United States Court of Appeals
                             FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                      ___________

                                      No. 08-2294
                                      ___________

David Kenneth Christian,             *
                                     *
             Appellant,              *
                                     * Appeal from the United States
       v.                            * District Court for the
                                     * District of Minnesota.
Lynn Dingle, Warden, Stillwater      *
Facility, Minnesota,                 *
                                     *
             Appellee.               *
                                ___________

                               Submitted: June 11, 2009
                                  Filed: August 21, 2009
                                   ___________

Before SMITH, ARNOLD, and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges.
                            ___________

SMITH, Circuit Judge.

       Following a joint jury trial with his two codefendants in state court, David
Kenneth Christian ("David") was convicted of two counts of second-degree
unintentional felony murder and one count of first-degree assault. David filed a
petition for a writ of habeas corpus in district court,1 challenging the state trial court's
decision to join him with his codefendants. The district court denied David's habeas
petition. On appeal, David argues that he is entitled to habeas relief because his


       1
        The Honorable Ann D. Montgomery, United States District Judge for the
District of Minnesota.
joinder with his codefendants for trial and the state trial court's decision not to sever
his trial constituted an unreasonable application of clearly established federal law as
determined by the Supreme Court in Zafiro v. United States, 

(1993). We
reject David's argument and affirm the judgment of the district court.

                                    I. Background
       In late June 2000, Janea Wienand, Tanisha Patterson, and Janet Hall traveled
with David, David's brother Scot Christian ("Scot"), and Vernon Powers to Austin,
Minnesota, where Wienand and Hall looked for work as dancers at strip clubs. After
spending two nights in Austin, the group traveled to St. Paul, Minnesota. Late that
evening, the women traveled to Rochester, Minnesota, with Scot and Powers to search
for strip clubs. Unable to find any strip clubs in Rochester, they returned to Austin,
where Scot and Powers rented a room for the women at the Downtown Motel.

       The women spent the next several days working as prostitutes. Scot and Powers
told the women to report if they saw a customer with a large amount of money so that
Scot and Powers could rob him. On the night of June 29, several men who were
staying at the Downtown Motel visited the women's room. Wienand saw one of the
men, Juan Ramirez, take a $100 bill from a red bandana that appeared to hold a large
amount of cash. Wienand told the other women that they should inform Scot and
Powers about the money so that they could rob Ramirez. David, Scot, and Powers
arrived at the motel later that night. According to their plan, Wienand would knock
on Ramirez's room door; when Ramirez answered, Scot and Powers would enter the
room and rob him.

       Wienand testified that, as the group prepared to leave Austin, David asked,
"[Y]'all got the guns[,] right?" Wienand testified that she saw some handcuffs, two
guns, two nylon stockings, and two masks on a bed in the motel room and that all
three men were aware of these items. David drove everyone to Ramirez's room,
backed into a parking space, and left the truck running. Scot and Powers, who were

                                          -2-
wearing nylon stockings and masks over their heads and carrying guns, got out of the
truck with Wienand. Wienand knocked on Ramirez's door and was invited to come in.
After Wienand identified Ramirez as the man she had seen with the cash, she returned
to the truck and Scot and Powers entered the room.

       Scot approached a nightstand and asked for money. He told Powers to shoot
Ramirez, who was screaming for help. Ramirez's 14-year-old nephew, who was
present in the room, heard a total of eight or nine shots and saw Ramirez shot first and
then saw shooting toward the direction of two other men in the room. Two men were
killed and another was wounded. Scot and Powers returned to the truck following the
robbery, and David drove away. After arriving in St. Paul on the morning of June 30,
David wrapped the guns in a towel. Police arrested David, Scot, and Powers within
24 hours of the shooting.

      David, Scot, and Powers were indicted in state court on two counts of first-
degree premeditated murder, two counts of first-degree intentional felony murder, two
counts of second-degree intentional murder, two counts of second-degree
unintentional murder, and one count of first-degree assault. The State of Minnesota
moved to join the three codefendants. David opposed joinder, but the trial court
granted the State's motion. Before trial, the two first-degree premeditated murder
counts against David were dismissed.

