These consolidated appeals involve challenges brought by two separate plaintiff groups to the constitutionality of a repealed City of Clearwater, Florida ordinance and its successor ordinance, both of which regulated charitable solicitation.1 The district court declared the first ordinance unconstitutional and permanently enjoined its enforcement. The district court declared the second ordinance facially constitutional and certified the issue to this court for interlocutory appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1292(b) (1982).

We vacate the district court's first decision for want of a case or controversy. We decline to pass on its second decision because leave to appeal pursuant to section 1292(b) was improvidently granted.

On October 6, 1983, the City of Clearwater enacted Ordinance No. 3091-83 which sought to regulate charitable solicitation. The ordinance required charitable organizations that wished to solicit funds in Clearwater to register with the City, maintain certain records, disclose the sources and uses of their contributions, refrain from engaging in fraudulent solicitation practices, and submit to an investigation by the City Attorney on the complaint of ten or more individuals. The operative provisions of the ordinance were to become effective on January 31, 1984.

Americans United for Separation of Church and State and several other named plaintiffs (collectively "Americans United") brought a ten-count action in the district court on January 20, 1984 to enjoin the City and its officers from enforcing the ordinance. Each count raised a discrete constitutional claim.2 On January 23, the Church of Scientology Flag Service Organization, Inc. ("Church of Scientology") brought a separate twelve-count action for injunctive relief on grounds similar to those raised by Americans United.3 Both plaintiffs moved the court for a temporary restraining order pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 65(b); such an order became unnecessary, however, when the City agreed not to enforce the ordinance pending a final determination on the merits.

The court scheduled a final hearing on the plaintiffs' prayers for a permanent injunction4 on March 9, 1984. At the hearing, the parties requested the court to limit the scope of the hearing to the facial validity of the ordinance and defer to a subsequent hearing its decision on the plaintiffs' claims that the ordinance was unconstitutional as applied. The court granted the parties' request and confined the hearing to the facial constitutionality of the ordinance. The parties presented no evidence save a brief stipulation between the Church of Scientology and the City. They stipulated to the existence of the ordinance, that the City was a municipality of the state, that the Church of Scientology was a Florida corporation, and that it sells books and pamphlets and pays some Scientologists commissions on funds they solicit. These parties also stipulated that the court had subject matter jurisdiction over their case and that venue was proper. Finally, the City advised the court that it would not challenge the Church of Scientology's standing to bring the suit, except as to those claims alleging that the ordinance violated the freedom of religion clauses of the first amendment.

Americans United and the City stipulated to nothing. On the standing issue, the City maintained an inconsistent position. The City advised the court that it would not contest any of the Americans United plaintiffs' standing to sue; at the same time, the City said it reserved the right to challenge the standing of any of such plaintiffs to prosecute any of their claims. The court did not resolve this inconsistency.

After entertaining argument from counsel on the facial validity of the ordinance, the court directed counsel to file post-hearing memorandums by March 16. On March 15, the City Commission enacted an emergency ordinance, No. 3479-84, as an amendment to Ordinance No. 3091-83. The amended ordinance consisted of a comprehensive scheme to regulate charitable solicitation, making substantial modifications to Ordinance No. 3091-83. It provided for the repeal of any conflicting ordinance, thereby effectively repealing Ordinance No. 3091-83. As an emergency ordinance, it would have automatically expired at the end of ninety days if not passed as a non-emergency ordinance within that time.5

The City promptly notified the district court and the plaintiffs' counsel of the amended ordinance. Rather than allowing the plaintiffs to amend their complaints and adjudicate the validity of the new ordinance, the district court, on March 28, proceeded to determine the facial validity of repealed Ordinance No. 3091-83. Without specifying which of the several counts of the plaintiffs' complaints it was deciding, the court declared the repealed ordinance unconstitutional and permanently enjoined its application and enforcement. The court held that the ordinance was overly burdensome of first amendment rights, given the legitimate state interest involved, and was also impermissibly vague and discriminatory.

