United States Court of Appeals
                           FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 08-2708
                                   ___________

William Cavataio; Mary Lou Cavataio, *
                                         *
             Appellants,                 *
                                         *
      v.                                 * Appeal from the United States
                                         * District Court for the
City of Bella Villa; Chief of Police     * Eastern District of Missouri.
Edward Locke, Jr., in his individual     *
capacity,                                *
                                         *
             Appellees.                  *
                                    ___________

                             Submitted: April 16, 2009
                                Filed: July 6, 2009
                                 ___________

Before RILEY, BENTON, and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges.
                            ___________

RILEY, Circuit Judge.

      William Cavataio (William) and Mary Lou Cavataio (Mary Lou) (collectively,
Cavataios), filed a suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and Missouri state law, against the
City of Bella Villa, Missouri (City), and the City’s Chief of Police, Edward Locke Jr.
(Chief Locke). The Cavataios asserted constitutional claims against Chief Locke and
the City, alleging Chief Locke (1) used excessive force against William during
William’s arrest, and (2) violated Mary Lou’s substantive due process rights by
touching her breast. The Cavataios also asserted state law tort claims against Chief
Locke and the City for assault and battery and indecent assault and battery. The
district court1 granted summary judgment to Chief Locke and the City on all claims,
except Mary Lou’s state law claim against Chief Locke. Following a trial on Mary
Lou’s state law claim, the jury found in favor of Chief Locke. The Cavataios appeal
(1) the district court’s grant of summary judgment to Chief Locke and the City on the
Cavataios’ constitutional claims, and (2) certain evidentiary rulings of the district
court during the trial. We affirm.

I.     BACKGROUND
       A.     Factual Background
       William and Mary Lou are husband and wife. They reside at 709 Dallas Drive
in Bella Villa, Missouri. In late 2005 or early 2006, the Cavataios began to store
materials and debris on the driveway of their residence. The City claims its health and
sanitation director sent a letter to Mary Lou in February 2006, informing her she was
in violation of a city ordinance and requesting that she remove the materials from her
driveway. Mary Lou denies receiving this letter. The health and sanitation director
sent a certified letter to Mary Lou in March 2006, but the letter was returned
unclaimed. On March 30, 2006, the health and sanitation director sent an arrest
notification to Mary Lou charging her with failing to comply with the city ordinance.
Mary Lou denies receipt of the arrest notification.2

      In May 2006, the health and sanitation director asked Chief Locke to speak with
the Cavataios about the materials in their driveway. Chief Locke claims he went to
the Cavataios’ residence in May and requested William remove the materials. Chief



      1
       The Honorable Stephen N. Limbaugh, Sr., United States District Judge for the
Eastern District of Missouri, now retired.
      2
       At her deposition, Mary Lou first denied receiving any notification from the
City informing her she was in violation of a city ordinance. Later in the deposition,
Mary Lou acknowledged she had received a letter from the City “at some time”
regarding the condition of her property.

                                         -2-
Locke maintains William told him he would have the debris cleared away in the next
few weeks.3

       On August 19, 2006, Chief Locke went to the Cavataios’ residence because the
Cavataios had failed to remove the materials from their driveway. Chief Locke
approached William after observing William load a cooler into the back seat of a
vehicle. Chief Locke placed William under arrest for violating the city ordinance and
refusing to remove the materials. William, who was 75 years old at the time of the
incident, did not resist arrest. Chief Locke handcuffed William’s hands behind his
back. William alleges Chief Locke applied the handcuffs too tightly around William’s
wrists, pushed down on the handcuffs, and kneed William when placing him in the
patrol car.

      Once inside the patrol car, William complained of back pain and told Chief
Locke he had a “bad back.” William previously had suffered a back injury from a fall,
but William did not inform Chief Locke of those injuries before the arrest. In
response to William’s complaint of pain, Chief Locke called an ambulance. The
paramedics arrived and assessed William’s condition. William refused further
treatment from the paramedics and signed a refusal form. Chief Locke then stated
William was either going to go to the hospital or to jail. William requested that Mary
Lou take him to the emergency room.

