United States Court of Appeals
                           FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                    ___________

                                    No. 06-3841
                                    ___________

Patricia A. Casey,                      *
                                        *
             Appellant,                 *
                                        * Appeal from the United States
       v.                               * District Court for the
                                        * Southern District of Iowa.
                  1
Michael J. Astrue, Commissioner         *
of the Social Security Administration, *
                                        *
             Appellee.                  *
                                   ___________

                              Submitted: September 28, 2007
                                 Filed: October 4, 2007
                                  ___________

Before BENTON, BOWMAN, and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges.
                          ___________

BOWMAN, Circuit Judge.

       Patricia Casey's applications for disability insurance benefits and supplemental
security income benefits were denied by the Social Security Administration (SSA).
Casey sought review before an administrative law judge (ALJ), who, after conducting
a hearing, concluded that Casey was not disabled and denied the benefits. The SSA
Appeals Council denied review, thereby rendering the ALJ's decision the final agency


      1
       Michael J. Astrue has been appointed to serve as Commissioner of the Social
Security Administration and is substituted as Appellee pursuant to Rule 43(c)(2) of
the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure.
determination. Casey sought review in the District Court,2 which affirmed the
decision of the agency. Casey appeals, and we affirm.

                                             I.

       Casey's applications for benefits alleged that she became disabled and unable
to work on June 11, 2002, due to fibromyalgia, back pain, leg pain, depression, and
other impairments. On the alleged onset date, she was 40 years old, had a 12th-grade
education, and had completed a secretarial training course. She had previously
worked as an administrative assistant, employment clerk, program manager, cashier,
and waitress.

       The ALJ evaluated Casey's disability claim under the sequential analysis
prescribed by the Social Security regulations. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520. First, the
ALJ found that Casey was not engaged in substantial gainful activity. Second, the
ALJ concluded that Casey was severely impaired by the combination of
"fibromyalgia, status post left knee surgery, back pain secondary to past compression
fracture and depression." J.A. at 9. At the third step, the ALJ determined that Casey's
impairments did not meet or equal any of the impairment listings that create a
presumption of disability. Thus, the ALJ continued to the fourth step, where she
considered Casey's residual functional capacity (RFC)3 and past relevant work. The
ALJ determined that Casey had the RFC to perform work "with the following
limitations: occasionally lift ten pounds, frequently lift less than ten pounds, sit a total
of six hours in an eight hour day, stand/walk at least two hours in an eight hour day
and occasionally climb, balance, stoop, kneel, crouch and crawl." 

The ALJ


       2
      The Honorable Ronald E. Longstaff, United States District Judge for the
Southern District of Iowa.
       3
        RFC is defined as the most an individual can do despite the combined effects
of her impairments. 20 C.F.R. § 494.1545.

                                            -2-
concluded that even with these limitations, Casey could return to her past work as an
employment clerk, administrative assistant, or program manager. 

Because
Casey's impairments did not prevent her from doing her past relevant work, the ALJ
found that Casey was not disabled and, thus, not entitled to benefits. The District
Court affirmed that decision.

                                           II.

        On appeal, Casey contends that the District Court committed reversible error
in affirming the ALJ's decision because the ALJ (1) gave improper weight to medical
opinions in the record, (2) improperly discredited Casey's subjective complaints of
pain, and (3) erred in determining Casey's RFC. We review de novo the District
Court's decision affirming the agency's denial of benefits. Travis v. Astrue, 

, 1040 (8th Cir. 2007). In conducting this review, we consider whether the ALJ's
decision is supported by substantial evidence on the record as a whole. 

is evidence that a reasonable mind would find adequate to
support the ALJ's conclusion." Nicola v. Astrue, 

, 886 (8th Cir. 2007).
We will not disturb the denial of benefits so long as the ALJ's decision falls within the
available "'zone of choice.'" 

v. Barnhart, 

, 936 (8th
Cir. 2006)). "An ALJ's decision is not outside the 'zone of choice' simply because we
might have reached a different conclusion had we been the initial finder of fact." 

first contends that the ALJ improperly weighed the medical evidence in
determining that she was not disabled. In particular, Casey argues that the ALJ gave
too little weight to the opinions of physicians that treated and examined her and too
much weight to the opinion of a physician who performed a paper review of the
medical records.