The court justified its jurisdiction to adjudicate the validity of the repealed ordinance on two grounds. First, a finding of no jurisdiction would encourage cities to enact laws affecting the constitutional rights of its citizens and, if challenged in court, simply amend such laws, thereby prolonging the period of uncertainty as to citizens' rights. Second, the court, noting the large number of cases pending on its docket, stated that it could not permit the litigants to delay the completion of their cases by amending their pleadings at the eleventh-hour and thereby occupy "someone else's day" in court. Accordingly, an immediate decision terminating the instant cases was mandated. The court terminated the Americans United case by granting the injunctive relief sought and "dismissing" the case.6 The court similarly terminated the Church of Scientology case, granting the relief sought and dismissing eleven of the twelve counts of the plaintiff's complaint.7 The court's dispositive order failed to dispose of the twelfth count, however. Consequently, the court retained jurisdiction of that much of the Church of Scientology case.

The City appealed the court's injunctive orders. We assume jurisdiction of these appeals pursuant to 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1292(a)(1) (1982).8

On April 20, 1984, the Church of Scientology, seeking to enjoin the enforcement of the emergency ordinance, No. 3479-84, moved the district court for leave to amend the remaining count of its complaint. Its proposed amendment presented the same constitutional challenges that had been addressed to the original ordinance. At the same time, the Church of Scientology moved the court to issue a temporary restraining order prohibiting the City from enforcing Ordinance No. 3479-84. A hearing on these motions commenced one hour after they were filed. The Church of Scientology appeared, but the City did not. The court granted both motions and set April 27 as the date it would hear the plaintiff's application for a preliminary injunction. The hearing was continued, and the parties stipulated to an extension of the temporary restraining order pending resolution of such application.

The City of Clearwater enacted Ordinance No. 3479-84 as a permanent ordinance on May 17, 1984. On May 21, Americans United instituted a new action in the district court seeking injunctive relief and challenging the constitutionality of Ordinance No. 3479-84 on the grounds raised in its previous suit. Simultaneously, Americans United moved for a temporary restraining order, which the court granted. On May 24, the Church of Scientology also filed a new suit, seeking the same relief as Americans United on essentially the same grounds. At this point, the Church of Scientology had two identical suits pending, the newly filed suit and the previous case whose complaint had been amended.9 On May 30, the court set July 13 as the date for a final hearing on both plaintiffs' applications for injunctive relief.10 Shortly thereafter, the City moved, pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6), to dismiss the plaintiffs' complaints for failure to state a claim for relief, and Americans United moved the court for summary judgment. On June 19, the court issued an order informing the parties that it would limit the scope of the final hearing to the question of the facial constitutionality of the new ordinance.11

The final hearing was held, as scheduled, on July 13, 1984. When the hearing began, the court announced that it would not consider the merits of any of the pending motions or receive any evidence. Rather, the court would only address the facial constitutionality of the ordinance in the abstract. During the hearing it became apparent that the court was concerned with one other issue, the plaintiffs' standing to challenge the ordinance. When the City's attorney stated, in response to the court's inquiry as to his position, that the City was not contesting the plaintiffs' standing at that time, the court proceeded to the merits of their claims that the ordinance was unconstitutional on its face.

After hearing the argument of counsel, the court stated that, in its view, each and every section of the amended ordinance was facially constitutional, and, on July 23, the court entered written orders to that effect in the two Church of Scientology cases and the Americans United case. The orders stated, in addition, that the facial constitutionality of the ordinance constituted a controlling question of law as to which there was substantial ground for difference of opinion and that an immediate appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1292(b) (1982)12 may materially advance the ultimate termination of the litigation. An administrative panel of this court subsequently granted the plaintiffs leave to appeal from these interlocutory orders.13

At the July 13 hearing, the district court indicated that, although the new ordinance was facially valid, it would enjoin the City from enforcing the ordinance pending our disposition of any section 1292(b) appeals that may be taken. The City objected, contending that the court's decision upholding the ordinance rendered an injunction inappropriate and that, at the very least, the City should be able to enforce the ordinance's less burdensome provisions. On July 23, the court, after issuing the orders declaring the ordinance valid, issued a second set of orders converting the still extant temporary restraining orders to preliminary injunctions prohibiting the City from enforcing the portions of the ordinance that dealt with a charitable organization's obligation to register with the City and to maintain certain records. The court gave no reasons for this action.