       Mary Lou did not witness William’s arrest and did not come out of the house
until after William was seated in the patrol car. After William refused treatment from
the paramedics, William entered the passenger side of the Cavataios’ vehicle, and
Mary Lou got into the driver’s seat. At her deposition, Mary Lou testified Chief
Locke stood beside the vehicle, leaning against the side mirror. Mary Lou told Chief
Locke not to do that because he was going to break off the mirror. Mary Lou alleges
Chief Locke then reached into the car, grabbed Mary Lou’s left breast, and squeezed

      3
       The Cavataios deny Chief Locke visited their residence in May 2006.

                                         -3-
it. Mary Lou claims she “smacked” Chief Locke’s hand. William did not see Chief
Locke touch Mary Lou’s breast, and Mary Lou did not tell William about Chief Locke
grabbing her breast until a few days later.

       After Chief Locke allegedly touched Mary Lou’s breast and stepped away from
the vehicle, Mary Lou began to drive toward the hospital. Chief Locke followed.
After a few blocks, Chief Locke turned on his siren and pulled over the Cavataios.
Chief Locke issued three tickets to Mary Lou for (1) failure to signal, (2) no insurance,
and (3) invalid plates. Mary Lou testified she was so “shook up” that she drove home
and did not take William to the hospital that day.

       B.      Procedural History
       On November 9, 2006, the Cavataios filed a complaint in the district court
against Chief Locke and the City. The complaint alleged (1) Chief Locke used
excessive force against William during his arrest, in violation of the Fourth
Amendment; (2) Chief Locke’s excessive use of force against William constituted
assault and battery under Missouri law; (3) Chief Locke violated Mary Lou’s
substantive due process rights by touching her breast; (4) Chief Locke’s touching of
Mary Lou’s breast constituted indecent assault and battery under Missouri law; and
(5) the City was liable for Chief Locke’s constitutional violations under theories of
municipal liability and respondeat superior, and was liable for Chief Locke’s
violations of state law under a theory of respondeat superior. In September 2007, the
district court granted the Cavataios’ voluntary motion to dismiss their state law claims
against the City.

        In October 2007, Chief Locke and the City moved for summary judgment on
all of the Cavataios’ remaining claims. On April 10, 2008, the district court granted
in part, and denied in part, the motion for summary judgment. The district court
granted summary judgment in favor of Chief Locke on William’s excessive force and
state law claims, and on Mary Lou’s substantive due process claim, and granted
summary judgment in favor of the City on each of the Cavataios’ municipal liability

                                          -4-
claims. The district court denied summary judgment on Mary Lou’s claim against
Chief Locke for indecent assault and battery, and that claim proceeded to trial.

        During discovery, the Cavataios endorsed Lieutenant Anthony Russo
(Lieutenant Russo) as an expert witness. Chief Locke and the City moved to strike
the Cavataios’ expert witness endorsement. In December 2007, the district court
granted in part, and denied in part, the motion to strike. The district court determined
Lieutenant Russo’s testimony was “admissible insofar as it relate[d] to his profession
and experience as a law enforcement officer.” After the district court granted
summary judgment on all claims other than Mary Lou’s state law claim, Chief Locke
filed a motion in limine, renewing his motion to strike Lieutenant Russo’s testimony
in its entirety and arguing the testimony did not relate to Mary Lou’s state law claim.
The district court granted Chief Locke’s motion in limine. Chief Locke also moved
in limine to exclude any evidence, testimony, and argument relating to (1) William’s
claims against Chief Locke, (2) William’s alleged injuries and medical treatment, and
(3) the traffic tickets issued to Mary Lou. The district court granted Chief Locke’s
motion in limine.

       The trial on Mary Lou’s state law claim began on May 7, 2008. The following
day, the jury returned a verdict in favor of Chief Locke, and the district court entered
judgment. The district court denied Mary Lou’s motion for a new trial on June 25,
2008, and the Cavataios filed a notice of appeal on July 25, 2008.

      On appeal, the Cavataios argue the district court erred in (1) granting summary
judgment in favor of Chief Locke on William’s excessive force claim, (2) granting
summary judgment in favor of Chief Locke on Mary Lou’s substantive due process
claim, (3) granting summary judgment in favor of the City on the Cavataios’
municipal liability claims, (4) excluding evidence at the trial of Chief Locke’s force
against William and other events of that day, and (5) excluding the expert testimony
of Lieutenant Russo.


