Burlington Northern Inc. petitions this court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 16511 for a writ of mandamus directing the Honorable Miles W. Lord, United States District Judge for the District of Minnesota, to vacate his order entered December 17, 1981, compelling Francis J. Coyne to answer certain deposition questions. For the reasons discussed below, we deny the petition for writ of mandamus.

Burlington Northern and several unions are the defendants in several employment discrimination cases which were transferred by the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation in April 1979 to the Northern District of Illinois (the transferee court) and assigned to the Honorable John Powers Crowley for consolidated and coordinated pretrial proceedings. (After Judge Crowley resigned from the bench in June 1981, the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation assigned the Honorable George N. Leighton to the case in September 1981.) According to Burlington Northern, the parties have been engaged in extensive discovery across the northern and western parts of the United States, from Chicago to Seattle, pursuant to various pretrial orders issued by the transferee court. In re Burlington Northern Inc. Employment Practices Litigation, MDL No. 374, Civil No. 78-C-269 (N.D.Ill.).

On November 3, 1980, one of the attorneys for the consolidated plaintiffs took the deposition of Francis J. Coyne in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Coyne at the time of the deposition was Director of Manpower Planning in Burlington Northern's Personnel Department; Coyne has since been made Assistant Vice-President of Burlington Northern's Human Resources Department. Coyne is a resident of Woodbury, Minnesota, and works at Burlington Northern's headquarters in St. Paul, Minnesota. Coyne was not subpoenaed but appeared pursuant to notice by agreement of counsel. As Director of Manpower Planning, Coyne developed a manpower planning system, did organizational planning, supervised equal employment opportunity activities, and prepared Burlington Northern's affirmative action plans. Counsel for the plaintiffs asked Coyne several questions about the development of the employment goals and timetables contained in Burlington Northern's affirmative action plans. Upon the instructions of Burlington Northern's counsel, Coyne refused to answer twelve questions2 on the ground that the information sought was privileged because it would have disclosed Burlington Northern's self-critical subjective analysis of its employment practices. The rest of Coyne's deposition was completed that day.

Burlington Northern represents that it asserted this self-critical subjective analysis privilege before the taking of the Coyne deposition when it refused to disclose certain documents to the consolidated plaintiffs.

On November 18, 1980, the consolidated plaintiffs filed a motion to compel the production of documents in the transferee court. This motion to compel production sought a determination of the existence and scope of the self-critical subjective analysis privilege asserted by Burlington Northern in resisting production of the documents. The motion is pending before Judge Leighton.

In November 1981 the consolidated plaintiffs filed a motion to compel Coyne to answer certain deposition questions in the District Court for the District of Minnesota (the deposition court). The consolidated plaintiffs filed the motion in Minnesota because, in their view, Coyne was not a party to the employment discrimination litigation and therefore the motion to compel testimony had to be made "to the court in the district where the deposition is being taken." Fed.R.Civ.P. 37(a)(1).3 Following the submission of written memoranda and a hearing, Judge Lord ruled from the bench on December 17, 1981, that the testimony sought was not protected by the self-critical subjective analysis privilege and granted the motion to compel. Judge Lord further directed that the deposition be scheduled at a time when he could preside and rule on any specific objections. This is the ruling challenged in Burlington Northern's petition for writ of mandamus.

On December 18, 1981, the following day, Burlington Northern filed a motion in the transferee court for an expedited ruling on the consolidated plaintiffs' pending motion to compel the production of documents which Burlington Northern asserted were protected by the self-critical subjective analysis privilege. At a status hearing on January 13, 1982, in the transferee court, Judge Leighton inquired about the status of the proceedings in the deposition court and the Eighth Circuit. Counsel for Burlington Northern informed Judge Leighton that Judge Lord had granted the consolidated plaintiffs' motion to compel testimony, thus ruling against Burlington Northern's assertion of privilege. Counsel for Burlington Northern further stated that a petition for writ of mandamus had been filed in the Eighth Circuit on January 11, 1982. Judge Leighton then indicated that he would await disposition of the matter by the Eighth Circuit. On January 15, 1982, this court issued an order directing the consolidated plaintiffs to file any response to the petition for writ of mandamus by February 1, 1982; oral argument was scheduled on an expedited basis. During oral argument counsel for the consolidated plaintiffs stated that the transferee court had issued a general protective order covering all documents produced in the course of the employment practices litigation discovery and that completion of Coyne's deposition had been delayed pending appeal.

