United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 16-1402
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            Rita Lamoureux, as trustee of the Rita Lamoureux Trust

                        lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee

                                           v.

      MPSC, Inc., also known as Meat Processing Service Corporation, Inc.

           lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant Third Party Plaintiff - Appellant

                                           v.

                           Rita Lamoureux, individually

                lllllllllllllllllllllThird Party Defendant - Appellee
                                      ____________

                    Appeal from United States District Court
                   for the District of Minnesota - Minneapolis
                                  ____________

                          Submitted: November 17, 2016
                             Filed: February 27, 2017
                                  ____________

Before BENTON and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges, and EBINGER,1 District Judge.
                         ____________



      1
       The Honorable Rebecca Goodgame Ebinger, United States District Judge for
the Southern District of Iowa, sitting by designation.
SHEPHERD, Circuit Judge.

       MPSC, Inc. was a start-up company with an innovative idea—the patented
“Rinse & Chill service”—but no capital. An angel investor, John Lamoureux,
provided the necessary capital in exchange for a royalty fee every time the company
used its patented service. The contract specified three events that would terminate
the agreement but did not specify a termination date. MPSC now asks the courts to
supply an at-will termination term. The district court2 declined to do so. We affirm.

                                  I. Background

       MPSC is a Minnesota corporation in the meat-processing business with its
principal place of business in Wisconsin. In the 1980’s, MPSC developed a new
meat-processing technique called Rinse & Chill. The technique improved the amount
and quality of the meat removed from the animal. But the company had a problem
familiar to many start-ups: lack of capital to fund their innovation. So MPSC
solicited investors to provide the needed capital. John Lamoureux, a resident of
Florida, responded.

       The two parties entered into an Investment Agreement in 1987. The agreement
called for Lamoureux to pay MPSC the amount of $150,000. In return, he received
the “rights to $1.50 per animal processed by MPSC, up to a maximum of the first five
hundred (500) animals per day, for 260 days per year, as long as this agreement
remains in effect.” Paragraph five of the agreement discusses termination events:

      5. This agreement shall terminate upon the happening of any of the
      following events:


      2
       The Honorable John R. Tunheim, Chief Judge, United States District Court for
the District of Minnesota.

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            (a) The dissolution, bankruptcy, insolvency or receivership of
      MPSC;
            (b) The demise of the legal holder(s) of this agreement under such
      circumstances that no survivor or survivors of the holder(s) can be
      located;
            (c) Written agreement of MPSC and the legal holder(s) of this
      agreement.

The agreement makes no mention of a termination date. It also states that “MPSC
agrees there shall be no restriction to the transfer of rights granted by this agreement.”

       Some 25 years later, MPSC determined that because the agreement did not
contain a precise termination date, MPSC had the right to terminate the agreement at
will after providing reasonable notice. By this time, John Lamoureux had passed
away, survived by his wife, Rita. In the spring of 2013, MPSC’s president met with
Rita and notified her of MPSC’s determination. MPSC ceased making payments
shortly thereafter.

       Rita subsequently filed a lawsuit alleging breach of contract in the United
States District Court for the District of Minnesota. The district court had diversity
jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. MPSC counterclaimed,3 and then each party
moved for summary judgment. The district court granted summary judgment to Rita
and against MPSC. The court first looked at the agreement’s text, which expressed
no termination date or time period for the payments to continue. Rather, the district
court noted, the agreement spells out three types of events, any of which would
terminate the agreement. The court noted also that the agreement calls for payments
to continue “as long as this agreement remains in effect.” Together the termination
events and the “as long as” language created a clear duty for MPSC to continue

      3
       This counterclaim involved an indemnity agreement between MPSC and Rita
Lamoureux. The district court held against MPSC on this claim, and MPSC did not
appeal. So we do not discuss the indemnity agreement or any facts related to it.

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payments until the occurrence of any termination event, according to the district
court. The court then considered Minnesota law and found that no specified
termination date is required when the obligor’s performance is conditioned on
conduct within the obligor’s control. And since MPSC has total control over whether
it processes meat, the district court held the agreement valid as written; MPSC could
not terminate the investment agreement at will. MPSC now appeals.

                                   II. Discussion

       “Minnesota law governs this diversity action.” Friedberg v. Chubb & Son,
Inc., 

, 951 (8th Cir. 2012). We review a district court’s grant of
summary judgment de novo. Kobus v. Coll. of St. Scholastica, Inc., 

,
1035 (8th Cir. 2010). Summary judgment is appropriate when there are no genuine
issues of material fact and the moving party can demonstrate that it is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). Both parties agree there are no
genuine issues of material fact in this case. Only questions of law—Minnesota
contract law—are disputed.

