United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 16-1924
                         ___________________________

                          Francisco Emanuel Lemus-Arita

                              lllllllllllllllllllllPetitioner

                                            v.

          Jefferson B. Sessions, III, Attorney General of the United States1

                             lllllllllllllllllllllRespondent
                                     ____________

                       Petition for Review of an Order of the
                           Board of Immigration Appeals
                                   ____________

                            Submitted: January 13, 2017
                               Filed: April 17, 2017
                                  ____________

Before COLLOTON, GRUENDER, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
                        ____________

GRUENDER, Circuit Judge.

     Francisco Lemus-Arita petitions for review of the Board of Immigration
Appeals’s (“BIA”) decision affirming the immigration judge’s (“IJ”) denial of Lemus-

      1
       Jefferson B. Sessions, III has been appointed to serve as Attorney General of
the United States and is automatically substituted as respondent pursuant to Federal
Rule of Appellate Procedure 43(c)(2).
Arita’s requests for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention
Against Torture (“CAT”).2 For the following reasons, we deny the petition.

                                    I. Background

       Lemus-Arita is a native and citizen of Guatemala. He initially entered the
United States illegally in 2002 but returned to Guatemala in December of 2011 in
anticipation of relocating there with his wife and son. After staying approximately
one month, he decided to return to the United States and entered illegally near
Brownsville, Texas on January 23, 2012. The Department of Homeland Security
detained him and issued a notice to appear. Lemus-Arita conceded removability and
filed an application for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the CAT.

       In a hearing before an IJ, Lemus-Arita testified that when he returned to
Guatemala, he learned that his cousin Oscar had been killed in August 2011.3 Oscar
was rumored to have been involved in a kidnapping, and his murder was purportedly
perpetrated by a vigilante group called the Anti-Secuestro (that is, “anti-kidnapping”).
Lemus-Arita testified that his uncle began a rumor that Lemus-Arita had returned
from the United States with money to avenge his cousin’s death. Soon thereafter,
family members relayed rumors to Lemus-Arita that the Anti-Secuestro group was
looking for him and wanted to kill him. Lemus-Arita immediately abandoned his
plans to establish a home in Guatemala and returned to the United States. Lemus-
Arita conceded that these threats were never conveyed to him personally, that he
never saw anyone from the Anti-Secuestro group, and that he was never harmed.


      2
        Lemus-Arita does not meaningfully argue on appeal that he meets the standard
for relief under the CAT. Therefore, we deem the CAT claim waived. See Chay-
Velasquez v. Ashcroft, 

, 756 (8th Cir. 2004) (holding that petitioner
waives a claim that is not meaningfully argued in the opening brief).
      3
          Lemus-Arita’s sister testified that Oscar was killed in August 2010.

                                           -2-
Lemus-Arita did not report the threats to the police or the Guatemalan government
because of rumors that police officers were members of the Anti-Secuestro group.
Lemus-Arita’s father made a police report, but no investigation resulted.

       Lemus-Arita’s sister, Evelyn, testified that, after Lemus-Arita left Guatemala,
she saw trucks in her village painted with the “mano dura” symbol, which identified
a Guatemalan political party and which she associated with the people who
purportedly killed Oscar (although she did not identify those individuals as members
of the Anti-Secuestro group). Evelyn also testified that armed men in black clothing
and ski masks who refused to identify themselves came to her house and told her that
they were looking for Lemus-Arita and were going to kill him. She testified that they
threatened her with harm if she did not reveal her brother’s location, and they later
watched the house and followed her for several days. Lemus-Arita also testified that
Evelyn called him and told him that someone shot at her house. However, she was
never harmed, and she did not report these incidents to the police. Evelyn testified
that the family never confirmed why Oscar was killed and that she was unaware of
whether Oscar had been accused of kidnapping.

       The IJ found Lemus-Arita’s testimony credible, but he found Evelyn’s
testimony only partially credible because her statements were inconsistent and she
had an asylum application of her own pending at the time. The IJ then found that
Lemus-Arita did not qualify for asylum because he had not established that he had
suffered past persecution or that he had a well-founded fear of future persecution. As
a result, the IJ found that Lemus-Arita also had not carried his burden of establishing
that he qualified for withholding of removal or relief under the CAT. In the
alternative, the IJ found that Lemus-Arita had not demonstrated that any persecution
would be at the hands of the Guatemalan government or a third party the government
is unwilling or unable to control. The BIA affirmed the IJ’s decision.




                                         -3-
      Lemus-Arita petitions for review. The BIA’s decision was the final agency
decision, see 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(47)(B)(i), and we have jurisdiction to consider the
appeal under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(5).

                                    II. Discussion

       “We review the BIA’s decision, as it is the final agency action, but to the extent
that the BIA adopted the findings or reasoning of the IJ, we also review the IJ’s
decision as part of the final agency action.” Gutierrez-Vidal v. Holder, 

,
731-32 (8th Cir. 2013) (quotation omitted). We review legal determinations de novo,
Agha v. Holder, 

, 614 (8th Cir. 2014), and accept the agency’s factual
findings “unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the
contrary,” Fofana v. Holder, 

, 557 (8th Cir. 2013). Further, we review
“decisions on asylum, withholding of removal, and CAT protection under the
substantial evidence standard, upholding the decision if it is supported by reasonable,
substantial, and probative evidence based on the record as a whole.” 

