United States Court of Appeals
                           For the Eighth Circuit
                       ___________________________

                               No. 15-1838
                       ___________________________

   Rand-Heart of New York, Inc.; Michael Rodolico; Ian Henderson; Antonino
Floridia; Matthew Dudevoir; David Hall; Tammy Hall, individually and on behalf
                        of all others similarly situated

                     lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiffs - Appellants

                                          v.

                       James P. Dolan; Vicki J. Duncomb

                     lllllllllllllllllllll Defendants - Appellees
                                      ____________

                   Appeal from United States District Court
                  for the District of Minnesota - Minneapolis
                                 ____________

                         Submitted: November 17, 2015
                            Filed: February 10, 2016
                                 ____________

Before SMITH, BYE, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
                                  ____________


BENTON, Circuit Judge.


      Rand-Heart of New York, Inc. brought a putative class action on behalf of
purchasers of Dolan Company’s securities between August 1, 2013 and January 2,
2014, under Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act. The District
Court dismissed for failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
12(b)(6). Having jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, this court reverses.

                                           I.

      DiscoverReady—a subsidiary of Dolan Company—performed litigation
support, working mostly for Bank of America. In May or June 2013, Bank of
America met with James P. Dolan (CEO of Dolan Company) and other
DiscoverReady representatives. Bank of America noted concerns about Dolan
Company’s finances, suspended discussions about a possible colocation agreement,
and indicated it would send no new work to DiscoverReady until the financial
concerns were resolved. A DiscoverReady representative stated, “It was our
impression and our understanding that in order to continue to do work with the Bank
of America, we have to take care of The Dolan Company’s financial problems.”
Dolan reported what transpired at the meeting to Dolan Company’s Board of
Directors, which proceeded to authorize DiscoverReady for sale. Bank of America
stopped sending new work to DiscoverReady in June.

       On August 1, Dolan Company issued a press release announcing its financial
results for the second quarter ending June 30, 2013. It reported a net loss of $4.62 per
share, on revenues of about $47 million. It announced a plan to sell assets in order
to raise cash, but also reported that DiscoverReady revenues had grown by 18%.
Dolan Company also released a Form 10-Q, which stated:

             In order to operate profitably on a continuous basis in the
             future, the Company must increase revenue and eliminate
             costs to achieve and maintain positive operating
             margins. . . . The Company’s ability to generate sufficient
             cash flows in 2013 has been negatively impacted by the
             business challenges in its mortgage default foreclosure and
             public notice business. These challenges make it probable

                                          -2-
            that the Company will be unable to comply with certain of
            its financial covenants in its senior secured credit facility
            as measured on the last day of the third quarter of 2013.
            The Company is currently in discussions with its lenders
            regarding resetting the financial covenants applicable to
            the third quarter and future periods. Any failure to comply
            with these covenants in the future may result in an event of
            default. . . . If the Company is unable to repay such
            indebtedness, the banks could foreclose on these assets.

Also on August 1, Dolan spoke with stock analysts. The District Court found
actionable for fraud the italicized statements during the conference:

            For 2013, we expect both DiscoverReady and the litigation
            support segment to grow at double-digit rates over the
            prior year with positive EBITDA leverage. However, we
            must point out that we expect DiscoverReady’s third
            quarter revenues to be below last year’s all time record
            revenue quarter.

            We make this comment not to dampen enthusiasm about
            our growth prospects for DiscoverReady, but to set proper
            expectations for a business that may experience lumpiness
            on a quarter-to-quarter basis.

Asked to elaborate about “lumpiness,” Dolan stated:

            Well, it’s hard to be very specific about the lumpiness now
            without getting into details we normally do not
            disclose. . . . We had a number of matters that were in
            works in the first half [of 2013], all of which made for a
            very strong quarter. We don’t see those right now in the
            second half of the year but these things do come and they
            come sometimes unexpectedly, sometimes quickly. So
            given the lack of forward visibility on this kind of

                                        -3-
             business, we have to be cautious in how we describe
             things.


       On November 12, 2013, Dolan issued a press release and filed its Form 10-Q
ending September 30. The 10-Q reported that the decline in revenue “exceeded our
expectations,” largely due to “a reduction in new work from [DiscoverReady’s]
largest customer, a reduction that we identified towards the end of the quarter. We
believe this reduction resulted from the customer’s evaluation of the Company’s
overall financial condition.” The closing price for Dolan Company stock fell to $2.08
on November 11, to $1.05 on November 12, to $0.90 on November 13.

