FILED
                                                     United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS         Tenth Circuit

                                   TENTH CIRCUIT                         January 10, 2014

                                                                        Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                            Clerk of Court

 TIMOTHY JOHN KENNEDY,

        Plaintiff – Appellee,

 v.

 ERNEST ROGER PEELE,

        Defendant – Appellant,
                                                             No. 12-1337
                                                (D.C. No. 1:11-CV-00967-REB-KMT)
 and                                                          (D. Colo.)

 MARK A. FINLEY; SHERIFF JOHN
 WESLEY ANDERSON; EL PASO
 COUNTY SHERIFF’S OFFICE;
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

        Defendants.




                                ORDER AND JUDGMENT*


Before LUCERO, BRORBY, and O’BRIEN, Circuit Judges.




       * This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of
law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court generally disfavors the
citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under
the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
       Ernest Peele appeals the district court’s denial of his motion to dismiss.

Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we conclude that Peele is entitled to

qualified immunity and accordingly reverse.

                                              I

       Because this appeal concerns the district court’s disposition of a motion to

dismiss, we take the following facts from the operative complaint unless otherwise noted.

See Wilson v. Montano, 

, 852 (10th Cir. 2013). In March 1991, Jennifer

Carpenter and Steve Staskiewicz were murdered. El Paso County Sheriff’s Deputy Mark

Finley was assigned to investigate the crimes. Two individuals who had been charged

with kidnapping and sexual assault of Carpenter were likely suspects for the murders.

Finley learned during the course of the investigation that these individuals had solicited

various parties to murder Carpenter and Staskiewicz to prevent Carpenter from testifying

against them, and Finley was aware of two letters discussing this plot.

       Nevertheless, Finley focused his investigation on Timothy Kennedy, who had

been with the victims on the day of the murders and had pawned a .380 caliber

handgun—the same type of weapon used to kill Carpenter and Staskiewicz—shortly after

the murders occurred. Finley conducted an interview of Kennedy, which Kennedy claims

was unconstitutional, and used the information he obtained to procure a warrant to search

Kennedy’s home and vehicle. Kennedy alleges that Finley’s warrant affidavit contained

false statements and material omissions. Law enforcement officers seized a .380 caliber

handgun and ammunition from Kennedy’s home.
                                            -2-
       Finley asked Peele, an agent with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”), to

conduct a comparative bullet-lead analysis (“CBLA”) of the bullets used in the murders

and those found in Kennedy’s home. Peele provided Finley an initial report on October

20, 1992. That report states that the compositions of some crime scene bullets and some

of the ammunition seized from Kennedy’s home “are either analytically indistinguishable

or they exhibit such close compositional associations as to be consistent with originating

from the same source.”1 Although other bullets contained “compositional differences,”

the report notes that such differences “may be found among bullets within a single box of

cartridges.” According to the complaint, Peele and the FBI “knew, as early as 1991, that

there was a question regarding the scientific reliability of the lead matching theory” and

had “knowledge that the conclusions stated lacked statistical and scientific basis” but

“[t]his doubt was not disclosed.”

       After obtaining this report, Finley recommended to the district attorney that

Kennedy be charged with murder, but the district attorney declined to file charges.

Following a hiatus from the El Paso County Sheriff’s Office, Finley was re-assigned to

the Carpenter/Staskiewicz case. On March 25, 1993, Peele “was contacted by telephone

for a definitive statement regarding the analysis [he] performed.” The complaint alleges

that “Peele stated that the bullets which killed Carpenter and Staskiewicz came from the

same box as those seized from Mr. Kennedy’s house,” that “[t]his statement made by

       1
       The report was not included in Kennedy’s complaint, but was submitted as an
attachment to Peele’s motion to dismiss.

                                            -3-
Agent Peele was false,” and that “[t]his materially false statement was utilized to obtain

an arrest warrant and at Mr. Kennedy’s preliminary hearing.” This allegation is

apparently drawn from the arrest warrant affidavit, which states that Peele was contacted

on March 25, 1993 “for a definitive statement regarding the analysis performed.”

According to the affidavit, however, Peele merely stated that “these bullets would be

consistent with coming from the same box.”2

       Kennedy was eventually charged with the murders of Carpenter and Staskiewicz.