      To properly interpret a written contract, we first examine the text of the
contract to identify the parties’ intent. Dykes v. Sukup Mfg. Co., 

,
582 (Minn. 2010). “Intent is ascertained, not by a process of dissection in which
words or phrases are isolated from their context, but rather from a process of
synthesis in which the words and phrases are given a meaning in accordance with the
obvious purpose of the contract . . . as a whole.” Motorsports Racing Plus, Inc. v.
Arctic Cat Sales, Inc., 

, 324 (Minn. 2003) (citation omitted).
Unambiguous contract language will be given its plain meaning. Savela v. City of
Duluth, 

, 796-97 (Minn. 2011).




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      In this case, the Investment Agreement unambiguously calls for MPSC’s
continued performance for as long as it processes meat, unless one of the termination
events occurs. This is true for three key reasons.

        First, the termination clause offers no specific end date or duration for MPSC’s
contractual obligations. Rather, it lists three termination events. This suggests the
parties intended for the express termination events to serve as the exclusive means of
contract termination. See Weber v. Sentry Ins., 

, 167 (Minn. Ct.
App. 1989) (“The well-recognized rule of ‘expressio unius est exclusio alterius’
provides that the expression of specific things in a contract implies the exclusion of
all not expressed.”). The types of events chosen to terminate the contract bolsters our
conclusion. The first termination event was a very real possibility at the time the
parties entered into the Investment Agreement. Many start-up companies fail
financially before they have a chance to provide any kind of return to investors. The
second termination event calls for the contract to end when no survivor(s) of the
agreement’s legal holder can be found. This event appears to contemplate the
benefits of the royalty payments passing from one generation to the next. The third
termination event resembles a residual, catchall method of terminating the contract
by written agreement between the parties. On the surface, this clause seems
meaningless; any contract can be terminated by later written agreement. But if the
parties intended for this list of events to serve as the exclusive means of contract
termination, then the inclusion of a residual clause makes perfect sense.

       Second, the contract as a whole evinces an intent for continued performance.
The contract specifically states that MPSC’s obligations continue “as long as this
agreement remains in effect.” At first glance, this phrase looks to be pure tautology.
But, when read together with the three termination events, it takes on real meaning.
MPSC owes the rights holder “as long as” one of the three termination events has not
occurred and MPSC still processes meat. A separate clause in the agreement
disallowing any restriction on transfer offers further evidence of intent for continued

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performance. The underlying premise of that clause is the same as that of the second
termination event—an intent for the rights to the royalty payments to pass to the
successors of the rights holder.

       Third, continued performance fits with the purpose of the contract as a whole.
See Motorsports 

. This is an investment agreement. The
purpose of this kind of contract is clear: an offer of cash from an angel investor to get
a start-up off the ground in exchange for a slice of the rewards should the start-up
succeed. See Holdahl v. Bioergonomics, Inc., No. A12-1495, 

, at
*1 n.1 (Minn. Ct. App. Feb. 4, 2013) (discussing angel investors). A variety of
financial arrangements can fulfill this purpose. A common form of investment
agreement consists of the start-up granting the angel investor an equity stake in the
company. See Darian M. Ibrahim, The (Not So) Puzzling Behavior of Angel
Investors, 61 Vand. L. Rev. 1405, 1422 (2008). Here, we see an alternative
investment agreement where the start-up retains all of its equity but instead offers a
stream of royalty payments based on the product’s use. If John Lamoureux had taken
an equity stake in the company, MPSC surely could not come back some 25 years
later, after it had achieved great success, and erase Lamoureux’s equity stake.
Likewise, we see no reason to presume that a stream of royalty payments, paid out as
part of an investment agreement, can be terminated except under the terms of that
agreement.

      For these reasons, we conclude that the express terms of the Investment
Agreement compel MPSC’s continued performance. MPSC can relieve itself of
continued performance only if some principle of Minnesota contract law overrides
the express terms of the contract.

       MPSC argues that Minnesota contract law requires us to supply an at-will
termination provision to the Investment Agreement because the agreement has no
definite duration. See Minn. Deli Provisions, Inc. v. Boar’s Head Provisions Co., 606

                                          -6-
F.3d 544, 549 (8th Cir. 2010). MPSC relies primarily on two Minnesota state cases
to support its argument. In Hayes v. Northwood Panelboard Co., a letter sent by a
plywood manufacturer to a logging company stated that the manufacturer would
purchase wood “annually” from the logging company. 

, 689 (Minn.
Ct. App. 1987). When the manufacturer stopped purchasing wood, the logging
company filed suit but lost at trial. 

the court held, “Because [the]
letter is indefinite as to its durational terms, the trial court properly ruled that any
contract based on the letter was indefinite as a matter of law and could be terminated
at will.” 