                                          -3-
       The ALJ had a duty to evaluate the medical evidence as a whole. See Hogan
v. Apfel, 

, 961 (8th Cir. 2001). While a "'treating physician's opinion is
generally entitled to substantial weight[,] . . . such an opinion is not conclusive in
determining disability status, and the opinion must be supported by medically
acceptable clinical or diagnostic data.'" Pena v. Chater, 

, 908 (8th Cir.
1996) (quoting Davis v. Shalala, 

, 756 (8th Cir. 1994)); see also 20 C.F.R.
§ 404.1527(d)(2) ("If we find that a treating source's opinion on the issue(s) of the
nature and severity of your impairment(s) is well-supported by medically acceptable
clinical and laboratory diagnostic techniques and is not inconsistent with the other
substantial evidence in your case record, we will give it controlling weight."). "[A]n
ALJ may credit other medical evaluations over that of the treating physician when
such other assessments are supported by better or more thorough medical evidence."
Prosch v. Apfel, 

, 1014 (8th Cir. 2000) (quotation and citation omitted).
In considering how much weight to give a treating physician's opinion, an ALJ must
also consider the length of the treatment relationship and the frequency of
examinations. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(d)(2)(i).

       According to Casey, the ALJ's "most outrageous error" was the failure to credit
the testimony of Lawrence Rettenmaier, M.D., the rheumatologist who treated Casey's
fibromyalgia. Appellant's Br. at 25. Initially, it is important to note that contrary to
Casey's suggestion, the ALJ did not reject all of Dr. Rettenmaier's opinions. The ALJ
discussed and gave weight to Dr. Rettenmaier's treatment records of December 2001
to May 2004. The ALJ only refused to give weight to Dr. Rettenmaier's opinion
expressed in a Fibromyalgia RFC Questionnaire completed in July 2004. In the RFC
Questionnaire, Dr. Rettenmaier simply discussed his ultimate conclusions about
Casey's limitations, specifically, that Casey could sit for fifteen to twenty minutes at
a time, for a total of less than two hours in an eight-hour day; could stand for five to
ten minutes at a time, for a total of less than two hours in an eight-hour day; would
need unscheduled breaks during the workday; and would miss three or more days of
work per month due to the severity of her symptoms. The ALJ characterized this

                                          -4-
opinion as "quite conclusory, providing very little explanation of the evidence relied
on in forming the opinion as to why the claimant was so limited." J.A. at 12. The
ALJ further found that although Dr. Rettenmaier did have a treating relationship with
Casey, the record revealed that the actual treatment visits were infrequent.

        We will discuss the ALJ's determination of Casey's RFC in Part II.C of this
opinion. At this point, however, we note that substantial evidence supports the ALJ's
refusal to give the opinion of Dr. Rettenmaier controlling weight. As we have stated,
a treating physician's opinion is entitled to controlling weight only to the extent that
it is consistent with medically acceptable clinical or laboratory diagnostic data. See

; 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(d)(2); Haggard v. Apfel, 

,
595 (8th Cir. 1999). Our review of the medical records convinces us that Dr.
Rettenmaier's opinion lacks such consistency. On December 7, 2001, Dr. Rettenmaier
saw Casey for the first time in "several years." J.A. at 174. A physical examination
on that date indicated that Casey had "widespread soft tissue tender points," 

but also stated that Casey reported doing "reasonably well in the last several years"
with her fibromyalgia, 

Casey had a "full range of motion of the neck,
shoulders, elbows, wrists, and hands," and "no pain with range of motion of the hips."

Casey did not see Dr. Rettenmaier again until January 16, 2003. At that
time, Casey's soft-tissue tender points remained and she had crepitus (crackling) at the
knee, but her straight leg raise was negative. She had tenderness in her lower back,
but her thoracic back pain was stable. Dr. Rettenmaier recommended exercise and a
nonsteroidal drug. On February 12 and 20, 2003, Dr. Rettenmaier treated Casey's left
knee with an injection of osteoarthritis medication. Casey did not see Dr. Rettenmaier
again for over a year. On May 17, 2004, Dr. Rettenmaier conducted a physical
examination and noted that Casey had some "almost touch-me-not type pain in the
lower extremities about her knees," but that "[s]he does not really have that
widespread finding." 