Burlington Northern argues that appellate review of Judge Lord's order is appropriate by way of mandamus under the rationale of Iowa Beef Processors, Inc. v. Bagley, 601 F.2d 949, 953-55 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 441 U.S. 907, 99 S. Ct. 1997, 60 L. Ed. 2d 376 (1979). In Bagley we treated the notice of appeal as a petition for writ of mandamus, id. at 953 & n.3, and reviewed the district court order dissolving a protective order limiting the disclosure and use of certain documents which Iowa Beef Processors asserted contained confidential business information. We emphasized, however, that

(our) opinion should not be construed as meaning that review by way of mandamus is available whenever a district court compels disclosure of material claimed to be protected by privilege or other interest in confidentiality. The rationale for invoking mandamus in such situations is two-fold: (1) disclosure of the allegedly privileged or confidential information renders impossible any meaningful appellate review of the claim of privilege or confidentiality; and (2) the disclosure involves questions of substantial importance to the administration of justice. Where the case involves the attorney-client privilege, the importance of the privilege itself may serve to satisfy the second requirement. In other cases where the claim of confidentiality is not so intrinsically a part of the administration of justice, some further showing is required.

Id. at 955 n.7 (citation omitted).

Here, Burlington Northern argues that the disclosure of information allegedly subject to the self-critical subjective analysis privilege will render impossible any meaningful appellate review of the claim of privilege because the consequences of disclosure are irreversible. Burlington Northern argues that this information, once disclosed, cannot be segregated from other information. Burlington Northern argues that disclosure will have an immediate and irreparable "chilling effect" on Burlington Northern's affirmative action program and on the individual Burlington Northern officials involved in the "candid, frank appraisal" of Burlington Northern's affirmative action program and its performance thereunder. Petition for Writ of Mandamus at 8. Burlington Northern further argues that the self-critical subjective analysis privilege involves questions of substantial importance to the administration of justice. Burlington Northern argues that this privilege has "far-reaching policy implications with respect to the effective implementation of the policy of affirmative action and affirmative action programs," id. at 9, and to the management of consolidated discovery proceedings in multidistrict litigation, particularly the handling of nonparty depositions taken in a district other than that of the transferee court.

On the merits Burlington Northern argues that the self-critical subjective analysis privilege has been recognized in numerous district court decisions and that recognition of the privilege is "based upon the premise that frank self-criticism and evaluation by an employer of its employment practices and policies, which is encouraged by Title VII and Executive Order 11246, would be greatly discouraged if information embodying this self-criticism were to be accessible freely through discovery in litigation by private plaintiffs." Id. at 10. See Banks v. Lockheed-Georgia Co., 53 F.R.D. 283, 285 (N.D.Ga.1971); accord, Rosario v. New York Times Co., 84 F.R.D. 626 (S.D.N.Y.1979); Stevenson v. General Electric Co., 18 Empl.Prac.Dec. (CCH) P 8777 (S.D.Ohio 1978). But cf. FTC v. TRW, Inc., 202 U.S.App.D.C. 207, 628 F.2d 207, 210 (1980) (no privilege where information is sought by government agency);4 Ylla v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 18 Empl.Prac.Dec. (CCH) P 8937 (N.D.Cal.1977) (affirmative action proposals); Lloyd v. Cessna Aircraft Co., 74 F.R.D. 518, 522 (E.D.Tenn.1977) (privilege described as not generally recognized).

Alternatively, Burlington Northern argues that Judge Lord abused his discretion in ruling on the motion to compel. As a preliminary matter Burlington Northern argues that Coyne is a managing agent of Burlington Northern and thus a party deponent. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 30(b)(6), 32(a)(2), 37(d). Burlington Northern admits that the consolidated plaintiffs could have filed the motion to compel a party deponent under Fed.R.Civ.P. 37(a)(1) in either the transferee court, the forum where the consolidated pretrial proceedings are pending, or in Minnesota, the forum where the deposition was being taken. Burlington Northern argues, however, that Judge Lord should have remitted the consolidated plaintiffs to the transferee court as the "more appropriate forum," Fed.R.Civ.P. 37(a)(1) advisory committee note (1970 amend.), in the context of multidistrict litigation. Even assuming that Coyne is a nonparty deponent, Burlington Northern argues that, in light of the policy objectives of multidistrict litigation,5 Judge Lord should have either declined to rule on the motion to compel until the transferee court ruled on the consolidated plaintiffs' pending motion for the production of documents, or transferred the motion to compel to the transferee court,6 or directed the consolidated plaintiffs as the moving parties to seek disposition of the motion to compel by the transferee court sitting as a specially designated district judge of the District of Minnesota for the purpose of supervising the deposition pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1407(b).7