                                          -5-
II.    DISCUSSION
       A.     William’s Excessive Force Claim
       In granting summary judgment, the district court found Chief Locke’s conduct
during William’s arrest was objectively reasonable as a matter of law, even accepting
as true William’s allegations that Chief Locke applied the handcuffs too tightly and
kneed William when placing him in the patrol car. The district court further reasoned,
“The absence of any substantial injury arising from the alleged ‘excessive force,’
coupled with William’s ability to independently exit and stand outside the patrol car,
and his refusal of same-day medical treatment” supported the court’s finding.

       “We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, viewing the
facts and all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving
party.” Reed v. City of St. Charles, 

, 790 (8th Cir. 2009) (citation
omitted). “We will affirm if there are no genuine issues of material fact and the
moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” 

R. Civ. P.
56(c)).

       “We analyze Fourth Amendment excessive force claims under a reasonableness
standard to determine whether, in light of the facts and circumstances, the officer’s
actions were objectively reasonable.” Gill v. Maciejewski, 

, 562 (8th Cir.
2008) (citing Graham v. Connor, 

, 396 (1989)). “[T]he right to make an
arrest or investigatory stop necessarily carries with it the right to use some degree of
physical coercion or threat thereof to effect it.” 

(citing Terry
v. Ohio, 

, 22-27 (1968)). “[W]hile this court has stated ‘[i]t remains an
open question in this circuit whether an excessive force claim requires some minimum
level of injury,’ a de minimus use of force or injury is insufficient to support a finding
of a constitutional violation.” Crumley v. City of St. Paul, 

, 1007 (8th
Cir. 2003) (quoting and citing Hunter v. Namanny, 

, 831 (8th Cir.
2000)).




                                           -6-
       Viewing the facts in the light most favorable to William, we agree with the
district court that Chief Locke’s actions during William’s arrest were objectively
reasonable. Chief Locke’s de minimus use of force under these circumstances is
insufficient to rise to the level of a Fourth Amendment violation. While William
alleges he suffered back pain as a result of the arrest, (1) William did not inform Chief
Locke of William’s prior back injury before Chief Locke placed William in the patrol
car; (2) William refused treatment from the paramedics when Chief Locke called an
ambulance after learning of the back pain; and (3) other than William’s deposition
testimony that he sought medical care the day after the arrest, William presented no
medical evidence establishing a physical injury as a result of the arrest. See Wertish
v. Krueger, 

, 1067 (8th Cir. 2006) (citations omitted) (reasoning,
“relatively minor scrapes and bruises and the less-than-permanent aggravation of a
prior shoulder condition were de minimis injuries that support[ed] the conclusion that
[the officer] did not use excessive force” against an arrestee); Curd v. City Court of
Judsonia, 

, 841 (8th Cir. 1998) (citations omitted) (stating, “[e]ven if
seizing [the arrestee’s] arm and turning her body was unnecessary to effect the arrest,
we can not conclude that this limited amount of force was objectively unreasonable,”
especially where there was no allegation or evidence of injury or physical pain);
Foster v. Metro. Airports Comm’n, 

, 1082 (8th Cir. 1990) (explaining
“allegations of pain as a result of being handcuffed, without some evidence of more
permanent injury, are [not] sufficient to support [a] claim of excessive force”). We
affirm the district court’s summary judgment in favor of Chief Locke.4

      B.     Mary Lou’s Claims
      Mary Lou challenges the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor
of Chief Locke on Mary Lou’s substantive due process claim and certain evidentiary
rulings the district court made during the jury trial on Mary Lou’s state law claim


      4
       Because we find Chief Locke did not violate William’s constitutional rights,
we need not address the parties’ arguments relating to Chief Locke’s entitlement to
qualified immunity.

                                          -7-
against Chief Locke. We will address the evidentiary issues first because, as
explained below, our resolution of the evidentiary issues impacts our resolution of the
substantive due process claim.

                1. Totality of the Circumstances Evidence
        Mary Lou asserts the district court abused its discretion in excluding evidence
at trial of the circumstances of Chief Locke’s encounter with the Cavataios, including:
“(a) Chief Locke’s violence against William Cavataio, and (b) the rest of the totality
of the circumstances.” Mary Lou argues exclusion of this evidence was an abuse of
discretion “because that evidence made the squeezing of Mary Lou Cavataio’s breast
more probable than not, and in a case turning on credibility[,] the exclusion of that
evidence was prejudicial.”

       “A district court is possessed with broad discretion in its evidentiary rulings
made at trial, and we will reverse only if they amount to ‘a clear and prejudicial abuse
of discretion.’” 