His report also noted that Casey had "widespread
soft tissue tender points." 

                                          -5-
        The ALJ discussed the reports of other treating physicians, whose diagnoses
of Casey's health were more favorable than that of Dr. Rettenmaier. Casey was treated
by Jill Meilahn, D.O., in 2001 and 2002 for back and neck pain. An x-ray taken on
February 28, 2001, showed Casey's "old vertical fracture through the T12 centrum"
(injured in 1989), but indicated that the "thoracic and lumbar discs are well hydrated,"
"[n]o disc herniation," "[n]o marrow lesion," and "[n]o facet arthritis." 

To
treat Casey's pain, Dr. Meilahn recommended physical therapy, exercise, and epidural
steroid injections. On September 6, 2002, Dr. Meilahn noted that Casey was "helped
substantially" by trigger point injections. 

An x-ray taken on December 10,
2002, revealed a "[n]ormal lumbar spine." 

On December 16, 2002, a
physical therapist noted that Casey suffered from sciatica and lower back pain, but
anticipated improvements "with increase in activity and exercise as appropriate." 

        Casey began seeing Scott Meyer, M.D., for knee pain in April 2003. On
August 14, 2003, Dr. Meyer performed osteotomy surgery on Casey's left knee. On
February 13, 2004, Casey reported that she was "much improved from where she was
prior to her surgery" and "overall happy with the results of the surgery"; she reported
only occasional soreness in her knee from using stairs or being bumped by her Saint
Bernard. J.A. at 196. A physical examination on that date showed that Casey's
"[p]atella tracking appears to be good," and that she could "do a straight leg raise
without difficulty." 

"a little bit of quad atrophy present," which Dr.
Meyer attributed to Casey "not being real consistent with her exercises" due to other
health problems. 

Meyer cleared Casey to "return to her
activities" without restriction. 

note that an x-ray taken of Casey's knees
on July 3, 2002, showed "[n]ormal knees," with no "effusion, fracture or dislocation."

       In addition to contrasting Dr. Rettenmaier's opinion with the medical records
of other treating physicians, the ALJ appears to have discounted the opinion based on

                                          -6-
the infrequent nature of the treatment visits. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(d)(2)(i). Dr.
Rettenmaier saw Casey for the first time in "several years" on December 7, 2001. J.A.
at 174. Thereafter, he treated her far less frequently than one would expect based on
the pain that Casey alleges. See Comstock v. Chater, 

, 1147 (8th Cir.
1996) (concluding that failure to seek regular medical treatment is inconsistent with
complaints of disabling pain). Given the sporadic nature of the treatment relationship
and the dearth of clinical or laboratory diagnostic data to support Dr. Rettenmaier's
conclusory opinion, we hold that the ALJ acted within the acceptable zone of choice
in declining to give Dr. Rettenmaier's opinion controlling weight. See Chamberlain
v. Shalala, 

, 1494 (8th Cir. 1995) (ruling that an ALJ may give a treating
physician's opinion limited weight when it provides only conclusory statements).

       Next, Casey challenges the limited weight that the ALJ gave to the opinion of
consulting examiner Shawn Richmond, M.D. Dr. Richmond examined Casey in
September 2002. He noted in his report that Casey complained of neck, shoulder, and
knee pain and that she reported experiencing "much discomfort in her back" when she
performed work that required her to "sit in one place or do any kind of lifting." J.A.
at 138. Dr. Richmond's physical examination of Casey revealed some reduced range
of motion in her shoulders, left cervical spine, and hips, but normal range of motion
overall. Dr. Richmond opined that Casey's fibromyalgia and chronic back problems
"would interfere with work requiring her to do any lifting and carrying of any
substantial weight." 