He was convicted of both murders and sentenced on August 8, 1997, to two consecutive

life terms without the possibility of parole. The complaint alleges that Peele “falsely

testified at trial that the bullets which killed Carpenter and Staskiewicz came from the

same box of ammunition as those taken from Mr. Kennedy’s house.”

       In April 2009, the El Paso County District Court granted Kennedy’s motion for

post-conviction relief, vacated his convictions, and ordered a new trial. This ruling was

based on the prosecution’s failure to produce during discovery letters implicating the two

individuals charged with Carpenter’s kidnapping and sexual assault, related ineffective

assistance of counsel, and newly discovered evidence. The newly discovered evidence

included the FBI’s decision in September 2005 to stop using CBLA because of doubts

about its reliability. The court concluded that Peele’s opinion testimony was no longer

supported by the FBI and that it had “contributed significantly to the prosecution

       2
       As with Peele’s report, the arrest warrant affidavit was not included in the
complaint, but attached as an exhibit to Peele’s motion to dismiss.

                                            -4-
evidence.”3

       Kennedy then filed a complaint against Finley, Peele, and others involved in his

criminal case. With respect to Peele, Kennedy asserts a claim under Bivens v. Six

Unknown Named Agents of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 

(1971), for

malicious prosecution. Peele moved to dismiss this claim, arguing that he is entitled to

both absolute and qualified immunity and also asserting that a Bivens claim could not be

recognized on the facts alleged. The district court concluded that Peele was entitled to

absolute immunity from liability for his trial testimony, but denied both absolute and

qualified immunity as to Peele’s pretrial statements. It declined to reach Peele’s Bivens

argument based on inadequate briefing, thereby allowing the case to proceed. Peele

timely sought an interlocutory appeal.

                                              II

       “Although an order denying a motion to dismiss based on qualified immunity is

not a final judgment, this court has jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 to review the

order to the extent that it turns on an issue of law.” 

(quotation

omitted). We review the denial of such a motion de novo. Brown v. Montoya, 

, 1162 (10th Cir. 2011).

       As did the district court, we accept as true all well-pled factual allegations in the

complaint. 

a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient

       3
        The court’s order is not included in the complaint but is attached to Peele’s
motion to dismiss.

                                             -5-
factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.”

Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 

, 678 (2009) (quotation omitted). When a defense of

qualified immunity is raised, the plaintiff must satisfy a two-prong test in order to avoid

dismissal. A “plaintiff must allege sufficient facts that show—when taken as true—the

defendant plausibly violated his constitutional rights, which were clearly established at

the time of violation.” Schwartz v. Booker, 

, 579 (10th Cir. 2012). Courts

may address these prongs—plausible violation and clearly established law—in either

order. Camreta v. Greene, 

, 2032 (2011).

       Qualified immunity shields “government officials performing discretionary

functions . . . from liability for civil damages insofar as their conduct does not violate

clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would

have known.” Wilson v. Layne, 

, 614 (1999) (quotation omitted). “A

Government official’s conduct violates clearly established law when, at the time of the

challenged conduct, the contours of a right are sufficiently clear that every reasonable

official would have understood that what he is doing violates that right.” Ashcroft v. al-

Kidd, 

, 2083 (2011) (quotation omitted). Clearly established law should

not be defined “at a high level of generality.” 

“We do not require a case

directly on point, but existing precedent must have placed the statutory or constitutional

question beyond debate.” 

       The district court concluded that Peele was not entitled to qualified immunity

because the complaint alleges that he “knowingly fabricated evidence.” It ruled that the
                                               -6-
prohibition against such conduct was clearly established in light of this court’s ruling in

Pierce v. Gilchrist, 

(10th Cir. 2004), and that “the differences between that

case and this one are matters of degree, not kind.” Kennedy relies heavily on Pierce in

his appellate briefing.

       In that case, we considered a § 1983 claim for malicious prosecution brought by

Jeffrey Pierce, who had been wrongly convicted of rape and other crimes. 

