United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                    ___________

                                    No. 06-2453
                                    ___________

United States of America,                *
                                         *
             Appellant,                  *
                                         * Appeal from the United States
      v.                                 * District Court for the
                                         * Northern District of Iowa.
                                         *
Jason Pepper,                            *
                                         *
             Appellee.                   *
                                    ___________

                              Submitted: February 15, 2008
                                 Filed: March 11, 2008
                                  ___________

Before RILEY, BOWMAN, and ARNOLD, Circuit Judges.
                           ___________

RILEY, Circuit Judge.

       This case is before us for the third time. In United States v. Pepper, 

, 999 (8th Cir. 2005) (Pepper I), we held the district court erred by granting a 75%
downward departure for Jason Pepper’s (Pepper) substantial assistance and imposing
a sentence of 24 months imprisonment, because the district court erroneously based
the extent of the departure on matters unrelated to Pepper’s assistance. On remand,
the district court granted a 40% downward departure (five offense levels) for
substantial assistance, followed by a 59% downward variance (eight offense levels),
and again imposed a sentence of 24 months imprisonment. The government appealed.
We reversed and remanded the case for resentencing by a different judge, pursuant to
our authority under 28 U.S.C. § 2106. United States v. Pepper, 

, 413 (8th
Cir. 2007) (Pepper II). Pepper appealed. The Supreme Court vacated our judgment
and remanded the case to us for further consideration in light of Gall v. United States,
522 U.S. ___, 

, ___ L.Ed.2d ___ (2007). Having carefully considered
Gall’s impact on Pepper’s case, we again reverse the sentence of the district court and
remand for resentencing by a different judge.

I.     BACKGROUND
       From Pepper II we know Pepper pled guilty to conspiracy to distribute more
than 500 grams of methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1),
(b)(1)(A), and 846. Pepper’s total offense level of 30 and criminal history category
of I produced an advisory United States Sentencing Guidelines range of 97 to 121
months. Pepper was eligible for safety-valve relief, thus the statutory mandatory
minimum sentence of 120 months imprisonment did not apply. See 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(f), U.S.S.G. §§ 2D1.1(b)(6), and 5C1.2. In Pepper’s initial sentencing, the
government filed a motion for substantial assistance, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 5K1.1,
and recommended a 15% downward departure. The district court departed downward
75% and sentenced Pepper to 24 months imprisonment. We reversed, finding the
district court erred by considering factors unrelated to Pepper’s assistance in granting
the § 5K1.1 downward departure motion, concluding “given the pedestrian nature of
Mr. Pepper’s assistance, it is far from certain that the court would have arrived at the
same guidelines sentence had it considered only assistance-related elements when
deciding the extent of the departure.” Pepper 

(quoting Pepper 

).

      On remand, the district court found Pepper’s assistance merited a 40% § 5K1.1
downward departure, which reduced the bottom of the advisory sentencing Guidelines
range to 58 months. Then, under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), the district court granted a
downward variance of 59%, based on Pepper’s post-sentencing rehabilitation, lack of

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violent history, and, to a lesser degree, on the need to avoid unwarranted sentencing
disparity among co-defendants. The district court again imposed a sentence of 24
months imprisonment. Pepper 

. We found the district court did not
abuse its discretion by the extent of the § 5K1.1 downward departure. 

We
did find “[t]he district court impermissibly considered Pepper’s post-sentence
rehabilitation, and further erred by considering Pepper’s lack of violent history, which
history had already been accounted for in the sentencing Guidelines calculation, and
by considering sentencing disparity among Pepper’s co-defendants without adequate
foundation and explanation.” 

II.    DISCUSSION
       We review all sentences, whether inside or outside the Guidelines range, under
a deferential abuse of discretion standard. 

. Before reaching
the substantive reasonableness of the sentence, we “must first ensure that the district
court committed no significant procedural error, such as . . . failing to adequately
explain the chosen sentence—including an explanation for any deviation from the
Guidelines range.” 

circumstances are not required to
justify a sentence outside the Guidelines range, “a district judge must give serious
consideration to the extent of any departure from the Guidelines and must explain his
conclusion that an unusually lenient or an unusually harsh sentence is appropriate in
a particular case with sufficient justifications.” 

      If [the district court] decides that an outside-Guidelines sentence is
      warranted, [the district court] must consider the extent of the deviation
      and ensure that the justification is sufficiently compelling to support the
      degree of the variance. . . . [A] major departure should be supported by
      a more significant justification than a minor one.
                                           ...

      [T]he [appellate] court will, of course, take into account the totality of
      the circumstances, including the extent of any variance from the
      Guidelines range.

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An abuse of discretion may occur when a court “gives significant weight
to an improper or irrelevant factor.” United States v. Haack, 

, 1004 (8th
Cir. 2005). See 

. These rules guide our analysis.

       The district court erred because, to the extent the district court explained
Pepper’s sentence at all, the district court predominantly considered improper factors.
Put another way, the district court committed procedural error in failing adequately
to explain with sufficient justifications the court’s conclusion that a 59% variance
after the § 5K1.1 downward departure was warranted in this case.

