United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                    ___________

                                    No. 07-3136
                                    ___________

United States of America,                *
                                         *
             Appellee,                   *
                                         * Appeal from the United States
      v.                                 * District Court for the
                                         * Northern District of Iowa.
Daniel P. Mitchell,                      *
                                         *
             Appellant.                  *
                                    ___________

                              Submitted: March 11, 2008
                                 Filed: June 10, 2008
                                  ___________

Before RILEY, GRUENDER, and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges.
                            ___________

SHEPHERD, Circuit Judge.

        In August 2005, Daniel P. Mitchell was convicted of knowingly and
fraudulently making a false statement under penalty of perjury in relation to a
bankruptcy case, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 152(3). The district court1 ordered a new
trial because the jury did not unanimously find that the false statements were material.
The district court denied Mitchell’s motion to dismiss the indictment on double
jeopardy grounds, and we affirmed that decision. United States v. Mitchell, 

(8th Cir. 2007).

      1
       The Honorable Linda R. Reade, Chief Judge, United States District Court for
the Northern District of Iowa.
      At a second trial, a jury again found Mitchell guilty of violating section 152(3).
He appeals once again, raising issues of double jeopardy and sufficiency of the
evidence. Our review of the evidence is in the light most favorable to the verdict,
accepting all reasonable inferences that support the verdict, and resolving all
evidentiary conflicts in the Government’s favor. See United States v. Johnson, 

, 372 (8th Cir. 2006), cert. denied, 

(2007). We affirm the
conviction.

                                           I.

       Mitchell filed a voluntary petition for Chapter 7 bankruptcy protection on July
12, 2000. In his schedules, he reported $35,000 in assets, including a truck worth
$16,000. He claimed $839,995 in liabilities, including debt of $160,000 to F&M
Bank, a truck loan of $15,525, and $96,400 in priority claims from past-due taxes. He
declared that his only income was $1,000 per month as a laborer for Wood Floors
Import. In his statement of financial affairs, he stated that in the two years preceding
July 12, 2000, he did not own any business and was not an officer, director, or
executive of any business. He reported that he had not made any payments of more
than $600 to any creditor within 90 days before the petition. When Mitchell signed
the schedules and statement, he declared “under penalty of perjury” that the schedules
and statement were true and correct.

       Mitchell founded Wood Floors Import Distributor, L.C., (WFI) in January of
1998. WFI imported bamboo flooring from China and distributed it throughout the
United States. Mitchell’s wife Kathy did data entry for the company but did not have
an ownership interest. After the company was formed, Mitchell discussed with his
attorneys the possibility of transferring ownership of WFI to Kathy so that it would
not be affected by the personal bankruptcy he was contemplating. Kathy knew
nothing about this plan until March of 2000. That month, Mitchell directed her to
type meeting minutes reflecting that he gave his 75% ownership interest to her on

                                          -2-
November 20, 1998. Mitchell explained that the company had to be “out of his name
for so long of a period so that they couldn’t attach to it.”

       The minutes said that Mitchell would remain as president of the company, and
Kathy would hold all other titles. She sent the minutes to Mitchell’s corporate
attorney, who on March 30, 2000, prepared certificates of ownership to be signed and
delivered. Despite the new paperwork, nothing changed in the operation of WFI.
Mitchell continued to run the business; Kathy’s responsibilities were not increased.
She did not consider herself to have authority to pay WFI’s bills, and only signed
checks as Mitchell directed. On paper, Kathy made $10,000 per month, but Mitchell
treated the money as his own and told her how to spend it.

       In late 2002, Kathy’s relationship to Mitchell and role in WFI changed. On
October 29, 2002, she filed for divorce. She began to fear that, because she was the
owner of WFI “on paper,” she would be liable for anything that the company did. On
the advice of her attorney, she fired Mitchell from WFI and denied him access to its
assets. She filed a Chapter 7 bankruptcy petition for the company on December 19,
2002.

       Upset at the way he was treated, Mitchell contacted Assistant United States
Trustee Janet Reasoner in January of 2003 to accuse Kathy of bankruptcy fraud. He
told Reasoner that he had formed WFI in 1998 and had transferred it to Kathy three
years before. Instead of discussing the fraud accusations, however, Mitchell explained
that he wanted to be allowed to liquidate the inventory in WFI’s bankruptcy estate.
He provided two three-ring binders containing information about WFI and its business
plan. Among the documents was an amortization schedule showing WFI’s payments
on Mitchell’s loan from F&M Bank, with an adhesive note on it that said, “This was
income to Dan. Not a loan from the co. to pay a loan.” There was also a copy of
WFI’s list of payments to insiders, which showed that Mitchell was paid
approximately $425 per week. Attached to the list was another adhesive note that

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said, “Being the Originator Starter of the Co. . . . 425.00 take home every 2 weeks
Ha! Ha!” After the meeting, Mitchell’s lawyer filed a motion on his behalf asking the
bankruptcy court to compel the Chapter 7 trustee to hire him to liquidate the
inventory.

