United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                    ___________

                                    No. 08-1187
                                    ___________

United States of America,             *
                                      *
           Plaintiff – Appellee,      *
                                      *    Appeal from the United States District
     v.                               *    Court for the Western District of
                                      *    Missouri.
Timothy D. Morriss,                   *
                                      *
           Defendant – Appellant.     *
                                      *
                                 ___________

                              Submitted: June 9, 2008
                                 Filed: July 3, 2008
                                  ___________

Before MELLOY, BEAM, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
                           ___________

MELLOY, Circuit Judge.

       Timothy D. Morriss appeals the district court’s1 denial of a motion to suppress
statements Morriss made outside the presence of counsel. Morriss argues that the
district court erred by finding that his Sixth Amendment right to counsel did not attach
during an interview in which he provided inculpatory statements. Morriss also argues



      1
         The Honorable Scott O. Wright, United States District Judge for the Western
District of Missouri.
that the government violated his due process rights by interviewing him during a lapse
in representation. We affirm.

                                    I. Background

       Morriss volunteered as an assistant wrestling coach for a team of female
wrestlers. In July 2005, Morriss traveled with the team from Frisco, Texas to Fargo,
North Dakota. After the competition, as the team traveled back to Texas, Morriss
engaged in sexual conduct with two of the female athletes sitting next to him on the
bus. The female victims promptly reported the incident to local authorities upon
returning to Texas.

      In December of 2005, the Federal Bureau of Investigation began to investigate
Morriss. On March 2, 2006, the government obtained a warrant to collect hair, blood,
and saliva from Morriss. On March 9, Morriss appeared with his attorney, David
Wahlberg, to comply with the warrant. The government, recognizing that Morriss had
obtained counsel, did not attempt to interview Morriss during the execution of the
warrant. On March 15, Morriss, again with the assistance of Wahlberg, complied with
a subpoena requesting his employment records.

       On April 2, the government initiated plea negotiations by contacting Wahlberg.
The government stated its initial offer was final, and if a deal was not reached, Morriss
would be indicted when the next grand jury convened. On April 19, Wahlberg
informed the government that he only represented Morriss for the execution of the
subpoena and search warrant and that Morriss had not retained him as counsel for any
other purpose.

       On April 25, the government sent FBI Agent Lipanovich to obtain a statement
from Morriss. Lipanovich went to a gym where Morriss worked and told Morriss that
he wanted to give him “an opportunity to explain his side of the story.” Lipanovich
identified himself as an FBI agent and made it clear that Morriss was not required to


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speak with him. Morriss indicated that he was eager to tell his side of the story and
denied sexual contact with the female victims. Lipanovich asked Morriss if he could
explain why Morriss’s DNA was on the first female victim’s shorts. Morriss then
admitted that sexual contact occurred, but claimed that the first female victim initiated
the contact with him while he was sleeping and that he told her to stop. Lipanovich
responded that he did not find Morriss’s explanation believable, at which point
Morriss said, “maybe I need to get an attorney.” Lipanovich stated that if Morriss
wanted to get an attorney, the conversation was over. Morriss reiterated that he
“needed to hire an attorney,” and Lipanovich ended the interview. At no point in the
conversation did Morriss mention Wahlberg or say he was represented by counsel.

       Following the denial of a motion to suppress Morriss’s statements from the
April 25 interview, Morriss pled guilty to enticing a minor to engage in sexual
activity, a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2422(b). On appeal, Morriss argues that the April
25 interview should have been suppressed on the grounds that the government
violated his Sixth Amendment right to counsel. Morriss also argues that the April 25
interview should have been suppressed because it violated notions of fundamental
fairness guaranteed by due process.

                                    II. Discussion

      In reviewing the district court’s denial of the motion to suppress, we review
factual findings for clear error and conclusions of law de novo. United States v.
Jimenez, 

, 931 (8th Cir. 2007).

       The long-standing rule is that the Sixth Amendment right to counsel does not
attach until “the initiation of adversary judicial criminal proceedings—whether by
way of formal charge, preliminary hearing, indictment, information, or arraignment.”
Kirby v. Illinois, 

, 689 (1972) (plurality opinion); United States v.
Edelmann, 

, 803 (8th Cir. 2006). The Supreme Court recently re-
examined the point of attachment for the Sixth Amendment right to counsel, and again

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emphasized that the right to counsel “‘does not attach until a prosecution is
commenced.’” Rothgery v. Gillespie County, ___ S. Ct. ___, No. 07-440, 

, at *5 (June 23, 2008) (quoting McNeil v. Wisconsin, 

, 175
(1991)). The question the Court faced in Rothgery was “whether attachment of the
right also requires that a public prosecutor (as distinct from a police officer) be aware
of that initial proceeding or involved in its conduct.” 

The Court determined
that the involvement of a prosecutor is not required for attachment of the right to
counsel. Rather, the court “reaffirm[ed]” the bright-line rule that it and “an
overwhelming majority of American jurisdictions” have held:

      a criminal defendant’s initial appearance before a judicial officer, where
      he learns the charge against him and his liberty is subject to restriction,
      marks the start of adversary judicial proceedings that trigger attachment
      of the Sixth Amendment right to counsel.

       Morriss argues his right to counsel had attached long before any such judicial
proceeding, at or before the April 25 interview, because he effectively “faced . . . the
prosecutorial forces of an organized society” such that the actions of law enforcement
in this case had “solidified” the “adverse positions” of the government and the
accused. 

. In making this argument, he specifically relies upon
the investigators’ and prosecutors’ actions in their use of a subpoena to compel
employment records, a warrant to compel the production of biological evidence, and
the initiation of plea bargaining, claiming that these actions are tantamount to
“adversary judicial criminal proceedings.” 

in effect, that we
should abandon the bright-line rule the Court unambiguously reaffirmed in Rothgery
requiring appearance before a judicial officer and adopt a more flexible approach
based upon a case-by-case examination of the prosecutors’ and/or investigators’
actions. Rothgery, like Kirby and Edelmann, clearly requires that we reject such an
argument. Because Morriss’s right to counsel had not attached at the time of the April



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25 interview, the district court correctly denied his motion to suppress statements from
that interview.

       Morris also argues generally that the government violated his right to due
process by conducting an interview under circumstances that were fundamentally
unfair. The parties disagree as to whether Morriss sufficiently raised this argument
below. Morriss raised this argument tangentially in the context of his motion to
suppress based on the alleged violation of the Sixth Amendment. Regardless of
whether this argument was sufficiently raised below, we find that it is without merit.
Morriss’s argument assumes that the government took advantage of him. The facts
belie this assumption. The record indicates that Agent Lipanovich clearly stated
Morriss was under no obligation to discuss the case and that Morriss willingly told his
side of the story. When Morriss realized that he was providing inculpatory
information, Morriss stated that he thought he should get an attorney, and Agent
Lipanovich promptly ended the interview. Such an investigation does not reach the
level of being fundamentally unfair.

      We affirm the judgment of the district court.

                        ______________________________




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