The City did not appeal from this preliminary injunction. The Church of Scientology has appealed, however, contending that the court erred in declaring the ordinance constitutional and that it should have enjoined the enforcement of the ordinance in its entirety.14

On July 31, 1984, the Church of Scientology, in an effort to get the district court to rule on its claims that the new ordinance was unconstitutional as applied, moved the district court, in both of its cases, for a temporary restraining order prohibiting the City from enforcing the ordinance and requested the court to schedule an evidentiary hearing on its undisposed application for a preliminary injunction. A hearing on the motion for a temporary restraining order was held two days later. The Church of Scientology and the City appeared and presented argument. At the conclusion of the hearing, the court announced from the bench that it would deny the motion and would not give the Church of Scientology a hearing on its application for a preliminary injunction. Later in the day, the court issued written orders denying the plaintiff's motion for a temporary restraining order and its application for a preliminary injunction. The Church of Scientology appeals from these orders.15

After the parties' perfected their respective appeals, the Church of Scientology moved this court for an injunction prohibiting the City from enforcing Ordinance No. 3479-84 pending our disposition of such appeals. See Fed.R.App.P. 8. An administrative panel of this court granted the motion without opinion.

In deciding the parties' appeals, we first dispose of the district court's orders prohibiting the City from enforcing the repealed ordinance, No. 3091-83. We vacate those injunctive orders principally because the controversy they adjudicated was, and is, moot. Second, we dismiss the section 1292(b) appeals from the district court's determination that the new ordinance, No. 3479-84, is facially constitutional because leave to prosecute these appeals was improvidently granted. Third, we affirm the district court's refusal to grant the Church of Scientology's applications for a preliminary injunction because the Church failed to establish the criteria necessary for the granting of preliminary injunctive relief.

The City of Clearwater has appealed from the district court's order in both the Americans United and the Church of Scientology cases declaring repealed Ordinance No. 3091-83 unconstitutional and permanently enjoining its enforcement. Because we conclude that the issue of the ordinance's validity was moot at the time it was decided, we vacate the district court's orders enjoining the ordinance's enforcement and remand the two cases with instructions that they be dismissed without prejudice.16

The Constitution limits the exercise of the judicial power to cases and controversies. U.S. Const. art. III, Sec. 2. An action that has become moot or academic does not present a justiciable controversy within the case or controversy clause. See Aetna Life Insurance Co. v. Haworth, 300 U.S. 227, 239-40, 57 S. Ct. 461, 463-64, 81 L. Ed. 617 (1937). The case must consist of a present, live controversy in order to "avoid advisory opinions on abstract propositions of law." Hall v. Beals, 396 U.S. 45, 48, 90 S. Ct. 200, 201-02, 24 L. Ed. 2d 214 (1969) (per curiam).

In addition to the constitutional limits on jurisdiction, the Supreme Court has established a long-standing policy of refusing to decide constitutional issues unless strictly necessary. Rescue Army v. Municipal Court, 331 U.S. 549, 568-72, 67 S. Ct. 1409, 1419-21, 91 L. Ed. 1666 (1947). "If there is one doctrine more deeply rooted than any other in the process of constitutional adjudication, it is that we ought not to pass on questions of constitutionality ... unless such adjudication is unavoidable." Spector Motor Service v. McLaughlin, 323 U.S. 101, 105, 65 S. Ct. 152, 154, 89 L. Ed. 101 (1944). This rule is basic to the federal system and the judicial function within that structure. Rescue Army v. Municipal Court, 331 U.S. at 570-71, 67 S.Ct. at 1420-21.17 Ordinance No. 3091-83 was no longer in force when the district court declared it unconstitutional.18 "Where by ... a subsequent law, the existing controversy has come to an end, the case becomes moot and should be treated accordingly." United States v. Alaska S.S. Co., 253 U.S. 113, 116, 40 S. Ct. 448, 449, 64 L. Ed. 808 (1920).19