(quoting Lovett ex rel. Lovett v. Union Pac.
R.R. Co., 

, 1081 (8th Cir. 2000)). “‘Only when the evidence excluded
is of such a critical nature that there is no reasonable assurance that the jury would
have reached the same conclusion had the evidence been admitted has a district court
so abused its discretion.’” 

omitted) (quoting Stephens v. Rheem
Mfg. Co., 

, 885 (8th Cir. 2000)).

       Before the trial began, the district court granted Chief Locke’s motions in
limine, excluding evidence, testimony, and argument relating to (1) William’s claims
against Chief Locke, (2) William’s alleged injuries and medical treatment, and (3) the
traffic tickets issued to Mary Lou. On the morning the trial began, Mary Lou’s
counsel requested that the district court reconsider its rulings. Mary Lou’s counsel
proposed to have William and Chief Locke briefly testify to the events that led up to
Mary Lou’s allegations, including testimony that an ambulance was called to the
Cavataios’ residence. Mary Lou’s counsel also requested permission to present
evidence of the tickets Chief Locke issued to Mary Lou. Counsel for both Mary Lou

                                          -8-
and Chief Locke agreed it was appropriate to inform the jury of William’s arrest. The
district court ruled the subsequent issuance of tickets to Mary Lou was not admissible,
because this evidence was not relevant to Mary Lou’s indecent assault and battery
claim. However, the district court “allow[ed] the evidence to come in that [William]
was going to a hospital but not for anything having to do with an arrest or any conflict
that [William] may have had with [Chief Locke] in any way.”

        Despite the district court’s rulings, the jury was informed of the “totality of the
circumstances” leading up to Chief Locke’s alleged indecent assault and battery of
Mary Lou. For instance, during Mary Lou’s testimony, when asked when she first
learned of the dispute regarding the materials on her driveway, Mary Lou volunteered
the following information: “August 19th when [Chief Locke] came up and . . .
attacked my husband.” Mary Lou also testified that when she came outside of the
house that day, she saw William sitting in the back seat of the police cruiser “very
uncomfortably looking, like leaning back.” Mary Lou stated William was
complaining of a sore back and “laid down on the grass [because] his back was
hurting so bad” after Chief Locke took off the handcuffs. Mary Lou testified she
retrieved an ice pack from the house to put on William’s sore back and decided she
would drive William to the hospital due to William’s back pain. Likewise, William
testified that when Chief Locke placed William in the patrol car, “[Chief Locke] kind
of got me off balance and I was halfway, hurt my back.” William gave the following
testimony regarding Chief Locke’s actions while Mary Lou and William sat in the
Cavataios’ vehicle: “He was outside the door, I was sitting there in the car and
passenger seat and he asked if he hurt me.”

       We first note counsel for the Cavataios conceded at oral argument that counsel
did not make an offer of proof at trial of the additional evidence and testimony counsel
would have offered absent the district court’s adverse ruling on Chief Locke’s motion
in limine. This failure to make an offer of proof constitutes a failure to preserve the
issue for our review. See Murphy v. Mo. Dept. of Corr., 

, 1117 (8th
Cir. 2007) (“One of the most fundamental principles in the law of evidence is that in

                                           -9-
order to challenge a trial court’s exclusion of evidence, an attorney must preserve the
issue for appeal by making an offer of proof.” (quoting Dupre v. Fru-Con Eng., Inc.,

, 336 (8th Cir. 1997)).

       Even if counsel had made an appropriate offer of proof, we nevertheless would
conclude the district court did not abuse its considerable discretion in excluding
evidence of Chief Locke’s alleged “violence” against William and the “totality of the
circumstances.” Based on the above testimony, the only “totality of the
circumstances” evidence the jury did not hear was that an ambulance was called to the
Cavataios’ residence and Chief Locke subsequently issued three tickets to Mary Lou.
This evidence was minimally relevant, if relevant at all. Mary Lou fails to
demonstrate “a clear and prejudicial abuse of discretion,” 

, as a
result of the district court’s exclusion of this evidence, because the evidence simply
was not “of such a critical nature” to Mary Lou’s indecent assault and battery claim
that no reasonable jury would have reached the same conclusion had the evidence
been admitted. See 

Russo’s Expert Testimony
      Mary Lou next argues the district court abused its discretion in excluding the
expert testimony of Lieutenant Russo. “We review the district court’s decision to
exclude expert testimony under an abuse of discretion standard.” Schmidt v. City of
Bella Villa, 

, 570 (8th Cir. 2009) (citing Gen. Elec. Co. v. Joiner, 

, 143 (1997)).

