United States Court of Appeals
                           FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                    ___________

                                    No. 06-3259
                                    ___________

RJT Investments X; Randall J.       *
Thompson; Tax Matters Partner,      *
                                    *
          Appellants,               * Appeal from the United States
                                    * Tax Court.
    v.                              *
                                    *
Commissioner of Internal Revenue,   *
                                    *
          Appellee.                 *
                               ___________

                              Submitted: March 15, 2007
                                 Filed: July 2, 2007
                                  ___________

Before WOLLMAN, JOHN R. GIBSON, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.
                          ___________

WOLLMAN, Circuit Judge.

       RJT Investments X, LLC (RJT) and its tax matters partner, Randall Thompson,
appeal from the judgement of the United States Tax Court1 sustaining (1) adjustments
sought by the Commissioner of the Internal Revenue Service (The “Commissioner”
or the “IRS”) to RJT’s 2001 tax return and (2) the imposition of a penalty for income
tax underpayment resulting from gross valuation misstatements and negligence or
disregard of rules and regulations pursuant to 26 U.S.C. § 6662(a), (b)(1), (b)(3), (c),
(e) and (h). We affirm.

      1
       The Honorable David Laro, United States Tax Court Judge.
                                    I. Background

       Thompson formed RJT on October 11, 2001. On October 18, 2001, Thompson
and Deutsche Bank loaned each other an identical amount of money and sold to one
another, for approximately $20 million, nearly identical “bonus coupons” payable if
certain conditions were met.2 The loan repayment date and coupon redemption date
were both December 18, 2001. Thompson contributed to RJT approximately $1
million in cash as well as the bonus coupon he purchased. Further, he assigned to RJT
the burden of having to pay the redemption costs associated with the bonus coupon
he had sold to Deutsche Bank. On December 18, neither RJT nor Deutsche Bank
made principal repayments or payments associated with coupon redemption.
Thompson liquidated his interest in RJT on that same day and received a single $1
million cash distribution of RJT assets. RJT did not report either the bonus coupon
contribution or the assignment of its bonus coupon obligation in its partnership return
(Form 1065). On Thompson’s individual income tax return, however, he reported a
short-term capital loss of approximately $21 million resulting from RJT’s liquidation.
He used that loss to shelter other income from taxation. He computed the loss by
subtracting his purported outside basis of $22 million in RJT from the liquidation
proceeds.3 The purported outside basis included the cash contribution and the $20
million he paid Deutsche Bank for the bonus coupon he subsequently contributed to
RJT. Thompson did not reduce the value of his basis by the value of the obligation
for the bonus coupon he sold to Deutsche Bank that he had assigned to RJT.


      2
        The parties appear to have intended the bonus coupons to function as
offsetting call options, though they might not technically qualify as such. The coupon
sold to Thompson was redeemable only if the exchange rate of the pound was less
than or equal to $1.4052. The coupon sold to Deutsche Bank, on the other hand, did
not indicate whether the coupon was redeemable when the exchange rate of the pound
was greater than, less than, or equal to $1.4052. The precise characterization of these
instruments, however, is inconsequential to our analysis.
      3
       The record does not establish how Thompson arrived at a basis of $22 million.

                                         -2-
       The IRS did not pursue Thompson in a deficiency proceeding; nor did it initiate
a consistency proceeding to make Thompson’s 1040 consistent with the values set
forth in RJT’s 1065. The statute of limitations period for initiating these proceedings
has since lapsed. Instead, the IRS issued a notice of Final Partnership Administrative
Adjustments (FPAA) to RJT’s 1065. Issuing a FPAA allows the IRS to make the
specified adjustments to partnership filings and impose penalties for
misrepresentations that result in the underpayment of taxes by individual partners
should relevant parties not challenge the adjustments.4 In this case, the IRS sought to
declare RJT a sham, zero out all entries on RJT’s 1065, and impose penalties for
misrepresentations and negligence resulting in tax underpayment. RJT and Thompson
challenged the FPAA in the United States Tax Court by filing a readjustment petition
pursuant to the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 (“TEFRA”), 26
U.S.C. §§ 6221-6233. The Tax Court determined, as a partnership item, that RJT
Investments X, LLC was a “sham, lacked economic substance and was formed and/or
availed of to artificially overstate the basis of the interest of Randall Thompson . . .
in the amount of $22,006,759 for purposes of tax avoidance” (hereinafter “sham,
etc.”). It then imposed penalties for the resulting underreporting of taxes.

      The issue before us on appeal is whether the Tax Court properly characterized
RJT’s “sham, etc.” status as a “partnership item” determination.

                                          II.