       As she prepared to resist Mitchell’s motion, Reasoner learned that he had filed
a personal bankruptcy in 2000. She reviewed the filings from that case and became
suspicious that Mitchell had concealed his interest in WFI or failed to disclose that he
transferred the business. At the hearing on Mitchell’s motion, Reasoner planned to
gather additional information that she might use for a criminal referral.

      The bankruptcy court held the hearing on March 4, 2003. Mitchell testified in
support of his motion. In response to questions from WFI’s attorney, Mitchell
admitted that in July of 2000 he “was the President and CEO [of WFI] according to
Kathy’s records,” but identified himself as a laborer on his bankruptcy schedules. He
claimed that he “had to . . . [b]ecause of tax reasons and my wife . . . pretty much
didn’t want to have the IRS connecting this company with the other company.”2
When Reasoner asked him about the amortization schedule, he confirmed that from
March 27, 2000 to October 7, 2002, he directed WFI to pay F&M Bank more than
$44,000 on the debt that he personally owed, and that the payments were income to
him.

     The most telling part of Mitchell’s testimony, however, was his reaction to
Reasoner’s suggestion that he was a creditor of WFI:

      I feel as an owner. I’ve never lost that position. Just because a piece of
      paper takes it away from me does not change the fact that I started this,
      I ran it, I put 65 hours a week in this company.

      2
       Mitchell listed the companies Wood Floors, Inc., Eastern Iowa Granite &
Marble, Inc., and Tile Crafters in his personal bankruptcy.

                                          -4-
Ten days later, Reasoner made a criminal referral to the United States Attorney
regarding Mitchell’s 2000 personal bankruptcy.

                                           II.

       A grand jury indicted Mitchell on charges that he knowingly and fraudulently
concealed his ownership interest in WFI and total income from January 1, 1999
through July 11, 2000 in connection with a bankruptcy case, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 152(1) (Count 1); and that he knowingly and fraudulently submitted a false
declaration, certificate, verification, and statement under penalty of perjury in relation
to a bankruptcy case, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 152(3) (Count 2). For Count 2, the
Government’s three theories were that Mitchell failed to disclose: his ownership
interest in WFI; his total income from January 1, 1999 through July 11, 2000; and
debt payments made on his behalf by WFI on the F&M loan.

       The district court held a jury trial in August of 2005. The jury found Mitchell
guilty of Count 1. In interrogatories, the jury specified that it unanimously found that
Mitchell fraudulently concealed his income, but did not unanimously find that he
concealed his ownership interest in WFI. On Count 2, the jury found Mitchell guilty,
specifically finding in a special interrogatory that he made false statements about his
income and debt payments made on his behalf. The jury did not unanimously find
that he failed to disclose his ownership interest in WFI. In response to the special
interrogatory of whether the Count 2 statements were “material” matters, the jury
answered “No.”

      Mitchell filed a motion for a judgment of acquittal and a motion for a new trial.
The court granted his motion for a new trial on Count 2, but denied it with respect to
Count 1. The court reasoned that Mitchell was entitled to a new trial on Count 2
because the crime requires a showing of materiality beyond a reasonable doubt and

                                           -5-
the jury did not unanimously find that any false statement was material. The motion
for a judgment of acquittal was denied on both counts, as was Mitchell’s subsequent
motion to dismiss the Count 2 indictment on double jeopardy grounds.

       Mitchell appealed his conviction on Count 1 and the denial of his motion to
dismiss Count 2 on double jeopardy grounds. We reversed his conviction on Count
1, but affirmed the denial of his motion to dismiss Count 2. 

. The district court’s order for a new trial on Count 2 remained in effect.

                                         III.

       The second trial began with the testimony of Kathy Bigelow, Mitchell’s ex-
wife. She testified that she did not know anything about Mitchell’s desire to transfer
WFI to her until March of 2000. She said that on March 16, 2000 she typed the
meeting minutes that described the supposed transfer of ownership, but Mitchell told
her to date them November 20, 1998. Then she explained that Mitchell directed how
she was to spend WFI’s funds. Kathy testified that in 2000, when Mitchell listed his
position as laborer, he was in fact the owner, operator, and president of WFI.