1285. Pierce alleged that Joyce Gilchrist, a forensic chemist, “fabricated inculpatory

evidence and disregarded exculpatory evidence, which led prosecutors to indict and

prosecute [him] for the rape.” 

Specifically, Gilchrist “identified a total of 33

scalp and pubic hair samples from the crime scene as ‘microscopically consistent’ with

evidence taken from Mr. Pierce’s body.” 

Pierce alleged that Gilchrist:

       (i) concealed the fact that Mr. Pierce’s hair did not match the hairs found at
       the crime scene, (ii) violated the district court’s order to deliver the hair
       samples in a timely manner for review by Mr. Pierce’s forensic expert, and
       (iii) disregarded her own findings that Mr. Pierce’s blood contained a
       particular enzyme, PGM-2-1, which conclusively precluded Mr. Pierce
       from being the source of the sperm found on the victim.

released by the FBI after Pierce had been convicted “concluded that none of

the hairs taken from Plaintiff’s body exhibited the same microscopic characteristics as

those found at the crime scene.” 

And a subsequent DNA analysis

exonerated Pierce. 

the district court’s denial of qualified immunity. 

Our

court had previously held that the prohibitions against “including false information in the

                                             -7-
affidavit supporting the arrest warrant” and “omit[ting] from an arrest affidavit

information which, if included, would have vitiated probable cause” were clearly

established. 

(quotation omitted). Although Gilchrist’s misconduct occurred

after Pierce had been arrested, we concluded that “[t]here is no moral, constitutional,

common law, or common sense difference between providing phony evidence in support

of an arrest and providing phony evidence in support of continued confinement and

prosecution.” 

in a deliberate attempt to ensure the prosecution

and conviction of an innocent man.” 

This conduct, we held, “violated Mr.

Pierce’s constitutional rights with obvious clarity.” 

       Although there are some similarities between the case at bar and Pierce, we must

disagree with the district court’s statement that the differences are merely matters of

degree. In Pierce, the defendant allegedly lied about the results of the analyses she

performed. See 

(“Gilchrist falsely reported that the hairs were consistent; had

she truthfully reported that they were not consistent, Mr. Pierce would have been released

within hours of his arrest, and never tried.”). That is, Gilchrist

       informed the police and prosecutorial authorities that hair analysis
       supported Pierce’s involvement in the rape—even though in fact, far from
       implicating him in the rape, the hair analysis tended to exonerate him—and
       disregarded findings that Mr. Pierce’s blood contained an enzyme that
       exonerated him of being the source of the sperm found on the rape victim.

       In sharp contrast, Kennedy does not allege that the CBLA performed by Peele

actually showed that the bullets in his apartment were inconsistent with those found at the
                                             -8-
crime scene. Nor does Kennedy claim that Peele failed to disclose forensic test results

that would have exonerated him. Kennedy’s complaint instead focuses on the reliability

of CBLA in general. It alleges that Peele knew “there was a question regarding the

scientific reliability of the lead matching theory,” but failed to disclose that the CBLA

method “lacked statistical and scientific basis.”

       The complaint also alleges that Peele informed investigators “that the bullets

which killed Carpenter and Staskiewicz came from the same box as those seized from

Mr. Kennedy’s house” and that this “materially false statement was utilized to obtain an

arrest warrant and at Mr. Kennedy’s preliminary hearing.” We do not read this allegation

as suggesting that Peele lied about the results of the CBLA he performed in the sense that

the test actually demonstrated the bullets did not match. Instead, Kennedy is again

alleging that Peele reported the CBLA results with a greater degree of confidence than

was properly warranted.

       Further, according to the arrest warrant affidavit, Peele did not claim that the

bullets came from the same box, but that “these bullets would be consistent with coming

from the same box.” (Emphasis added). The district court declined to consider this

discrepancy, stating that “a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) is not the proper

vehicle to consider such factual disputes.” However, “courts must consider the complaint

in its entirety, as well as other sources courts ordinarily examine when ruling on Rule

12(b)(6) motions to dismiss, in particular, documents incorporated into the complaint by

reference, and matters of which a court may take judicial notice.” Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor
                                             -9-
Issues & Rights, Ltd., 

