relationship between Kent and United ended prior to commencement of the criminal
trial and that United had no responsibility to give Kent the shipping documents and
that United had not deceived Kent.

       Whether parties are in a fiduciary relationship is a question of law, see Bienash
v. Moller, 

, 434 (S.D. 2006), which we review de novo. The court's
decision to grant a motion for judgment as a matter of law is also a legal question
reviewed de novo. See Gardner v. Buerger, 

, 251 (8th Cir. 1996). We will
affirm entry of judgment as a matter of law when "all the evidence points in one
direction and is susceptible to no reasonable interpretation supporting the jury
verdict.” Hathaway v. Runyon, 

, 1220 (8th Cir. 1997) (citation omitted).

       To recover for breach of fiduciary duty in South Dakota, a plaintiff must prove:
(1) that there was a fiduciary relationship between the parties, (2) that the defendant
breached a fiduciary duty to the plaintiff, (3) that the plaintiff incurred damages, and
(4) that the breach was a cause of the plaintiff's damages. Chem-Age Indus., 

. A fiduciary relationship exists when one party places "peculiar
confidence" and trust in another and the trusted party "undertakes to act primarily for
another's benefit." High Plains Genetics Research, Inc. v. JK Mill-Iron Ranch, 

, 842 (S.D. 1995) (citation omitted). Fiduciary duties are not present in
"arm's-length business relationships," 

law only implies such duties where
there exists "a certain inequality, dependence, weakness of age, of mental strength,
business intelligence, knowledge of the facts involved, or other conditions" giving one
party an advantage over the other. Mash v. Cutler, 

, 652 (S.D.1992).




                                          -11-
       Kent maintains that a fiduciary relationship existed between United and himself,
pointing to the facts that United officially named him its agent and that he relied on
its expertise in the area of health insurance plans. He relies on a statement in Shen v.
Leo A. Daly Co., 

(8th Cir. 2000), that "a principal and agent are in a
fiduciary relationship," 

for support of his position that his title as an agent
created a fiduciary relationship. We held in Shen, however, that the "facts underlying
the relationship" and not "the terminology the parties use to characterize their
relationship" determine whether two parties are in a principal-agent relationship. Id.;
see also Dodd Ins. Servs., Inc. v. Royal Ins. Co. of Am., 

, 1156-57 (10th
Cir. 1991) (holding that insurance provider did not owe fiduciary duties to
independent agency selling its policies).

       When Kent approached United in 1989 he was acting in his capacity as the
exclusive agent of ICB and seeking a health insurance provider for it. Kent was an
experienced businessman who had been selling life insurance for many years. He
suggested to United the idea of converting the ICB plan into one that was self insured,
and United agreed to the conversion and provided Kent minimal guidance as to what
was needed. It never represented to Kent that he could rely on its expertise or that it
was acting primarily for his benefit. See Sporleder v. Van Liere, 

, 20
(S.D. 1997). United in fact told Kent that he should seek independent legal advice
before continuing operation of the self funded plan, and Kent retained separate
counsel. See Taggart v. Ford Motor Credit Co., 

, 500 (S.D. 1990)
(finding no fiduciary relationship where plaintiffs hired independent counsel to protect
their interests). Although United had more experience in health insurance, the
evidence establishes an "arms length business relationship" between the parties.
Because inequality of knowledge alone is insufficient to give rise to a fiduciary
relationship, see Schwaiger v. Mitchell Radiology Assocs., P.C., 

, 380
(S.D. 2002), we conclude that the district court did not err by dismissing Kent's claim
that United breached fiduciary duties owed him.



                                           -12-
       Kent also claims that the district court erred by dismissing his claim that the
refusal to give him the shipping documents constituted statutory deceit. For Kent to
prevail on this claim, he must have produced evidence demonstrating that United
"willfully deceived him" with the "intent to induce him to alter his position" and that
such deceit caused him an injury. S.D.C.L. § 20-10-1. The South Dakota legislature
has defined deceit to include:

      (1) The suggestion, as a fact, of that which is not true, by one who does
      not believe it to be true,
      (2) The assertion, as a fact, of that which is not true, by one who has no
      reasonable ground for believing it to be true;
      (3) The suppression of a fact by one who is bound to disclose it, or who
      gives information of other facts which are likely to mislead for want of
      communication of that fact; or
      (4) A promise made without any intention of performing.

S.D.C.L. § 20-10-2. Kent argues that the evidence was sufficient to show deceit under
both prongs of subsection (3) of the statute. He argues that United should be held
responsible for withholding the documents both because the relationship between the
parties bound United to produce the shipping documents for Kent and because
Norberg's inaccurate testimony was not only "likely to mislead" but actually misled
the jury into believing that the checks had been sent through the mails.

       Kent first argues that their relationship imposed a duty on United to produce the
shipping documents. South Dakota courts have never applied the deceit statute to
impose "a duty to disclose information on parties to an arm's-length business
transaction, absent an employment or fiduciary relationship." 

. Because Kent was neither an employee of United nor did he have a
fiduciary relationship with it, this argument fails as a matter of law. Furthermore,
United's statement that it would not produce the documents without a subpoena was
not untrue.


                                         -13-
         Kent's remaining argument is that the testimony of United's representative at the
criminal trial misled the jury into believing that the postal service had delivered the
checks and that United then had a duty to give him the documents which could show
the testimony was inaccurate. The deceit statute provides a cause of action for
plaintiffs who have been "willfully deceive[d]" by another and who have altered their
positions based on the deceit. S.D.C.L. § 20-10-1. Kent does not argue that he was
deceived by the inaccurate testimony but rather that the jury was misled. He has cited
no case in which South Dakota courts have applied this statute in favor of a plaintiff
when the misleading statements have been relied upon by a third party rather than the
plaintiff. See, e.g., Railsback v. Mid-Century Ins. Co., 

, 655 (S.D.
2004) (an "action for deceit requires proof that the misrepresentation was material
 . . . and that the other party relied on the misrepresentation") (citation omitted). We
conclude that the district court did not err by dismissing this claim.

                                           IV.

        In sum, we affirm the district court's dismissal of Kent's loss of liberty claim,
reverse and vacate the judgment in respect to his claim for loss of license, and remand
to the district court for judgment to be entered accordingly.
                          ______________________________




                                          -14-