      Powers was the only one of the three codefendants to testify at their joint trial.
David was found guilty of two counts of second-degree unintentional felony murder
and one count of first-degree assault and was sentenced to 493 months' imprisonment.
Scot and Powers were found guilty of all the charged counts and were sentenced to
consecutive life terms.

      David challenged his convictions on direct appeal, arguing that the state trial
court erred in joining him with his codefendants. The Minnesota Court of Appeals

                                          -3-
concluded that joinder was proper and affirmed the convictions. State v. Christian,
No. C5-01-1840, 

, at *1, 8 (Minn. Ct. App. Oct. 29, 2002). The
state trial court subsequently denied two petitions for postconviction relief filed by
David, and the Minnesota Court of Appeals affirmed each ruling. Christian v. State,
No. A05-1240, 

(Minn. Ct. App. Apr. 4, 2006); Christian v. State,
No. A04-281, 

(Minn. Ct. App. Oct. 5, 2004).

       David then filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in federal district court
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254, arguing, inter alia, that the state trial court abused its
discretion in joining him with his codefendants. David asserted that he had newly
discovered evidence in the form of post-trial affidavits from Scot and Powers. Scot
stated in his affidavit that David was not involved in the planning or commission of
the robbery and that Scot would have testified concerning David's lack of involvement
had their trials not been joined. Powers stated in his affidavit that David was unaware
of any illegal activity that occurred. The district court denied David's habeas petition,
concluding that he "failed to demonstrate that joinder deprived him of a fair trial." We
granted a certificate of appealability on the joinder issue.

                                     II. Discussion
      Our review is limited by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of
1996 (AEDPA), which "limits the availability of habeas relief." Bell-Bey v. Roper,

, 755 (8th Cir. 2007). Under AEDPA, a writ of habeas corpus may be
granted only if the relevant state court decision "resulted in a decision that was
contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal
law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States," 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254(d)(1), or "resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable
determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court
proceeding," 

"We presume that the state court's findings of fact are
correct, and the prisoner has 'the burden of rebutting the presumption of correctness



                                          -4-
by clear and convincing evidence.'" Barnett v. Roper, 

, 811 (8th Cir.
2008) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1)).

       David argues that his joinder with his codefendants for trial and the state trial
court's decision not to sever his trial constituted an "unreasonable application" of
clearly established federal law as determined by the Supreme Court in Zafiro.
"[U]nder the 'unreasonable application' clause, a federal habeas court may grant the
writ if the state court identifies the correct governing legal principle from [the
Supreme] Court's decisions but unreasonably applies that principle to the facts of the
prisoner's case." Lockyer v. Andrade, 

, 75 (2003) (internal quotation marks
omitted). "The 'unreasonable application' clause requires the state court decision to be
more than incorrect or erroneous. The state court's application of clearly established
law must be objectively unreasonable." 

omitted).

       In Zafiro, four defendants were tried jointly on federal drug 

. The defendants repeatedly moved for severance on the ground that their
defenses were mutually antagonistic, but the district court denied their severance
motions. 

were convicted, and three of them challenged the district
court's denial of their severance motions on appeal. 

The Supreme Court
held "that the District Court did not abuse its discretion in denying [defendants']
motions to sever," explaining as follows:

              We believe that, when defendants properly have been joined under
      Rule 8(b), a district court should grant a severance under Rule 14 only
      if there is a serious risk that a joint trial would compromise a specific
      trial right of one of the defendants, or prevent the jury from making a
      reliable judgment about guilt or innocence. Such a risk might occur when
      evidence that the jury should not consider against a defendant and that
      would not be admissible if a defendant were tried alone is admitted
      against a codefendant. . . . When many defendants are tried together in
      a complex case and they have markedly different degrees of culpability,
      this risk of prejudice is heightened. Evidence that is probative of a