Although Burlington Northern's arguments with respect to the handling of nonparty depositions in multidistrict litigation are not without some merit, we conclude that the present case does not involve the requisite "extraordinary situation" and deny the petition for writ of mandamus. See Allied Chemical Corp. v. Daiflon, Inc., 449 U.S. 33, 101 S. Ct. 188, 66 L. Ed. 2d 193 (1980) (per curiam) (new trial order); Kerr v. United States District Court, 426 U.S. 394, 96 S. Ct. 2119, 48 L. Ed. 2d 725 (1976) (discovery); In re Alleghany Corp., 634 F.2d 1148 (8th Cir. 1980) (class certification); Iowa Beef Processors, Inc. v. Bagley, 601 F.2d at 953-54 (modification of protective order). As explained by the Supreme Court in Allied Chemical Corp. v. Daiflon, Inc.,

the writ of mandamus "has traditionally been used in the federal courts only 'to confine an inferior court to a lawful exercise of its prescribed jurisdiction or to compel it to exercise its authority when it is its duty to do so.' " Only exceptional circumstances, amounting to a judicial usurpation of power, will justify the invocation of this extraordinary remedy.

The reasons for this court's chary authorization of mandamus as an extraordinary remedy have often been explained. Its use has the unfortunate consequence of making a district court judge a litigant, and it indisputably contributes to piecemeal appellate litigation. It has been Congress' determination since the Judiciary Act of 1789 that as a general rule appellate review should be postponed until after final judgment has been rendered by the trial court. A judicial readiness to issue the writ of mandamus in anything less than an extraordinary situation would "run the real risk of defeating the very policies sought to be furthered by that judgment of Congress." In order to insure that the writ will issue only in extraordinary circumstances, this Court has required that a party seeking issuance have no other adequate means to attain the relief he desires and that he satisfy the "burden of showing that (his) right to issuance of the writ is 'clear and indisputable.' "

449 U.S. at 35, 101 S. Ct. at 190 (citations omitted). "And 'it is important to remember that issuance of the writ is in large part a matter of discretion with the court to which the petition is addressed.' " In re Alleghany Corp., 634 F.2d at 1150, citing Kerr v. United States District Court, 426 U.S. at 403, 96 S.Ct. at 2124.

"(A) number of courts, including this one, have found mandamus to be an appropriate vehicle to review orders compelling the production of documents or testimony claimed to be privileged or covered by other more general interests in secrecy." Iowa Beef Processors, Inc. v. Bagley, 601 F.2d at 953-54. However, we think the present case lacks the "unique circumstances ... which (, in Bagley, gave) rise to serious policy considerations which we deem(ed) sufficiently compelling to require immediate appellate attention." Id. at 954 (documents sought were subject of protective orders issued in related civil antitrust multidistrict litigation, congressional subpoenas, and were themselves the subject matter of the underlying litigation). Here, the information sought is not alleged to be protected by the attorney-client privilege and is arguably relevant to the central issue in the employment practices litigation (whether Burlington Northern intentionally discriminated against minorities), but the information itself does not constitute the subject matter of the underlying litigation and is not subject to necessarily inconsistent and irreconcilable demands (protective orders and congressional subpoenas). Further, we think that there are adequate alternative means to obtain appellate review of this ancillary discovery order:8 certification as an interlocutory appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b) or appeal of contempt citations.9

We have examined the possibility of appellate jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and 1292. There is no certification order under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b) in the record. The order directing Coyne to answer the deposition questions does not grant or deny injunctive relief under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a). Nor is the order "a 'final decision' as that term is used in 28 U.S.C. § 1291, because the order is not 'one which leaves nothing for the court to do but execute the judgment.' " Iowa Beef Processors, Inc. v. Bagley, 601 F.2d at 952, citing Catlin v. United States, 324 U.S. 229, 233, 65 S. Ct. 631, 633, 89 L. Ed. 911 (1945). Nor does this order granting disclosure fall within the collateral order exception, e.g., Miller v. Reighter, 581 F.2d 1181 (8th Cir. 1978), or, apparently, the exception for third-party custodians, e.g., In re Berkley & Co., 629 F.2d 548, 551 (8th Cir. 1980). At this point Coyne has not refused to answer and therefore has not been found in contempt, see, e.g., In re Corrugated Container Antitrust Litigation (Appeal of Culy), 662 F.2d 875 (D.C.Cir.1981) (appeal of contempt citation against nonparty deponent who claimed privilege), nor has Burlington Northern asserted that Coyne cannot be expected to risk contempt to secure appellate review of the claim of privilege, see, e.g., In re Berkley & Co., 629 F.2d at 551, citing United States v. Ryan, 402 U.S. 530, 532, 91 S. Ct. 1580, 1581, 29 L. Ed. 2d 85 (1971), and Perlman v. United States, 247 U.S. 7, 38 S. Ct. 417, 62 L. Ed. 950 (1918). See generally 15 C. Wright, A. Miller & E. Cooper, Federal Practice and Procedure § 3914 (1976).

Accordingly, the petition for writ of mandamus is denied.