, 322 (2007); see also Utah Gospel Mission v. Salt

Lake City Corp., 

, 1253-54 (10th Cir. 2005) (“[A] document central to the

plaintiff’s claim and referred to in the complaint may be considered in resolving a motion

to dismiss, at least where the document’s authenticity is not in dispute.”). And “factual

allegations that contradict . . . a properly considered document are not well-pleaded facts

that the court must accept as true.” GFF Corp. v. Associated Wholesale Grocers, 

, 1385 (10th Cir. 1997). The “same box” statement contained in the complaint

was plainly not used “to obtain an arrest warrant” because such a statement does not

appear in the arrest warrant affidavit.4 Accordingly, the district court erred in rejecting

Peele’s reliance on the affidavit given that Kennedy did not dispute its authenticity and it

was both central to the claim and referenced in the complaint. See Utah Gospel 

.5

       Properly construed, the complaint does not include well-pled, factual allegations

that Peele “fabricated” evidence as we used that term in 

. In that

case, the defendant told investigators that a forensic test indicated a match between two


       4
         The complaint also alleges that this statement was used “at Mr. Kennedy’s
preliminary hearing.” As previously noted, however, the district court concluded that
Peele was entitled to absolute immunity for his testimony, and that ruling is not at issue
in this appeal.
       5
        Although we generally must accept a district court’s version of the facts in
reviewing the denial of qualified immunity at the summary judgment phase, this rule does
not apply to our review of the denial of a motion to dismiss. Lewis v. Tripp, 

, 1226 (10th Cir. 2010) (citing 

).

                                            -10-
samples, even though the forensic test actually showed the two samples did not match.

See 

, 1293-94. Kennedy does not allege that the CBLA conducted by Peele

showed that the bullets from the crime scene and the bullets found in Kennedy’s

apartment had differing compositions. Rather, Kennedy faults Peele for failing to

disclose any statistical doubts about the CBLA technique.

       This is a material and qualitative difference. Any reasonable officer would know

that lying about the results of a forensic test is improper. See 

.

But Kennedy does not direct us to any decisions holding that a forensic analyst must

inform law enforcement of the precise error rate or confidence interval of tests performed

during the pre-arrest phase of an investigation. There may be some forensic methods that

are so unreliable as to be wholly improper, but we cannot ignore the fact that CBLA was

widely accepted at the time of the events at issue. See United States v. Higgs, 

, 738 (4th Cir. 2011) (“CBLA evidence was widely admitted into evidence in various

courts in this country . . . up until at least 2003 . . . .”), cert. denied, 

(2012);

United States v. Davis, 

, 673-74 (8th Cir. 1996) (affirming admission of

bullet comparison testimony at trial under Fed. R. Evid. 702); see also McBeth v. Himes,

, 716 (10th Cir. 2010) (to overcome qualified immunity, plaintiff must show

that the right at issue “was clearly established at the time of the defendant’s conduct”).

       We agree with Peele that the well-pled factual allegations of Kennedy’s complaint

attack CBLA in general rather than any specific conduct by Peele. We further agree that

the reliability of a forensic method, unlike the actual result of a forensic test, is “precisely
                                               -11-
the kind of evidence that the adversary system is designed to test.” United States v.

Berry, 

, 1040 (9th Cir. 2010). To overcome Peele’s assertion of qualified

immunity, Kennedy must make a plausible showing that Peele violated clearly

established constitutional rights. 

. This he has failed to do.

The prohibition against fabricating evidence is clearly established, see 

, but the complaint and judicially noticeable documents fail to develop a plausible

claim of fabrication as we described it in Pierce. Alternatively, Kennedy seems to

suggest that Peele’s use of the CBLA technique in the 1990’s violated clearly established

law. Given the widespread judicial acceptance of testimony relying on CBLA during the

relevant time period, we reject this claim as well.

                                             III

       For the foregoing reasons, the district court’s denial of qualified immunity to Peele

is REVERSED. We REMAND with instructions to dismiss the claims against Peele.6



                                           Entered for the Court



                                           Carlos F. Lucero
                                           Circuit Judge



       6
        We express no opinion on Peele’s alternative arguments as to the viability of a
Bivens claim, the existence of probable cause, and absolute immunity.


                                            -12-