United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 15-3230
                         ___________________________

                                Charles Sokpa-Anku

                              lllllllllllllllllllllPetitioner

                                            v.

              Loretta E. Lynch, Attorney General of the United States

                             lllllllllllllllllllllRespondent
                                     ____________

                       Petition for Review of an Order of the
                           Board of Immigration Appeals
                                   ____________

                              Submitted: May 18, 2016
                               Filed: August 26, 2016
                                   ____________

Before WOLLMAN, LOKEN, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
                         ____________

LOKEN, Circuit Judge.

      A jury convicted Charles Sokpa-Anku, a citizen of Ghana and a lawful
permanent resident of the United States, of three counts of “medical assistance fraud”
in violation of Minn. Stat. § 609.466. The Department of Homeland Security
commenced removal proceedings, alleging that Sokpa-Anku was removable because
he had been convicted of an aggravated felony. See 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii).
The term “aggravated felony” includes “an offense that . . . involves fraud or deceit
in which the loss to the victim or victims exceeds $10,000.”                8 U.S.C.
§ 1101(a)(43)(M)(i).

       Conceding that his Minnesota conviction was an offense involving “fraud or
deceit,” Sokpa-Anku moved to terminate the proceedings, arguing that none of the
three counts of conviction was a fraud offense in which victim loss exceeded $10,000.
The Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) determined that the Minnesota conviction
was an aggravated felony and ordered Sokpa-Anku removed to Ghana. Sokpa-Anku
petitions for review of the BIA’s decision. He argues that the BIA erred by
aggregating losses from his three counts of conviction in calculating victim loss under
§ 1101(a)(43)(M)(i). We have jurisdiction to consider this issue of law. See Tian v.
Holder, 

, 895 (8th Cir. 2009). We deny the petition for review.

      From July 2008 until he was terminated in December 2012, Sokpa-Anku owned
and operated a home health care business that was an enrolled Minnesota Medicaid
provider. In a March 2014 criminal complaint, state authorities alleged that a
Medicaid fraud investigation revealed that, in 2009 and 2010, Sokpa-Anku
“consistently billed for [Medicaid] services without supporting documentation.” The
complaint charged him with four counts of intentionally filing false claims for
Medicaid reimbursement that “resulted in an overpayment to [Sokpa-Anku] of
$23,729.67 for [Medicaid] services allegedly provided in 2009 and 2010.” Each count
alleged a specific date range and the amount paid by the Minnesota Department of
Human Services (“DHS”) for Medicaid services: Count 1, $9,860; Count 2, $6,271;
Count 3, $2,607; and Count 4, $4,983. Count 3 was dismissed before trial.

       The jury convicted Sokpa-Anku of counts 1, 2, and 4. Those counts alleged
fraud in sequential time periods based on “the dates reimbursement claims were paid
by DHS” -- August 4, 2009-February 2, 2010; February 17, 2010-August 3, 2010; and
August 31, 2010-January 4, 2011. The state court Register of Actions reports that the



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court imposed concurrent sentences on the three counts and ordered Sokpa-Anku to
pay $20,791 in restitution on each count.

       In Nijhawan v. Holder, 

, 36 (2010), the Supreme Court held that the
$10,000 threshold in § 1101(a)(43)(M)(i) is not an element of a fraud offense and
therefore may be proved by evidence of the particular circumstances of an alien’s
specific offense. Applying this “circumstance specific approach,” the IJ concluded
that Sokpa-Anku caused his victim, the Minnesota DHS, an actual loss greater than
$10,000, whether the loss is calculated by aggregating the amount pleaded for each
count in the criminal complaint, or by the order to pay $20,791 in restitution on each
count. The IJ explained:

      Although [Sopka-Anku] was convicted of 3 different counts, all of the
      counts were for the same offense, namely Medical Assistance Fraud.
      The descriptions of the counts are also nearly identical to one another.
      In committing his offense, [Sopka-Anku] utilized his business to commit
      the same conduct (submitting false reimbursement claims) against the
      same victim . . . over a continuous period in 2009 and 2010. Tellingly,
      [Sopka-Anku’s] submitted claims were divided into four timeframes . . .
      merely for the purposes of charging.

The BIA adopted and affirmed the IJ’s analysis, noting that the three counts of
conviction “were for the same crime, involved the same victim and essentially the
same facts, as well as the same plea agreement.”


      Sokpa-Anku argues that the IJ and BIA erred by “aggregating” losses from
multiple “offenses.” Noting that § 1101(a)(43)(M)(i) uses a singular term, “offense,”
he argues that each count of conviction must be considered a distinct “offense.”
Though Nijhawan did not involve a multi-count fraud conviction, Sopka-Anku’s
textual argument is contrary to the Court’s opinion, which consistently used the terms
“offense” and “conviction” interchangeably. The Court framed the inquiry in


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Nijhawan as whether “a prior conviction involved a fraud with the relevant loss to
victims,” and whether “the loss involved in a prior fraud or deceit conviction
amounted to at least $10,000.” 

(emphases added). The Court explained that
the $10,000 threshold requires a court to “look to the facts and circumstances
underlying an offender’s conviction.” 

(emphasis added). The Court
endorsed prior decisions holding that the “the loss must be tied to the specific counts
covered by the conviction;” it may not be tied to “acquitted or dismissed counts or
general conduct.” 

(emphasis added; quotations omitted); see James v.
Gonzales, 

, 510-12 (5th Cir. 2006); Knutsen v. Gonzales, 

,
736-40 (7th Cir. 2005); Khalayleh v. INS, 

, 980 (10th Cir. 2002).

       In this case, there is one conviction, and the total loss is directly tied to three
specific fraud counts “covered by the conviction.” Sokpa-Anku responds that “courts
must determine loss to victims tied to each count” separately, unless the underlying
conviction was for a scheme or conspiracy. But the cases he cites predated Nijhawan
and dealt with whether acquitted counts and general conduct can be considered in
calculating loss amount. Sokpa-Anku cites no case holding that multiple fraud counts
of conviction cannot be aggregated in determining whether the conviction was an
aggravated felony under § 1101(a)(43)(M)(i).

       In this case, we need not decide whether totally unrelated fraud counts in a
single conviction may be aggregated. As the BIA recognized, Sokpa-Anku’s three
fraud counts of conviction were part of a sufficiently interrelated fraud to warrant
aggregation, whether or not the criminal complaint included an express allegation of
conspiracy or scheme to defraud. Cf. Eversley-MacClaren v. Holder, 578 F. App’x
664, 665-66 (9th Cir. 2014) (nine fraud counts of conviction aggregated where
criminal information alleged that each was “connected in its commission” with
another). Likewise, the order to pay an aggregated restitution amount demonstrated
that Sopka-Anku did not commit multiple, unrelated frauds. See 

(restitution order indicative of loss amount); Munroe v. Ashcroft, 

,

                                           -4-
227-28 (3d Cir. 2003) (same); In re Babaisakov, 24 I. & N. Dec. 306, 319 (2007)
(same).

      For the foregoing reasons, we deny the petition for review.
                      ______________________________




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