      As previously mentioned, when the IRS disagrees with a partnership’s reporting
of a partnership item, it must issue a notice of a FPAA before imposing any
assessment against the partners attributable to the item. 26 U.S.C. §§ 6223(a)(2),


      4
        Partnerships do not themselves pay taxes. Instead, relevant partnership related
filings are used by the individual partners to compute their own tax liability for their
interest in the partnership.
                                          -3-
(d)(2), 6225(a). The partnership then has the opportunity to challenge the FPAA.
TEFRA grants jurisdiction to qualified courts to hear readjustment petitions. 26
U.S.C. § 6226(a), (b). Under the act, a court in which a petition has been properly
filed has jurisdiction to make determinations only of “[the partnership’s] partnership
items . . . for the partnership taxable year to which the notice of [the FPAA] relates,
the proper allocation of such items among the partners, and the applicability of any
penalty, addition to tax, or additional amount which relates to an adjustment to a
partnership item.” 26 U.S.C. § 6226(f).

       The Internal Revenue Code defines “partnership item” as “[(A)] any item
required to be taken into account for the partnership’s taxable year under any
provision of subtitle A[, (B)] to the extent regulations prescribed by the Secretary
provide that . . . such item is more appropriately determined at the partnership level
than at the partner level.” 26 U.S.C. § 6231(a)(3).5

            A. “Required to be taken into account under . . . subtitle A”

        RJT and Thompson first contend that the “sham, etc.” status cannot constitute
a partnership item because no provision of subtitle A explicitly requires that a
partnership make such a determination for purposes of deriving individual income tax.
They assert, as a result, that the Tax Court improperly broadened the partnership item
definition by effectively substituting “regarding any provision of subtitle A” for the
“required to be taken into account . . . under any provision of subtitle A” language.
We find Thompson’s argument unavailing and contrary to TEFRA’s language and
intent.

       To begin, we disagree with RJT and Thompson’s premise that the legal validity
of a partnership is not something “required to be taken into account” for income tax

      5
       Subtitle A of the Internal Revenue Code contains the provisions relevant for
the assessment of income tax.
                                        -4-
calculation purposes. When filling out individual tax returns, the very process of
calculating an outside basis, reporting a sales price, and claiming a capital loss
following a partnership liquidation presupposes that the partnership was valid. Even
if the partnership’s validity is, in some instances, assumed, the proper resolution of
a partner’s income tax is no less dependant on the correctness of that assumption.

        Additionally RJT and Thompson misread the statutory language when they
argue that the “sham, etc.” status cannot be a partnership item because subtitle A does
not reference it. Their interpretation effectively and improperly replaces the actual
language “required . . . under any provision” with “required . . . by any provision.”
The word “under” is typically used to broadly describe relevance or relatedness to the
overarching concept. “By,” on the other hand, connotes a distinct and explicit link
connecting one thing to another.6 Accordingly, the statutory language itself provides
room for partnership items that, even in the absence of an explicit subtitle A reference,
are nevertheless necessary for income tax calculation purposes. Cf. Weiner v. United
States, 

, 155-58 (5th Cir. 2005) (finding a broad definition by relying,
in part, on regulatory language).




      6
        Two relevant dictionary definitions of “under” include (1)“ below or beneath
so as to be . . . covered, protected, or concealed by” and (2) “subject to the authority,
control, guidance, or instruction of.” MERRIAM-WEBSTER’S COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY
1287 (10th ed. 1998). Of those, only the “instruction of” part of the second definition
even comes close to the relevant definition of “by,” which is “according to.” 

(providing the dictionary definition of “by”).
                                            -5-
       This interpretation is supported by case law as well.7 For example, the majority
of courts faced with the question have considered the running of TEFRA’s statute of
limitations to be a partnership item. See, e.g., 

(collecting
cases); Slovacek v. United States, 

, 255 (Fed. Cl. 1996); see also
Chimblo v. Comm’r, 

, 125 (2nd Cir. 1999). This result could not be
reached by what we understand to be RJT and Thompson’s narrow reading of the
“required to be taken into account under subtitle A” language. The statute of
limitations under TEFRA is governed by subtitle F, not subtitle A. When addressing
an identical argument to that presented by RJT and Thompson as it pertained to the
statute of limitations, the court in Weiner observed that the absence of the statute of
limitations from subtitle A does not alone defeat the conclusion that the statute of
limitations is a partnership item because the partnership item definition “is broad
enough to include in its parameters legal and factual determinations not specifically
found in subtitle A.” 

n.3.