He further concluded that Casey would "have
difficulties with standing, moving about, walking, [and] sitting in over an 8 hour work
day" and "with stooping, climbing, kneeling, and crawling." 

discounted
Dr. Richmond's opinion as conclusory and not based on objective diagnostic data. As
explained by the ALJ, Dr. Richmond "relied largely on the claimant's subjective report
of symptoms and limitations and seemed to uncritically accept most of her allegations
as true." 

The ALJ noted that Dr. Richmond did not elaborate on his
conclusion that Casey would have difficulty performing work duties in a normal day.
As we discussed above, conclusory opinions not backed by medically acceptable

                                         -7-
clinical and laboratory diagnostic data carry limited weight in the disability analysis.
Our review of the record indicates that Dr. Richmond's opinion is not consistent with
the objective medical evidence. Moreover, while Dr. Richmond stated that Casey
would have "difficulties" with certain activities, he did not opine that Casey would be
unable to perform these activities. We therefore hold that in analyzing the medical
evidence as a whole, the ALJ appropriately discounted Dr. Richmond's opinion.

       Casey also takes issue with the ALJ's reliance on the report of John May, M.D.,
an Iowa Disability Determination Services physician who reviewed the medical
evidence in October 2002. Dr. May noted: "MRI of the thoracic spine reveals no
evidence of spinal stenosis. She has end of range of motion restriction of the cervical
and lumbar spine . . . . She has generalized tenderness in both recognized tender points
and control points." 

He concluded, however, that "her alleged level of
impairment is not supported by significant positive physical findings." 

May found Casey's impairments to be severe, he believed that she was capable of
working within limits that he outlined in an RFC. Casey complains that Dr. May's
review was "premature" because he did not have access to later diagnoses by Drs.
Rettenmaier and Richmond. Appellant's Br. at 24. Our review of the record shows
that Dr. May's October 23, 2002, report was consistent with the medical evidence as
of that date. The later reports of Dr. Rettenmaier and Dr. Richmond were not entitled
to significant weight, as we discussed above. The ALJ did not err in considering the
opinion of Dr. May along with the medical evidence as a whole.4

      Finally, Casey challenges the ALJ's interpretation of a consultative
psychological evaluation performed by Dr. Jerald Catron, Ph.D., in September 2002.
Dr. Catron noted that Casey was "preoccupied with physical symptoms" of pain, but
found that she had no other psychological problems or evidence of a


      4
        To the extent that Casey argues that the ALJ's denial of disability was based
solely on Dr. May's report, her argument is not supported by the record.

                                          -8-
psychopathological condition. J.A. at 144. He stated that "[h]er history and behavior
indicate that she has the ability to remember and understand instruction, procedures,
and locations"; that she displayed "no indication of problems with attention,
concentration, and pace"; that she "displayed adequate social skills"; and that "[t]he
intensity of her affective display was not congruent with her statements about
depression." 

however, that Casey "regards her physical problems as
making her unable to work because of pain." 

ultimately diagnosed
Casey with "pain disorder associated with both psychological factors and her general
medical condition" and concluded that "[i]t is very likely that the pain disorder is so
impairing that she is unable to work." 

Dr. Catron did "not find
any significant limitations in work-related activities from mental illness other than the
pain disorder." 

The ALJ reviewed Dr. Catron's report and appears to have
relied on it to some extent in determining that Casey was not disabled. In so doing,
the ALJ misquoted Dr. Catron as stating that it was "very unlikely" that Casey's pain
disorder would prevent her from working. 

(emphasis added). We agree with
Casey that the ALJ incorrectly recounted Dr. Catron's ultimate conclusion regarding
her ability to work. This mistake is without consequence, however, because the value
of a medical source's opinion is found in "judgments about the nature and severity"
of a claimant's impairments; a medical source's conclusions that a claimant is
"'disabled' or 'unable to work'" are "not give[n] any special significance" because such
dispositive findings are reserved to the ALJ. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(a)(2) & (e)(1),(3).
The ALJ correctly recounted Dr. Catron's opinions about Casey's functional
limitations. Viewing Dr. Catron's report in the context of the whole record, we find
that substantial evidence supports the ALJ's determination that Casey was not
disabled.




                                          -9-
                                            B.