       Sheryl Schnittjer was the bankruptcy panel trustee assigned to Mitchell’s case
in 2000. She gave an overview of the petition, statement of financial affairs, and
schedules that Mitchell filed in the bankruptcy court. She confirmed that the
documents made no mention of the WFI transfer, his position as an executive in the
company, or WFI’s payments on his debts. Schnittjer further stated that Mitchell did
not bring up any of those matters at the meeting of creditors. If he had disclosed
those facts in his documents, she said that she would have made further inquiry as to
their legitimacy. She testified that under state law, she could have investigated
transfers up to five years back because there were outstanding government debts.




                                         -6-
       The Government called Assistant United States Trustee Janet Reasoner, who
recounted her meeting with Mitchell and his admissions at the bankruptcy court
hearing. Audio excerpts of Mitchell’s testimony from that hearing were played for
the jury. Reasoner testified that if the information Mitchell gave her had been
disclosed in his 2000 bankruptcy, the trustee undoubtedly would have made inquiry
as to Mitchell’s ownership of WFI and the validity of the transfer. According to
Reasoner, if the transfer had been made within a year of the filing, the trustee could
have liquidated Mitchell’s interest in WFI and distributed it to the creditors in
Mitchell’s bankruptcy.

       Mitchell introduced the testimony of WFI’s accountant, his lawyer for the 2000
bankruptcy, and a neighbor. The accountant provided information about WFI’s tax
returns, which showed that Kathy was the owner of WFI in 1998. Mitchell’s
bankruptcy lawyer acknowledged that Mitchell did not provide him with information
about the transfer of WFI, the company’s payments on Mitchell’s debts, or Mitchell’s
position as WFI’s president. The lawyer opined, however, that a transfer in 1998
would not have been voidable. Mitchell’s neighbor testified that Mitchell talked to
him about transferring WFI to Kathy in 1998, and that Kathy was in charge of WFI’s
money.

       In the closing argument, Mitchell depicted his prosecution as the product of a
nasty divorce. He attacked Kathy’s credibility. He suggested that the Assistant
United States Trustee Janet Reasoner was biased against him because Reasoner’s
sister-in-law, Carroll Reasoner, was one of Kathy’s lawyers. According to Mitchell,
Kathy was the owner of WFI, but the parties had a family agreement about how it
was to be run. The last part of his argument focused heavily on the materiality of the
alleged false statements.

      The district court submitted a different verdict form to the jury than it had
during the first trial. As to each of the three theories, the verdict form asked the jury

                                           -7-
to make a finding of guilty or not guilty. The instructions provided a definition of
materiality and gave materiality as an element of the offense, but there was not a
special interrogatory on the topic.

        The jury found Mitchell guilty as to each of the three theories. Mitchell moved
for acquittal, arrest of judgment, and a new trial. The court upheld the verdict as
supported by the evidence and not barred by the Double Jeopardy Clause. It rejected
his argument that he was entitled to an advice of counsel defense. Because it found
that its rulings were not erroneous, the court denied a new trial.

                                          IV.

        Mitchell raises six points on this appeal. For his first and third points, he
argues that he should have been acquitted based on the jury’s findings in the first
trial. In his second and fourth points, he argues that the Government’s evidence was
not sufficient to prove materiality or his ownership of WFI at the time he filed his
bankruptcy petition. He further argues, in points five and six, that his answers to the
questions in the bankruptcy documents were objectively reasonable, and that the
district court should have submitted an instruction on the advice of counsel defense.
For the reasons given below, we affirm the district court’s judgment.

                                           A.

       In his first and third points, Mitchell offers a renewal of the double jeopardy
issue that was before us in the first appeal. See 

. As we
discussed in that decision, the jury in the first trial did not unanimously find that his
false statements were material. Mitchell also points out that the first jury did not
unanimously find that there was a false declaration that he did not have an ownership
interest in WFI. He argues that in the first appeal, we did not consider whether there



                                           -8-
is a presumption that a jury’s verdict is unanimous or whether the district court’s
decision violated principles of fundamental fairness.

       In the first appeal, we reasoned that the language of the third interrogatory was
“not susceptible to discerning just what, specifically, the jury found; we know merely
that it was unable to unanimously agree beyond a reasonable doubt that the
statements were material.” 

By the same logic, all we know from the
second interrogatory is that the jury was not able to unanimously agree that Mitchell
made a false declaration as to his ownership interest in WFI. The language does not
suggest that the jury unanimously found a reasonable doubt on this issue.

      We will adhere to a decision in a prior appeal of the same case unless a party
introduces evidence that is substantially different, or the prior decision is clearly
erroneous and manifestly unjust. United States v. Bartsh, 

, 866 (8th Cir.
1995). Mitchell’s arguments may be slightly different, but the evidence is not. Nor
has he persuaded us that our prior decision was clearly erroneous or manifestly
unjust. We decline to revisit the double jeopardy issue. See United States v.
Washington, 

, 1216 (8th Cir. 1999).