       First, the district court considered Pepper had “no history of violence.”
Although the district court attempted to distinguish Pepper’s lack of a violent history
from Pepper’s lack of a violent criminal history, in Pepper II we found this distinction
vague and unpersuasive because “[t]he district court did not substantiate what it meant
by ‘no history of violence.’” Pepper 

. Because the district court
did not adequately explain what it meant by “no history of violence,” we reached the
“inescapable conclusion” the district court improperly “double counted” Pepper’s lack
of a violent history in arriving at Pepper’s sentence. 

      [I]f Pepper had a violent criminal history, he would have been ineligible
      for safety-valve relief, subject to the 120-month statutory mandatory
      minimum, and the possibility of an enhancement or an upward departure.
      To the extent the district court considered the absence of violence in
      Pepper’s life generally, we have previously held the absence of grounds
      that justify further punishment is not a ground for a downward variance.

citations omitted). Our reasoning in Pepper II is consistent with
Gall. Gall requires a district judge to explain adequately and provide sufficient
justifications for why an unusually lenient sentence such as Pepper’s is appropriate.



                                          -4-


. The district court in Pepper’s case provided insufficient
explanation of the “no history of violence” factor.

       The district court next considered the desire to avoid unwarranted sentencing
disparity among co-conspirators.1 Pepper’s three co-defendants were sentenced to 35,
75, and 90 months imprisonment. As we noted in Pepper II, “[t]he district court never
mentioned the [unwarranted sentencing] disparity to be avoided, the relative
culpability of the co-defendants, the extent of any co-defendant’s assistance, the co-
defendants’ reductions, or whether Pepper was similarly situated to the co-

. Indeed, considering co-defendant Baragan-Torres’ 90
month sentence and co-defendant Blankenship’s 72 month sentence, it appears
Pepper’s 24 month sentence creates, rather than avoids, sentencing disparity among
co-conspirators. In light of Gall’s requirement that sentencing judges adequately
explain the chosen sentence, we correctly concluded in Pepper II that “[t]he district
court did not adequately explain and support its rationale for sentencing Pepper to 24
months’ imprisonment in contrast to Pepper’s co-defendants[.]” 

       Finally, and most significantly, the district court apparently gave significant
weight to Pepper’s post-sentence rehabilitation. As we discussed in Pepper II,
“‘evidence of [a defendant]’s post-sentence rehabilitation is not relevant and will not
be permitted at resentencing because the district court could not have considered that
evidence at the time of the original sentencing.’” 

States v.
Jenners, 

, 899 (8th Cir. 2007)). See also United States v. McMannus,

, 852 n.4 (8th Cir. 2007) (noting that “allowing [post-sentence
rehabilitation] evidence to influence [a defendant]’s sentence would be grossly unfair
to the vast majority of defendants who receive no sentencing-court review of any
positive post-sentencing rehabilitative efforts”).


      1
       The district court indicated it was “not giving a lot of weight” to this factor.


                                          -5-
       At resentencing, Pepper testified extensively, and almost exclusively, about his
post-sentencing rehabilitation, including participation in a drug treatment program
while incarcerated, community college attendance, work record, and compliance with
the conditions of his supervised release. Pepper’s father also testified about Pepper’s
maturity and sobriety since his release. In addition, a substantial portion of the
sentencing memorandum prepared by the United States probation officer discussed
Pepper’s post-sentence rehabilitation. The district court explicitly adopted as its
findings of fact the testimony of Pepper, Pepper’s father, and the sentencing
memorandum. Although the district court acknowledged it may not be appropriate
to consider Pepper’s post-sentence conduct, the court nevertheless stated, “I’m not
going to be disingenuous and say that I haven’t considered [Pepper]’s post-release
conduct because I have considered it. Exactly how much weight I’m giving it, I don’t
know exactly.” The record leaves little doubt Pepper’s post-release rehabilitation was
indeed given significant weight, and possibly overwhelming weight, in imposing the
24 month sentence. Gall does not alter our circuit precedent or our conclusion in
Pepper II that post-sentence rehabilitation is an impermissible factor to consider in
granting a downward variance.

      Because the district court procedurally erred by failing to explain adequately
Pepper’s sentence and by relying predominantly on improper factors to determine the
sentence variance, we need not reach the issue of whether Pepper’s sentence was
substantively reasonable.

III.   CONCLUSION
       For the foregoing reasons, we again reverse and remand Pepper’s case for
resentencing consistent with this opinion. As the district court expressed a reluctance
to resentence Pepper again should the case be remanded, we again remand this case
for resentencing by a different judge, pursuant to our authority under 28 U.S.C.
§ 2106. See United States v. Rogers, 

, 1035 (8th Cir. 2006) (per
curiam) (citing Liteky v. United States, 

, 554 (1994) (noting the authority

                                         -6-
to assign a case to a different judge on remand comes from “the appellate courts’
statutory power to ‘require such further proceedings to be had as may be just under
the circumstances’” (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2106))). The chief judge of the district court
shall reassign this case, in the ordinary course, for resentencing by another judge.
                        ______________________________




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