In Rosenberg v. Heritage Renovations, LLC, a real-estate broker
contracted with a developer to sell several hundred condominium units. 

, 322 (Minn. 2004). The developer terminated the agreement before all units were
sold. 

The broker sued, but the trial court held in favor of the developer.

On appeal, the Minnesota Supreme Court held, “Because there is no
definite date in the contract or even an event from which one could reasonably
determine a definite date, . . . the district court could properly conclude that the lack
of a specific termination date rendered the [contract] terminable at will.” 

Here, the Investment Agreement is terminable at will, MPSC contends, because the
agreement is an indefinite contract—it lacks either an expressed or implied definite
duration.

      But we disagree; Minnesota law makes clear that a contract is not indefinite
when a party’s performance is conditioned on conduct within that party’s control.
See Minn. 

(“Minnesota law does not, however, permit unilateral
termination at will in cases where the contract provides that it will continue ‘so long
as’ one party performs satisfactorily.”); Benson Co-op. Creamery Ass’n v. First Dist.
Ass’n, 

, 427 (Minn. 1967) (holding that if the obligor’s performance
was conditioned on the obligee remaining in the obligor’s association, then the
obligor could not terminate the contract at will); Legred v. Smeal Pork Co., No. C9-
02-619, 

, at *2 (Minn. Ct. App. Dec. 17, 2002) (holding that a
contract between a pork company and its marketer was not of indefinite duration

                                          -7-
because performance was called for “as long as” the pork company kept a particular
breed of hog in its herd). Here, MPSC must pay royalty fees “as long as” it processes
meat (or until one of the termination events occurs). The choice to process meat,
which triggers the contractual obligation to pay, rests entirely at MPSC’s discretion.
Thus, under Minnesota law, the Investment Agreement is not indefinite; no at-will
termination provision need be added by the courts.

       Even the cases cited by MPSC fail to support its contention that this particular
agreement is terminable at will. The jury in Hayes determined that no contract
actually existed between the 

. So no durational
term—definite or indefinite—actually existed in that case. Rosenberg, on the other
hand, involved an employment agreement. “Under Minnesota law, an employment
agreement with no definite expiration date is presumed to be at will.” 

. Employment contracts implicate the law’s aversion to involuntary
servitude. See 25 Williston on Contracts § 67:102 (4th ed. 2002) (discussing the
judiciary’s “repugnance” to involuntary servitude in employment contracts). So it
makes sense for Minnesota courts to demand a definite expiration date in an
employment contract. Yet a concern for involuntary servitude is not present here.
After all, this is an Investment Agreement, not an employment contract.

       MPSC’s last argument relies on a decision from the Fifth Circuit supplying an
at-will termination provision to a contract with specified termination events but no
termination date. In Trient Partners I Ltd. v. Blockbuster Entertainment Corp., a
limited partnership (Trient) entered into a licensing agreement with Blockbuster to
own and operate a number of Blockbuster stores in a given geographic area. 

, 706 (5th Cir. 1996). The License Agreement stated that it would “continue
indefinitely . . . until terminated in accordance with the provisions hereof.” 

The referenced provision contained four terminations events:




                                           -8-
      (1) defaults by either party that are not or cannot be cured within a
      specified number of days; (2) the death or incapacity of a natural person
      who is one of Trient’s partners, if Blockbuster does not consent to the
      transfer of the deceased partner’s interest; (3) the transfer or change of
      control of Trient’s partnership without Blockbuster’s prior approval; and
      (4) the insolvency of either party.

agreement, the Fifth Circuit found that the termination events did
“not limit the duration of the License Agreement or make its duration determinable
in any real or concrete way.” 

was therefore terminable at will. 

MPSC, the Fifth Circuit’s decision examines a factually
distinguishable contract with inapplicable legal analysis. The agreement in Trient
states that it will “continue indefinitely,” whereas the Investment Agreement here
makes no such statement. Turning to the legal analysis, the Trient court analyzed a
contract under Texas—not Minnesota—state law. 

And precedent from
our own circuit stands opposed to Trient’s principal holding. In Southern Wine &
Spirits of Nevada v. Mountain Valley Spring Co., we held a contract had a definite
duration when the contract stated that it would terminate upon the occurrence of a
termination event, without any mention of a durational term. 

, 532 (8th
Cir. 2011) (applying Nevada law).

                                  III. Conclusion

      The clear intent of the Investment Agreement is for MPSC’s continued
performance as long as it processes meat and none of the three termination events
occur. We see no principle of Minnesota state law or general contract law that
overrides the agreement’s intent. Thus we affirm the district court.
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