The district court justified its adjudication of the repealed ordinance on two grounds. First, the court had to decide the question; otherwise, the City could enact laws affecting the plaintiffs' constitutional rights and avoid an adjudication of the validity of those laws by amending them prior to a decision. In an appropriate case this concern might justify reaching a decision on the validity of an ordinance no longer in force.20 However, in this instance there was no indication that the City was acting in a manipulative fashion in order to prevent an adjudication or that any reasonable likelihood existed that Ordinance No. 3091-83 would regain vitality.21 The proper course of action would have been to allow the plaintiffs to amend their complaints and proceed to litigate the ordinance then in effect.22

The court's second ground for deciding the validity of the repealed ordinance requires no discussion and no citation of authority. The fact that the court was laboring under a heavy docket and desired to bring these cases to a quick conclusion simply did not, and could not, justify the resolution of a constitutional question in the absence of a live controversy.

In addition to presenting no live controversy over Ordinance No. 3091-83, the record contains no facts to support the district court's implied finding that the plaintiffs had standing to challenge the constitutionality of the ordinance. A threshold question in every federal case is whether the plaintiff has made out a justiciable case or controversy within the meaning of article III. See Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 498, 95 S. Ct. 2197, 2205, 45 L. Ed. 2d 343 (1975). This requires that the minimum constitutional standing requirements be demonstrated: actual or threatened injury, fairly traceable to the challenged action, and redressable by a favorable decision. Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church and State, Inc., 454 U.S. 464, 472, 102 S. Ct. 752, 758, 70 L. Ed. 2d 700 (1982).

The district court received no evidence, except a brief stipulation between the Church of Scientology and the City, prior to entering its injunctive orders. It merely entertained counsel's arguments on the legal question of the ordinance's facial constitutionality. Contrary to Fed.R.Civ.P. 52(a), the only facts the court recited in its orders were the enactment of the ordinance and the municipal status of the City.23 These facts and those contained in the stipulation between the Church of Scientology and the City, as detailed in Part I.A., supra, did not provide an adequate basis to justify a finding of standing. There was no indication that the Church of Scientology operated in Clearwater and would be affected or injured by the ordinance.

It is true that the City informed the court that, except for the Church of Scientology's first amendment freedom of religion claims, it would not challenge the standing of the Church of Scientology to bring the action. A plaintiff does not acquire standing merely because the defendant raises no objection. Standing is a matter of the case-or-controversy requirement of article III, and a district court is obliged to ensure that this jurisdictional requirement is satisfied. Juidice v. Vail, 430 U.S. 327, 331, 97 S. Ct. 1211, 1215, 51 L. Ed. 2d 376 (1977). In short, the district court was not free to rely on the City's concession on standing. Further, the City's concession excluded claims based on the freedom of religion clauses of the first amendment, which were the heart of the Church of Scientology's challenge to the ordinance and provided the basis for the district court's conclusion that the ordinance was unconstitutional.

Americans United and the City made no stipulation. The City did advise the court that it would not question the Americans United plaintiffs' standing, but in the same breath it insisted on reserving the right to challenge the standing of any of such plaintiffs to prosecute any of their claims. This inconsistent statement, which went unresolved, accomplished nothing. As to the plaintiffs in each of the cases before it, the court was obligated to determine that they had adequate standing to present their constitutional challenges. Bald assertions, or concessions, of counsel could not suffice. Standing is a mixed question of fact and law.24 To the extent that it is a question of fact, the court must find the facts and recite them in a fashion that will accommodate appellate review. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 52(a).

Americans United and the Church of Scientology were granted leave to appeal, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1292(b) (1982),25 the interlocutory orders of the district court declaring Ordinance No. 3479-84 facially constitutional. We have concluded that their motions for leave to appeal these interlocutory orders were improvidently granted and vacate the orders allowing the appeals to proceed.

The district court, at its July 13 hearing on the facial validity of the new ordinance, expressly declined to consider Americans United's motion for summary judgment and the City's motions to dismiss each of the cases for failure to state a claim. Instead, the court ruled on the constitutionality of the ordinance in the abstract without any factual or evidentiary foundation. We have determined that the question of the constitutionality of the ordinance is not ripe for appellate review for several reasons.