      On January 2, 2014, Dolan Company issued a final press release announcing
the appointment of a Chief Restructuring Officer and a Continuing Listing Standards
Notice from the New York Stock Exchange. Share prices then fell by $0.14. In
March, Dolan Company filed a Chapter 11 bankruptcy.

                                          II.

       Section 10(b) of the Act makes it unlawful “to use or employ, in connection
with the purchase or sale of any security . . . any manipulative or deceptive device or
contrivance in contravention of such rules and regulations as the [SEC] may prescribe
as necessary or appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of investors.”
15 U.S.C. § 78j(b). “SEC Rule 10b-5 implements [§ 10(b)] by making it unlawful
to, among other things, ‘make any untrue statement of a material fact or to omit to
state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made, in the light of
the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading.’” Matrixx
Initiatives, Inc. v. Siracusano, 

, 36 (2011), quoting 17 C.F.R. § 240.10b-
5(b). Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5 claims require the claimant to show
(1) misrepresentations or omissions of material fact or acts that operated as a fraud
or deceit in violation of the rule, (2) loss-causation, (3) scienter, and (4) economic

                                         -4-
harm. In re K-tel Intern., Inc. Sec. Litig., 

, 888 (8th Cir. 2002). Section
20(a) imposes secondary liability on every person “who, directly or indirectly,
controls any person liable under any provision of this chapter or any rule or regulation
thereunder. . . .” 15 U.S.C. § 78t(a).

      Rand-Heart brought a class action suit alleging Dolan made material
misrepresentations and omissions about DiscoverReady’s financial stability. It
alleged a class-period of August 1, 2013 through January 2, 2014. The district court
granted Dolan’s motion to dismiss both the § 10(b) and § 20(a) claims. It found that
Rand-Heart failed to allege scienter under § 10(b) and Rule 10b-5, thereby precluding
secondary liability under the control-person theory of § 20(a). It further held Rand-
Heart failed to establish loss-causation for the period between November 12, 2013
and January 2, 2014. The district court also denied Rand-Heart’s motion to amend
the complaint.

      This court reviews de novo the dismissal of a complaint for failure to state a
claim. In re K-tel 

. To allege a securities-fraud claim, the
complaint must “specify each statement alleged to have been misleading, the reason
or reasons why the statement is misleading, and if an allegation regarding the
statement or omission is made on information and belief, the complaint shall state
with particularity all facts on which that belief is formed.” 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(b)(1).
The complaint is construed liberally, all factual allegations taken as true, but
“conclusory or catch-all assertions of law and unwarranted inferences” are rejected.
In re K-Tel 

. This court may consider the pleadings,
materials embraced by the pleadings, and public records. 

argues the district court erred in finding inadequate allegations of
scienter. The complaint must “state with particularity facts giving rise to a strong
inference that the defendant acted with the requisite state of mind.” 15 U.S.C. § 78u-

                                          -5-
4(b)(2). Inferences of scienter must be “at least as compelling as any opposing
inference of nonfraudulent intent.” Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd., 

, 314 (2007). The question “is whether all of the facts alleged, taken
collectively, give rise to a strong inference of scienter, not whether any individual
allegation, scrutinized in isolation, meets that standard.” 

Minneapolis
Firefighters’ Relief Ass’n v. MEMC Electronic Materials, Inc., 

,
1029 (8th Cir. 2011).

       Scienter can be established by a deceitful or manipulative state of mind, severe
recklessness, or motive and opportunity. In re K-Tel 

. The
district court found no motive, noting Dolan never sold his shares of the company
stock. See Fla. State Bd. of Admin. v. Green Tree Financial Corp., 

,
661 (8th Cir. 2001) (“[T]he magnitude of [the CEO’s] compensation package,
together with the timing coincidence of an overstatement of earnings at just the right
time to benefit [the CEO], provides an unusual, heightened showing of motive to
commit fraud.”). This does not end the inquiry. However, “without a showing of
motive or opportunity ‘other allegations tending to show scienter would have to be
particularly strong in order to meet the [Act’s] standard.” In re K-Tel 

(internal citations omitted), quoting 

       Rand-Heart maintains it adequately pled scienter by alleging that Dolan had
been severely reckless. Severe recklessness is defined as “highly unreasonable
omissions or misrepresentations involving an extreme departure from the standards
of ordinary care, and presenting the danger of misleading buyers or sellers which is
either known to the defendant or is so obvious that the defendant must have been
aware of it.” 

(internal quotations omitted).