       Mary Lou “concede[s] that expert testimony [was] not required for a jury to
figure out that a policeman should not squeeze an elderly woman’s breast,” but Mary
Lou maintains Lieutenant Russo’s testimony “would have assisted the trier of fact in
understanding the totality of the circumstances.” We agree Lieutenant Russo’s
testimony was not necessary to prove Mary Lou’s claim, and the testimony was not
helpful to the trier of fact on any material issue. Because we concluded above that the
district court did not abuse its discretion in excluding the “totality of the

                                         -10-
circumstances” evidence, we similarly find the district court did not abuse its
discretion in excluding Lieutenant Russo’s testimony.

            3. Substantive Due Process Claim
      Mary Lou also appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor
of Chief Locke on Mary Lou’s substantive due process claim. In the order granting
summary judgment, the district court stated, “[W]hile the Court is disturbed by
Locke’s conduct as it is alleged, it does not rise to the level of that afforded
Constitutional protection.” The district court determined Mary Lou’s claim could
adequately be addressed pursuant to state law.

        We review the grant of summary judgment de novo, viewing the facts in the
light most favorable to Mary Lou, to determine whether there were any material issues
of fact precluding summary judgment. See 

. “The Eighth
Circuit has recognized a substantive due process violation in some instances of sexual
misconduct by police officers.” 

(citing Rogers v. City of
Little Rock, 

(8th Cir. 1998)). “The standard for evaluating a substantive
due process claim is whether the alleged ‘behavior of the governmental officer is so
egregious, so outrageous, that it may fairly be said to shock the contemporary
conscience.’” 

152 F.3d at 797). “The Supreme Court has been
reluctant to expand the protections afforded by substantive due process ‘because
guideposts for responsible decisionmaking in this unchartered area are scarce and
open-ended,’ and it has only done so with the ‘exercise [of] the utmost care.’”
Hawkins v. Holloway, 

, 780-81 (8th Cir. 2003) (quoting Collins v. City
of Harker Heights, 

, 125 (1992)). “[T]he Due Process Clause ‘does not
purport to supplant traditional tort law in laying down rules of conduct to regulate
liability for injuries that attend living together in society.’” 

(quoting Daniels v. Williams, 

, 332 (1986)).




                                          -11-
       Mary Lou suggests the facts in her case are similar to the facts from two prior
opinions of our court, Rogers, and Haberthur v. City of Raymore, 

(8th
Cir. 1997), wherein our court found police officers’ conduct met the “shocks the
conscience” standard. In Rogers, a police officer stopped a woman for a broken tail
light. 

. When the woman told the officer her proof of
insurance was at her house, the officer followed her home and entered her house. 

told the woman “he would let her off but that she owed him one,” and the
officer told her to undress, pushed her onto the bed and had sexual intercourse with
her. 

The Rogers court held the district court did not err in finding the
officer’s actions in Rogers were “shocking to the conscience.” 

The court
explained that Rogers “involve[d] an egregious, nonconsensual entry into the body
which was an exercise of power without any legitimate governmental objective.” 

an officer followed a woman to her house in a marked vehicle and
told the woman he should give her a ticket for speeding, but the officer drove away
without issuing a ticket. 

. The next month, the officer, in
uniform, showed up at her place of work, reminded her of their encounter, and told her
he would wait for her and give her a ticket when she left work. 

month,
the officer, while on duty in his uniform, again showed up at the woman’s place of
work. 

went up to the woman, placed his hands under her sweatshirt
and fondled her breasts, ran his arms down her sides, placed his arm around her neck,
and asked her to go into the back room with him. 

incident at her
place of work, the officer repeatedly drove past the woman’s house, sometimes
driving a police car. 

court found the officer’s conduct was
sufficiently egregious to shock the conscience and reversed the district court’s grant
of summary judgment in favor of the officer on the substantive due process claim. 

724. The court stated,

      The conduct that [the woman] alleged in her complaint, that [the officer]
      reached his hand underneath her shirt and fondled a private erogenous


                                         -12-
       area and moved his hands along and caressed her body while making
       sexually suggestive remarks, was intrusive, demeaning, and violative of
       her personal integrity. The implication for further sexual contact was in
       the larger context of threatening adverse official action by way of a ticket
       and following her in his police car.