                                          -5-
      defendant's guilt but technically admissible only against a codefendant
      also might present a risk of prejudice. Conversely, a defendant might
      suffer prejudice if essential exculpatory evidence that would be available
      to a defendant tried alone were unavailable in a joint trial. The risk of
      prejudice will vary with the facts in each case, and district courts may
      find prejudice in situations not discussed here. When the risk of
      prejudice is high, a district court is more likely to determine that separate
      trials are necessary, but, as we indicated in Richardson v. Marsh, [

(1987),] less drastic measures, such as limiting instructions,
      often will suffice to cure any risk of prejudice.

541 (internal citations omitted).

        David contends that his joinder with his codefendants for trial and the state trial
court's decision not to sever his trial constituted an "unreasonable application" of
clearly established federal law as determined by the Supreme Court in Zafiro because
the trial court denied him his Sixth Amendment right to call Scot and Powers to testify
on his behalf. David's argument misconstrues Zafiro. The Zafiro defendants argued
that they were entitled to severance because their defenses were mutually antagonistic,
not because their joint trial deprived them of their Sixth Amendment right to call
witnesses. 

        David emphasizes that the Supreme Court stated in Zafiro that "a defendant
might suffer prejudice if essential exculpatory evidence that would be available to a
defendant tried alone were unavailable in a joint trial." 

But the Court did
not elaborate on this statement, presumably because the defendants did not argue that
their joint trial prevented them from presenting exculpatory evidence; additionally, the
Court indicated that not every case in which "essential exculpatory evidence that
would be available to a defendant tried alone [is] unavailable in a joint trial" results
in prejudice, stating that "a defendant might suffer prejudice" in such a case and that
"[t]he risk of prejudice will vary with the facts in each case." 

The Court also explained that "Rule 14 leaves the determination of risk of prejudice

                                           -6-
and any remedy that may be necessary to the sound discretion of the district courts."

We hold that David's joinder with his codefendants for trial and the state
trial court's decision not to sever his trial did not constitute an "unreasonable
application" of clearly established federal law as determined by the Supreme Court in
Zafiro.

         David also relies on Eighth Circuit precedent in support of his position. But our
precedent cannot "serve as a basis for any conclusion . . . about the reasonableness of
the [state trial court's] decision under AEDPA" because "court of appeals decisions
. . . cannot be 'clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court.'"
Buchheit v. Norris, 

, 853 (8th Cir. 2006) (quoting 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254(d)(1)); see also Williams v. Taylor, 

, 412 (2000) (stating that
"§ 2254(d)(1) restricts the source of clearly established law to this Court's
jurisprudence").

       In any event, we have held that a "district court does not abuse its discretion in
denying a motion to sever absent a 'firm representation' that a co-defendant would be
willing to testify on the defendant's behalf." United States v. Crumley, 

,
1063 (8th Cir. 2008) (quoting United States v. Blaylock, 

, 767 (8th Cir.
2005)). David emphasizes that his attorney informed the state trial court at a pre-trial
hearing that Scot and Powers "intimated that they would be prepared to testify for
[David] based upon the facts leading up to this incident," but this statement does not
constitute a "firm representation" that they were actually willing to testify for David.
See 

pretrial motion, [the defendant] neglected to offer a 'firm
representation' that [his codefendant] was willing to testify, but simply stated that he
would call [his codefendant] to testify and that her testimony would exculpate him.
He offered no proof to the district court that [his codefendant] agreed to testify on
[his] behalf.") (footnote omitted). Similarly, the post-trial affidavits of Scot and
Powers do not support David's position because whether a state "court's determination
'resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application

                                           -7-
of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United
States'" must be decided "in light of the record before it." Nance v. Norris, 

, 293 (8th Cir. 2004) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1)). Even under our precedent,
David's claim would fail.

                                 III. Conclusion
      Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the district court.
                     ______________________________




                                         -8-