      Rand-Heart first argues Dolan acted recklessly in making two omissions of
material fact: that Bank of America (1) suspended discussions of a colocation
agreement and (2) demanded restructuring. “Silence, absent a duty to disclose, is not

                                         -6-
misleading under Rule 10b-5.” Basic Inc. v. Levinson, 

, 239 n.17
(1988), quoted in 

. Disclosure is required “only when
necessary to make statements made, in the light of the circumstances under which
they were made, not misleading.” 

, quoting 17 C.F.R.
§ 240.10b-5(b). Dolan never publicly spoke about the failed colocation agreement,
nor the restructuring demand. The question is whether these alleged omissions made
statements about the Company’s financial state “misleading.”

       Dolan warned of the Company’s precarious financial state during the August 1
conference call and in the Form10-Q. On the call, he forecasted low third-quarter
revenues, explaining that the Company “had a number of matters that were in works
for the first half [of 2013]” no longer at play “in the second half of the year. . . .” The
Form 10-Q stated “to operate profitably on a continuous basis in the future, the
Company must increase revenue and eliminate costs” and financial challenges “make
it probable that the Company will be unable to comply with certain of its financial
covenants.” It further cautioned, “If the maturity of the indebtedness is accelerated,
sufficient cash resources to satisfy the debt obligations may not be available and the
Company may not be able to continue operations as planned.” (Emphasis added).
“Cautionary language which relates directly to that which the Plaintiffs claim to have
been mis[leading], if sufficient, renders the alleged misrepresentation or omissions
immaterial as a matter of law.” In re AMDOCS Ltd. Sec. Litig., 

, 548
(8th Cir. 2004). Due to these disclosures of the company’s financial problems, this
court does “not believe the inference of scienter is as compelling as the more
innocent, simpler inference that [Dolan] did not believe [he] had a continuing duty
to disclose information. . . .” 

, citing 

.

     Rand-Heart next argues that Dolan was reckless in failing to disclose that Bank
of America had stopped sending new work to DiscoverReady in May or June 2013.
Bank of America was DiscoverReady’s biggest client, providing over 50% of

                                           -7-
DiscoverReady’s work. In the second half of 2013, however, Bank of America work
sharply declined. The complaint quoted DiscoverReady’s Chief Operating Officer’s
acknowledgment: “We were, our work, our revenues were dropping and our case
origination had dropped, as I said earlier, to almost nothing from Bank of America.”1
By May or June 2013, DiscoverReady had “completed a large document review
project for Bank of America” immediately causing “great concerns.” This decline
prompted the Company’s Board in June 2013 to “authorize the marketing of
DiscoverReady for sale.” Taking these allegations as true, DiscoverReady’s financial
instability caused by the decline in Bank of America was, at the least, “so obvious
that [Dolan] must have been aware of it.” In re K-tel 

. The
facts pled are sufficient to survive a motion to dismiss.

                                         B.

      Dolan maintains that his August 1 statements about “double-digit” growth and
“lumpiness” are protected by the Act’s safe-harbor provision. A “forward-looking
statement” is not actionable for fraud if immaterial, accompanied by “meaningful
cautionary language,” or made without actual knowledge that it was false or
misleading. Julianello v. K-V Pharmaceutical Co., 

, 920 (8th Cir.
2015), citing 15 U.S.C. § 78u-5(c)(1).




      1
        At oral argument, counsel for Dolan argued this statement (from page 49 of
the transcript) addresses information the COO had in September, after the allegedly
misleading statements in August. Counsel pointed to a quote from page 104 of the
transcript—“So revenues started to fall probably in September, is my recollection,
and through the fall and into the New Year.” However, the Complaint’s statement
(in-text) answered a question about revenue declines during “the second half of
2013.” It is not clear that the quote on page 104 provides the context for the broad
statement about revenues falling in the second half of 2013 on page 49. This issue
may be addressed at the summary judgment stage.
                                         -8-
       Even if the statements were “forward-looking,” Dolan’s argument fails.
Statements about DiscoverReady’s expected performance are not immaterial, and the
complaint sufficiently alleges Dolan had actual knowledge that the statements were,
at least, misleading. Additionally, the statements were not accompanied with
“meaningful cautionary language.” Dolan cites as cautionary language the following
excerpts from the 2012 Form 10-K, filed on March 8, 2013:

             Our failure to comply with the covenants in our debt
             instruments could result in an event of default that could
             adversely affect our financial condition and ability to
             operate our business as planned if we are not successful in
             obtaining a waiver of our failure to comply with our
             covenants.
             ....
             DiscoverReady’s business revenues have traditionally been
             concentrated among a few customers and if these large
             repeat customers choose to manage their discovery with
             their own staff or with another provider and if we are
             unable to develop new customer relationships, our
             operating results and the ability to execute our growth
             strategy at DiscoverReady may be adversely affected.