       RJT and Thompson have not presented a compelling reason to distinguish the
partnership’s status as a “sham ,etc.” from our treatment of the statute of limitations.
There are reasons to treat it similarly, however. Status as a “sham, etc.” directly
affects various components relevant for income tax reporting. It not only may render
a “thumbs-up or thumbs-down” verdict on other relevant partnership item entries, see

(noting how the statute of limitations affects the tax reporting
process), but also, in the event of a legally incognizable partnership, it dictates
whether certain income tax concepts are even applicable. The IRS notes, for example,



      7
        We note in passing that the Commissioner cites River City Ranches #£1 Ltd.
v. Commissioner, 

(9th Cir. 2005), as direct precedent on point. There,
the Ninth Circuit held that the classification of tax-motivated sham transactions
constituted a partnership item determination. 

River City Ranches is
of limited persuasive value, however, because the parties agreed that the classification
was a partnership item, making it unnecessary for the court to consider and rule upon
any argument in favor of a contrary interpretation.
                                         -6-
that for individual tax reporting purposes, one cannot take into account startup
investment costs for an illegitimate, legally unrecognizable partnership.

        Furthermore, RJT and Thompson’s interpretation runs counter to congressional
intent. TEFRA was intended, in relevant part, to prevent inconsistent and inequitable
income tax treatment between various partners of the same partnership resulting from
conflicting determinations of partnership level items in individual partner proceedings.
Randell v. United States, 

, 103-04 (3rd Cir. 1995) (describing the goals
of TEFRA and the problems TEFRA was intended to address); see also H.R. CONF.
REP. NO. 97-760, at 599-600 (1982), reprinted in 1982 U.S.C.C.A.N. 1190, 1371-72.
With that intention in mind, we can think of few examples more emblematic of a
congressionally envisioned partnership item than the one before us here. The
resulting tax treatment of two partners in the same partnership could vary substantially
if the court in one partner’s deficiency proceeding recognized the legitimate existence
of the partnership and the court in the other proceeding decided to disregard the
partnership as a matter of law. Accordingly, even were there some ambiguity in the
act’s language, we would choose the interpretation consistent with Congress’s clear
intention when enacting TEFRA. “Sham, etc.” status, then, meets the first of
TEFRA’s two threshold requirements for consideration as a partnership item.

             B. More appropriately determined at the partnership level

       As previously stated, however, the Secretary of the Treasury must also consider
a partnership item to be something more appropriately determined at the partnership
level. Although RJT and Thompson do not challenge the validity of the Treasury
regulation at issue, they contend that no fair reading of it allows for the conclusion
that the Secretary made such an assessment with respect to “sham, etc.” status. We
disagree.

       The Treasury regulation includes within the “partnership item” classification
“the legal and factual determinations that underlie the determination of the amount,
timing, and characterization of items of income, credit, gain, loss, deduction, etc.” 26
                                          -7-
C.F.R. § 301.6231(a)(3)-1(b) (emphasis added). Examples of such legal and factual
determinations falling within the partnership item ambit include, among other things,
the partnership’s method of accounting, its inventory method, and even “whether
partnership activities have been engaged in with the intent to make a profit for
purposes of § 183.” 

underlying legal determination with direct bearing on
the items mentioned, the status of the partnership as a “sham, etc.” falls squarely
within this definition. The regulation does not limit its applicability to line items and
technical accounting issues as RJT and Thompson suggest. Finally, just as Thompson
and RJT have failed to justify treating “sham, etc.” differently from our treatment of
the statute of limitations with respect to the statutory language, they have also failed
to present us with any reason to distinguish our treatment of “sham, etc.” from the
statute of limitations under the language of the regulation. In fact, RJT and Thompson
even acknowledge that the statute of limitations is a valid partnership item under the
regulation. Accordingly, the Tax Court correctly treated as a partnership item its
determination that RJT is a “sham, etc.”8

      The judgment is affirmed.9


      8
        RJT and Thompson also argue that shams are intensely factual inquiries that
involve, to some extent, the discovery of individual partner intent. They contend that
this makes sham determinations inappropriate in partnership level proceedings.
Assuming that in some cases shams may indeed not be partnership items, in the
present case objective facts suffice to demonstrate the sham nature of a partnership
without necessitating an additional individualized inquiry. In any event, Congress
vested in the Secretary of the Treasury, not in the federal courts, the authority to weigh
and decide what items are most suitably ascertained at the partnership level.
      9
        RJT and Thompson, in a footnote, propose that if the Tax Court had
jurisdiction to declare the partnership a sham, then its conclusion that the partnership
is a sham is not supported by the evidence. Other than citing the standard of review
and noting that sham determinations are conclusions of law, they neither point to
specific elements that are unsupported by the facts nor do they raise favorable legal
precedent for the purpose of contesting the sufficiency of those facts. See SmithKline
Beecham Corp. v. Apotex Corp., 

, 1320 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (holding that
undeveloped arguments are waived and collecting cases that have held the same).
                                           -8-