       Casey's second argument on appeal is that the ALJ erred in finding her
statements about the intensity and severity of her symptoms "not fully credible." J.A.
at 14. In Polaski v. Heckler, we noted several factors that an ALJ must consider in
evaluating a claimant's subjective complaints. 

, 1322 (8th Cir. 1984)
(per curiam order). In addition to objective medical evidence, an ALJ must examine
"the claimant's prior work record, and observations by third parties and treating and
examining physicians relating to . . . 1. the claimant's daily activities; 2. the duration,
frequency and intensity of the pain; 3. precipitating and aggravating factors; 4. dosage,
effectiveness and side effects of medication; [and] 5. functional restrictions." 

considerations must be taken into account, the ALJ's decision need not
include a discussion of how every Polaski factor relates to the claimant's credibility.
Tucker v. Barnhart, 

, 783 (8th Cir. 2004). The ALJ may discount
subjective complaints of pain if they are inconsistent with the evidence as a whole.

.

       The ALJ properly identified the Polaski factors and considered evidence
relevant to those factors. The ALJ ultimately found that Casey's subjective complaints
of pain were inconsistent with medically objective evidence and the observations of
third parties. The ALJ's analysis of the medical evidence has been discussed above.
Regarding the observations of third parties, the ALJ began by considering a Third
Party Adaptive Functioning Questionnaire completed by Casey's mother. In it,
Casey's mother indicated that Casey had good communication and social skills, had
good functional academic skills, and engaged in significant independent activity. The
ALJ found this report inconsistent with Casey's allegations of disabling pain,
difficulty with concentration, and limited activities. Casey does not challenge the
truth of her mother's answers in the questionnaire but, rather, argues that the
questionnaire does not address all of her subjective complaints. While Casey's



                                           -10-
assertion may be correct, it is of no consequence. It was certainly within the ALJ's
discretion to consider the questionnaire in addition to other evidence in the record.

       The ALJ also considered a Work Performance Assessment from Casey's former
employer. In it, the employer stated that he considered Casey's performance adequate
and consistent, and that he would rehire her if an appropriate position became
available. Casey argues that the ALJ's assessment of the employer's report is
distorted. Our examination of the report shows that, as Casey asserts, the employer
noted that he accommodated Casey's limitations by permitting her to work four days
a week, not assigning her to certain tasks, and allowing her to take additional days off
"[m]any weeks" for "medical reasons." J.A. at 70. The employer stated, however, that
he knew of no other limitations preventing Casey from engaging in competitive, full-
time work. He ranked Casey's performance as "adequate," "good," or "excellent" in
all areas. 

And, as noted by the ALJ, he affirmed that he would rehire Casey.
While reasonable minds could differ on the import of the employer's report, we
conclude that the report adequately supports the ALJ's assessment.

       With regard to daily activities, the ALJ noted that Casey prepared supper for
her family, drove locally, visited her parents' house several times weekly, attended a
bible study, and worked on the computer. Casey also testified that she was able to
camp with her husband, swim, and paint ceramics. Moreover, the medical records
frequently reference Casey's active lifestyle. See, e.g., J.A. at 125 (noting that Casey
dropped a heavy ceramic tile on her foot while she was remodeling), 129 (noting that
Casey reported back pain and headache that began after "helping to lay carpet"), 135
(Casey reported spending "hours on the internet" at home), 174 (noting that Casey's
knee pain had flared up, possibly because she had been "laying carpet and doing some
other physical activities at home"), 185 (diagnosing "sciatica with low back pain" after
Casey "lift[ed] something heavy"), 205 (reporting that Casey's knees were bothering
her after she rode a jet ski). While Casey's ability to perform these activities does not
disprove disability as a matter of law, "[i]nconsistencies between subjective

                                          -11-
complaints of pain and daily living patterns may . . . diminish credibility." 

; see also Roberson v. Astrue, 

, 1025 (8th Cir. 2007) (caring
for eleven-year-old child, driving, fixing simple meals, doing housework, and
shopping for groceries held to be "extensive daily activities" that did not support
claimant's alleged inability to work); Riggins v. Apfel, 

, 693 (8th Cir.
1999) (playing cards, watching television, shopping, performing occasional
housework, and driving children and wife held inconsistent with disabling pain).