Even if cautionary, these excerpts are not meaningfully cautionary; they are not
“company-specific warnings based on a realistic description of the risks applicable
to the particular circumstances. . . .” 

Rather, the excerpts are “merely a
boilerplate litany of generally applicable risk factors.” 

are not
protected by the Act’s safe-harbor provision.

       The district court erred in dismissing the § 10(b) and Rule 10b-5 claim for
failure to state a claim, and thus also erred in dismissing secondary liability claim
under § 20(a).2


      2
       Rand-Heart contends it should have been permitted to amend the complaint.
The request to amend stated, “If this Court is inclined to grant Defendants’ motion [to
                                          -9-
                                          III.

       Rand-Heart argues the district court erred in finding no loss-causation for the
period between November 12, 2013 and January 2, 2014. “Loss causation in a
securities fraud case is analogous to the common law’s requirement of proximate
causation. The plaintiff must show that the loss was foreseeable and that the loss was
caused by the materialization of the concealed risk.” McAdams v. McCord, 

, 1114 (8th Cir. 2009) (internal citations omitted). “A complaint must ‘provide
a defendant with some indication of the loss and the causal connection that the
plaintiff has in mind.’” 

Pharm., Inc. v. Broudo, 

, 347
(2005). The securities statutes make fraud actions available “not to provide investors
with broad insurance against market losses, but to protect them against those
economic losses that misrepresentations actually cause.” Dura 

. See also 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(b)(4) (requiring plaintiffs to prove the defendant
“caused the loss”).

       According to Rand-Heart’s fraud-on-the-market theory, Dolan misled investors
in August by concealing information about the lack of new Bank of America work
and the need to restructure. Dolan fully disclosed on November 12, 2013, telling
securities analysts that litigation support revenues “decreased primarily as a result of
a reduction in new work from DiscoverReady’s largest customer.” Dolan believed
the reduction “resulted from the customer’s evaluation of the Company’s overall
financial condition.” On that same day, Dolan Company’s Form 10-Q stated that
Discover Ready’s third quarter revenues “decreased primarily as the result of a period
of reduced work from [its] largest customer.” The 10-Q reported an amended credit
agreement, requiring $50 million more in cash “through one or more liquidity


dismiss], Plaintiffs respectfully request that any such dismissal be without prejudice
to their ability to cure any defects via amendment.” Because the dismissal is
reversed, this court need not consider whether the district court properly denied leave
to amend the complaint.
                                         -10-
transactions separate from its operating activities, such as a sale of assets or issuance
of equity or subordinated debt, by March 31, 2014. . . .” The stock price fell to $2.08
on November 11, to $1.05 on November 12, to $0.90 on November 13.

       Despite the November 12 disclosures, Rand-Heart contends the fraud was not
fully revealed until a January 2 press release announcing the new restructuring
officer. The stock price then fell by $0.14 (20%). A drop in stock price is not
necessarily caused by an earlier misrepresentation. Lower stock prices “may reflect,
not the earlier misrepresentation, but changed economic circumstances, changed
investor expectations, new industry-specific or firm-specific facts, conditions, or
other events, which taken separately or together account for some or all of that lower
price.” Dura 

. Rand-Heart must show that Dolan’s
fraud—“and not other events”—caused the price to fall after the January 2 press
release. See Schaaf v. Residential Funding Corp., 

, 550 (8th Cir.
2008).

       Nothing in the January 2 press release corrects previous misrepresentations.
“Corrective disclosures must present facts to the market that are new, that is, publicly
revealed for the first time, because, if investors already know the truth, false
statements won’t affect the price.” Katyle v. Penn Nat. Gaming, Inc., 

,
473 (4th Cir. 2011) (internal quotations omitted). Announcing the appointment of a
restructuring officer on January 2 does not correct a misrepresentation; it elaborates
on the previously disclosed plan to restructure. “In the financial markets, not every
bit of bad news that has a negative effect on the price of a security necessarily has a
corrective effect for purposes of loss causation.” Meyer v. Greene, 

,
1202 (11th Cir. 2013). See also In re Williams Sec. Litig.-WCG Subclass, 

, 1140 (10th Cir. 2009) (“To be corrective, the disclosure need not precisely
mirror the earlier misrepresentation, but it must at least relate back to the
misrepresentation and not to some other negative information about the company.”).



                                          -11-
     The district court did not err in finding no loss-causation for the period
between November 12 and January 2.

                                        *******

       The district court’s decision is affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded
for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
                        ______________________________




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