There is no evidence in the record informing us whether the parties had standing to bring their constitutional challenges. As stated in Part II.B., supra, it is not possible to determine whether any of the plaintiffs had standing to challenge the original ordinance. The problem became exacerbated when the plaintiffs attacked the new ordinance. Two new suits were instituted, and the Church of Scientology's original complaint was amended, but no factual findings have been made to support the new claims. The transcript of the July 13 hearing merely indicates that the City would not contest the plaintiffs' standing at that time. As we have stated, supra, the court had a constitutional obligation to ensure that the jurisdictional standing requirements were met. See Juidice v. Vail, 430 U.S. at 331, 97 S.Ct. at 1215.26

The statute permitting discretionary interlocutory review requires that the district judge have issued "an order not otherwise appealable." 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1292(b) (1982) (emphasis added).27 Although the district court's decision on the facial constitutionality of Ordinance No. 3479-84 was denominated an order, we conclude that it was not an order within the meaning of the statute. The ruling was a mere expression of the district court's view of the law unassociated with the disposition of any claim. See Nickert v. Puget Sound Tug & Barge Co., 480 F.2d 1039, 1041 (9th Cir.1973) (per curiam); Okolinsky v. Philadelphia, Bethlehem & New England Railroad, 282 F.2d 70, 71 (3d Cir.1960). The court answered a hypothetical, abstract question of law. Its ruling had no concrete effect.

An appellate ruling on the facial validity of the new ordinance would be purely advisory. Aside from the constitutional prohibition against the rendering of advisory opinions, it would be unwise for us to establish part of the law of the case at this time. Such a decision could present difficulties for the district court and the parties beyond our ability to foresee as the case proceeds to a determination on the merits. See Nickert v. Puget Sound Tug & Barge Co., 480 F.2d at 1041; Molybdenum Corp. v. Kasey, 279 F.2d 216, 217 (9th Cir.1960) (per curiam). What we have said deserves special emphasis where a constitutional question is at issue. The deeply rooted doctrine that questions of constitutionality not be reached unless strictly necessary, see Rescue Army v. Municipal Court, 331 U.S. at 568-72, 67 S.Ct. at 1419-21, is particularly appropriate in this instance where no evidentiary or factual background is presented, no claims have been disposed of, and a purely hypothetical question is involved.

The Church of Scientology has appealed from the orders the district court entered following its facial constitutionality ruling which enjoined the enforcement of portions of Ordinance No. 3479-84 but declined to enjoin the ordinance in its entirety. The Church of Scientology has also appealed from the district court's denial of a preliminary injunction on its claim that the ordinance was unconstitutional as applied. We affirm the district court's denial of the applications for preliminary injunctive relief.

The elements a plaintiff must satisfy to obtain a preliminary injunction are firmly established. The plaintiff must show that: (1) there is a substantial likelihood that it will prevail on the merits at trial; (2) it will suffer irreparable harm if injunctive relief is not granted; (3) the benefits of the injunction will outweigh the harm it will cause the defendant; and (4) the issuance of the injunction will not harm public interests. Callaway v. Block, 763 F.2d 1283, 1287 (11th Cir.1985). A district court's order denying a preliminary injunction will not be reversed absent an abuse of discretion. Id.

The record is devoid of any evidence indicating that this plaintiff established a right to an injunction.28 It presented no evidence and established none of the criteria. The Church of Scientology would have us hold that it was entitled to preliminary injunctive relief as a matter of law solely on the basis of its naked allegations.29 This of course we cannot do.

Several consolidated appeals are presented in this case. Because we have determined that the controversy over Ordinance No. 3091-83 was moot when decided, we order, in Nos. 84-3232 and 84-3236, that the injunctions be VACATED and the cases dismissed without prejudice. We have found that leave to appeal the interlocutory orders in Nos. 84-3574 and 84-3575 was improvidently granted. We accordingly VACATE the orders granting such leave. We AFFIRM the district court's denial of the Church of Scientology's motions for a preliminary injunction in Nos. 84-3543, 84-3544, 84-3545, and 84-3546.