The Haberthur court distinguished the facts in Haberthur from the facts in
Reeve v. Oliver, 

, 382 (8th Cir. 1994), wherein our court found an animal
control officer’s rubbing of a woman’s back while staring at her chest did not amount
to a constitutional violation. 

.

       We need not determine whether the district court erred in finding Mary Lou’s
allegations did not meet the “shocks the conscience” threshold, because counsel for
the Cavataios conceded at oral argument that if we were to affirm the district court’s
summary disposition of William’s excessive force claim, and the district court’s
exclusion of the “totality of the circumstances” evidence, Mary Lou would be
precluded from bringing her constitutional claim. Counsel acknowledged that Mary
Lou’s burden of proof on her state law indecent assault and battery claim was lower
than the burden of proof on her constitutional claim. Because the jury found Mary
Lou did not meet the lower burden of proof on her state law claim, counsel further
admitted Mary Lou could not succeed on her constitutional claim without the
excluded evidence.

       Mary Lou’s substantive due process claim arose out of the same allegations as
her indecent assault and battery claim, and the evidence to support Mary Lou’s
substantive due process claim would have been the same evidence offered at trial. At
the close of evidence, the district court instructed the jury that it must return a verdict
in favor of Chief Locke on Mary Lou’s indecent assault and battery claim, unless:

            First, defendant Chief Edward Locke, Jr. intentionally squeezed
       Mary Lou Cavataio’s breast, and;


                                           -13-
             Second, that conduct would offend a reasonable sense of personal
       dignity; and

             Third, defendant Chief Edward Locke, Jr. took such liberty
       without plaintiff Mary Lou Cavataio’s consent and against her will, and

              Fourth, plaintiff Mary Lou Cavataio was thereby damaged.

The jury found Mary Lou did not meet her burden of proof and found in favor of
Chief Locke. Failing to meet her state indecent assault and battery claim burden of
proof, Mary Lou likewise should fail to meet her substantive due process claim burden
of proof.

       Assuming for the sake of argument that the district court erroneously granted
summary judgment in favor of Chief Locke on the substantive due process claim, the
jury’s verdict in favor of Chief Locke on the state law claim indicates the jury would
not have found in favor of Mary Lou on her substantive due process claim. Mary Lou
cannot demonstrate she was prejudiced by the district court’s grant of summary
judgment, and any error in granting summary judgment in favor of Chief Locke was
harmless. See Tennison v. Circus Circus Enters., Inc., 

, 691 (9th Cir.
2001) (“Plaintiffs fail to articulate how they were prejudiced by this [summary
judgment] ruling. Their intentional infliction of emotion[al] distress claims are
predicated on the same facts and similar legal inquiries as their sexual harassment
claims. Considering that the jury found against Plaintiffs on their sexual harassment
claims, it is highly unlikely the jury would have found in favor of Plaintiffs on their
intentional tort claims. As such, any error committed by the trial judge was
harmless.”); Fite v. Digital Equip. Corp., 

, 6 (1st Cir. 2000) (“We see no
reason to reenter this morass, since it is perfectly clear that, even if [plaintiff’s] state
discrimination claims should not have been dismissed on partial summary judgment,
any such mistake was harmless, given the jury’s verdict in [defendant’s] favor on the
federal discrimination claims addressed to the very same discharge.”). We affirm the
district court’s partial summary judgment.

                                           -14-
       C.     Municipal Liability
       Finally, the Cavataios challenge the district court’s grant of summary judgment
in favor of the City on the Cavataios’ municipal liability claims pursuant to Monell
v. Dept. of Soc. Servs., 

(1978). Having affirmed the district court’s
grant of summary judgment in favor of Chief Locke on the Cavataios’ constitutional
claims, we also affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the
City on the municipal liability claims. See Sanders v. City of Minneapolis, 

, 527 (8th Cir. 2007) (citing City of Los Angeles v. Heller, 

, 799
(1986) (per curiam); Walker v. Bonenberger, 

, 890 (8th Cir. 2006))
(“Without a constitutional violation by the individual officers, there can be no [42
U.S.C.] § 1983 or Monell failure to train municipal liability.”).

 III. CONCLUSION
      For the reasons stated in this opinion, the judgment of the district court is
affirmed.
                      ______________________________




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