                                          B.

       The second and fourth points in Mitchell’s brief relate to the sufficiency of the
Government’s evidence to sustain the conviction. He argues that there was
insufficient evidence that the false statements were material, and insufficient
evidence to support the first theory, that Mitchell owned WFI. We review the
sufficiency of the evidence de novo, and will reverse only if no reasonable jury could
have found the defendant guilty. 

.

      Mitchell is guilty of Count 2 if he “knowingly and fraudulently ma[de] a false
declaration, certificate, verification, or statement under penalty of perjury” in or in

                                          -9-
relation to any bankruptcy case. 18 U.S.C. § 152(3). The word “material” appears
nowhere in the statute. We have assumed that the false statement must be made with
regard to a material matter, see United States v. Yagow, 

, 432 n.2 (8th
Cir. 1992), but Mitchell does not cite a case in which we have reversed a section 152
conviction because there lacked evidence of materiality. Interpreting a similar
criminal statute, the Supreme Court has since held that materiality is not an element
of the crime of “knowingly making any false statement or report . . . for the purpose
of influencing in any way the action” of a federally insured bank. United States v.
Wells, 

, 490 (1997) (interpreting 18 U.S.C. § 1014). The Court did not
believe that an unqualified reading of section 1014 would pose the “risk of
criminalizing so much conduct as to suggest that Congress meant something short of
the straightforward reading.” 

The knowledge element and the term
“for the purpose of influencing” was enough to narrow the class of criminal conduct
in the same manner as an implied materiality requirement. 

       Likewise, we believe that the term “knowingly and fraudulently” is enough to
limit the class of section 152(3) violations such that a materiality requirement should
not be implied. But even if materiality was required, there was plenty of evidence to
prove that Mitchell’s false statements would meet our definition of “material.” We
have noted that materiality is “‘readily established’ and does not require a showing
that the creditors were harmed by the false statements.” 

(quoting United States v. Phillips, 

, 887 (9th Cir. 1979)). Because they
are pertinent to his financial transactions, Mitchell’s statements relating to his
employment and income are material. See 

Statements that may impede
an investigation into the debtor’s financial history are also material. 

. To the extent that Mitchell’s false statements were not in themselves
material, the testimony of Sheryl Schnittjer and Janet Reasoner was adequate to
establish materiality.




                                         -10-
       For his argument that there was no proof he owned WFI, Mitchell asserts that
Kathy’s testimony is inconsistent with the income tax returns and her subsequent
conduct in assuming ownership of the company and firing him. It is the task of the
jury to evaluate a witness’s credibility; attacks on the sufficiency of the evidence
based on the witnesses’ credibility are rarely an appropriate ground for reversal.
United States v. McKay, 

, 1094 (8th Cir. 2005). We would reject the
evidence only if it asserted facts straying into the realm of impossibility. See United
States v. Grover, 

, 782 (8th Cir. 2007). Although Kathy’s exercise of
control over WFI may seem inconsistent with Mitchell’s ownership, the situation is
consistent with longstanding principles of property law.

       It is well settled that a person who fraudulently conveys property to avoid the
reach of creditors is at the grantee’s mercy as to whether he will ever get his property
back. See Weir v. Day, 

, 305-06 (Iowa 1881); Holliday v.Holliday, 

, 201 (1859). This is because the “clean hands” maxim bars either party to
the conveyance from obtaining affirmative judicial relief to enforce the arrangement.
Opperman v. M & I Dehy, Inc., 

, 7 (Iowa 2002); 

. Put another way, after a fraudulent conveyance the grantee may hold the
property in a secret trust for the benefit of the grantor, but the courts are unwilling as
a matter of policy to enforce that trust, except for the benefit of creditors. See 

. So, regardless of whether Mitchell had a judicial remedy to enforce
his interest, both Kathy’s testimony and Mitchell’s admissions at the bankruptcy
hearing established that Mitchell was the beneficial owner of WFI at the time he filed
his bankruptcy petition.

                                           C.

        The fifth and sixth points of Mitchell’s brief provide arguments in support of
overturning the jury’s findings of guilt on the second and third theories of Count 2.
In this case, the Government sought to prove that Mitchell violated section 152(3) by

                                          -11-
specifying three separate means, as permitted by Rule 7(c)(1) of the Federal Rules
of Criminal Procedure. Proof of any one of the means will sustain the conviction.
See United States v. Platter, 

, 786-87 (8th Cir. 2008). As discussed
above, there was sufficient evidence to sustain Mitchell’s conviction on the theory
that Mitchell violated section 152(3) by not disclosing his ownership in WFI. Thus,
we need not measure the proof in support of the second and third theories.

                                        V.

      We affirm the judgment of the district court.
                      ______________________________




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