       The ALJ is responsible for deciding questions of fact, including the credibility
of a claimant's subjective testimony about her limitations. Gregg v. Barnhart, 

, 713 (8th Cir. 2003). "If an ALJ explicitly discredits the claimant's
testimony and gives good reason for doing so, we will normally defer to the ALJ's
credibility determination." 

see also Browning v. Sullivan, 

,
821 (8th Cir. 1992) ("We will not disturb the decision of an ALJ who seriously
considers, but for good reasons explicitly discredits, a claimant's testimony of
disabling pain."). Here, the ALJ pointed to substantial evidence in the record
supporting her decision to discount Casey's subjective allegations. We therefore defer
to the ALJ's credibility finding.

                                          C.

       Casey's final argument is that the ALJ erred in determining her RFC. "The RFC
is a function-by-function assessment of an individual's ability to do work-related
activities based upon all of the relevant evidence." Harris v. Barnhart, 

,
929 (8th Cir. 2004); see also 20 C.F.R. § 404.1545(a) ("We will assess your residual
functional capacity based on all the relevant evidence in your case record."). While
the ALJ must consider all of the relevant evidence in determining a claimant's RFC,
the RFC is ultimately a medical question that must find at least some support in the
medical evidence of record. Masterson v. Barnhart, 

, 738 (8th Cir.
2004).

                                         -12-
       The ALJ determined that Casey had the RFC to perform work with the
following limitations: "occasionally lift ten pounds, frequently lift less than ten
pounds, sit a total of six hours in an eight hour day, stand/walk at least two hours in
an eight hour day and occasionally climb, balance, stoop, kneel, crouch and crawl."
J.A. at 15. The ALJ stated that this determination was based generally on the report
of Dr. May and "other subjective evidence of record." 

The ALJ further
stated that Dr. May's opinion was well supported and not inconsistent with the medical
evidence in the record as a whole.

       Casey argues that the ALJ's RFC determination is inconsistent with her
testimony, daily activity report, and medical evidence. According to Casey, if the ALJ
had fully credited the opinions of Drs. Rettenmaier, Catron, and Richmond, and had
not discounted Casey's testimony and subjective complaints of pain, then the ALJ
would have determined Casey's RFC to be incompatible with the ability to work. As
we discussed above, however, the ALJ did not err in her evaluation of the medical
evidence or in discounting Casey's subjective complaints. Casey challenges the ALJ's
reliance on Dr. May's RFC opinion, directing us to Nevland v. Apfel where we
reversed an ALJ's decision because he relied on the opinions of nontreating,
nonexamining physicians in determining the claimant's RFC. 

, 858 (8th
Cir. 2000). But as we recognized in Eichelberger v. Barnhart, Nevland addressed the
evidence necessary to satisfy an ALJ's burden of proof at step five in the disability
analysis; Nevland does not preclude the ALJ's reliance on a reviewing physician's
report at step four when the burden is on the claimant to establish an inability to do
past relevant work. 

, 591 (8th Cir. 2004); see also 

–39 (holding that the ALJ properly relied on the assessments of a nonexamining
physician, and not claimant's treating physicians, in determining the RFC at step four).
"It is well settled that an ALJ may consider the opinion of an independent medical




                                         -13-
advisor as one factor in determining the nature and severity of a claimant's
impairment." 

.5

      Our review of the record shows that the ALJ's RFC determination is supported
by Dr. May's report, other medical evidence, and the subjective reports of Casey's
mother and former employer. We thus affirm the ALJ's determination of Casey's
RFC.

                                         III.

      Overall, substantial evidence in the record supports the ALJ's determination that
Casey's impairments did not inhibit her ability to perform her past relevant work and
that Casey therefore was not disabled. Accordingly, we affirm.
                       ______________________________




      5
       Casey also suggests that Dr. May might have been unaware of the fibromyalgia
tender points identified by Drs. Rettenmaier and Richmond. Dr. May's report
acknowledges, however, that Casey suffers from fibromyalgia and "has generalized
tenderness in both recognized tender points and control points." J.A. at 195.

                                         -14-