       Lemus-Arita initially contends that the BIA applied the wrong standard of
review to the IJ’s finding that Lemus-Arita had not demonstrated an objectively
reasonable fear of future persecution and that this issue alone requires remand. The
BIA reviews factual findings for clear error and all other matters de novo. 8 C.F.R.
§ 1003.1(d)(3)(i), (ii). “[W]hether an asylum applicant has established an objectively
reasonable fear of [future] persecution . . . is a legal determination that remains
subject to de novo review.” Matter of Z-Z-O, Respondent, 26 I. & N. Dec. 586, 590-
91 (BIA 2015). Lemus-Arita argues that the BIA reviewed this finding for clear
error, but he relies on a strained interpretation of the BIA’s decision. The BIA
explained that it “review[ed] the Immigration Judge’s factual findings for clear error
and all other issues de novo.” After summarizing the IJ’s findings, including those
with respect to the objective reasonableness of Lemus-Arita’s fear of future

                                          -4-
persecution, the BIA concluded “[w]e see no clear error of fact or mistake of law in
the Immigration Judge’s assessment.” Lemus-Arita contends that the BIA’s wording
leaves “no question” that the BIA reviewed for clear error the IJ’s finding that Lemus-
Arita’s fear of future persecution was objectively unreasonable. We disagree. The
phrase “clear error” modifies “fact,” not “mistake of law.” Lemus-Arita provides no
reason to believe that the BIA failed to use de novo review to determine whether
Lemus-Arita had an objectively reasonable fear of future persecution. Accordingly,
we find no reason to conclude that the BIA applied the wrong standard of review.

      Next, Lemus-Arita challenges the merits of the BIA’s decision. The Attorney
General may grant asylum “to any alien who demonstrates that he is a ‘refugee’
within the meaning of the Immigration and Nationality Act.” 

(quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(A)). The Act defines a “refugee” as “an alien ‘who
is unable or unwilling to return to . . . [his] country [of nationality] because of
persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion,
nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.’” 

original) (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A)). The burden is on the
applicant to establish refugee status. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i).

       First, substantial evidence supports the BIA’s conclusion that Lemus-Arita
failed to demonstrate past persecution. Persecution is “an extreme concept that
involves the infliction or threat of death, torture, or injury to one’s person or freedom,
on account of a protected characteristic,” and though a single death threat may
constitute persecution, a threat that is “exaggerated, nonspecific, or lacking in
immediacy may be insufficient.” La v. Holder, 

, 570-71 (8th Cir. 2012)
(citations omitted). “Past persecution does not normally include unfulfilled threats
of physical injury . . . .” Setiadi v. Gonzales, 

, 713 (8th Cir. 2006).
Rather, “[t]hreats alone constitute persecution in only a small category of cases, and
only when the threats are so menacing as to cause significant actual suffering or
harm.” 

(quotation omitted).

                                           -5-
       Lemus-Arita was never harmed and never threatened directly, receiving only
secondhand warnings. Indeed, Lemus-Arita could not point to anything more than
rumors to substantiate the identity of the group threatening him. Lemus-Arita
emphasizes the threats against his sister, but these threats did not result in physical
harm to her, and she did not immediately flee Guatemala like her brother. Cf. Flores
v. Holder, 

, 1000-01, 1003 (8th Cir. 2012) (calling into question the
BIA’s determination that an applicant failed to demonstrate past persecution where
family members who refused to provide the applicant’s whereabouts were killed and
his sister was raped). We have found direct and more menacing threats insufficient
to demonstrate past persecution. See Ladyha v. Holder, 

, 577 (8th Cir.
2009) (finding a threat at knifepoint insufficient to demonstrate past persecution);

(finding a direct death threat insufficient to demonstrate
past persecution); Valiente-Cifuentes v. Holder, 438 F. App’x 532, 534 (8th Cir.
2011) (unpublished) (finding multiple written death threats insufficient to
demonstrate past persecution where applicant was never physically harmed or
confronted by the threatening party). Thus, substantial evidence supports the BIA’s
conclusion that these threats are not of the rare kind “so menacing as to cause
significant actual suffering or harm.” 

(quotation omitted).

      Second, substantial evidence supports the conclusion that Lemus-Arita failed
to demonstrate a well-founded fear of future persecution.4 “To be ‘well-founded,’ a
fear must be both ‘subjectively genuine and objectively reasonable.’” Zhuang v.

      4
        The Attorney General contends that the issue of whether Lemus-Arita
established an objectively reasonable fear of future persecution is not properly before
us because the BIA never addressed the merits of this claim. The Attorney General
is incorrect. The BIA’s decision primarily discussed the IJ’s findings that any
persecution would not come from the Guatemalan government or a third party the
government is unable or unwilling to control. However, the BIA also incorporated
the IJ’s reasoning with respect to the objective reasonableness of Lemus-Arita’s fear
of future persecution to support its decision. Accordingly, we review both the BIA’s
and IJ’s decisions on this issue. See 

.

                                         -6-
Gonzales, 

, 890 (8th Cir. 2006) (quoting Feleke v. INS, 

,
598 (8th Cir. 1997)). The IJ found, and the parties do not contest, that Lemus-Arita
demonstrated a subjectively genuine fear of persecution. Thus, we need only address
whether Lemus-Arita’s subjective fear is objectively reasonable. To demonstrate that
a subjective fear is objectively reasonable, an applicant must “demonstrate through
credible, direct, and specific evidence that a reasonable person in his position would
fear persecution.” 

. “For an alien’s fear of persecution to be
objectively reasonable, the fear must have basis in reality and must be neither
irrational nor so speculative or general as to lack credibility.” Perinpanathan v. INS,

, 598 (8th Cir. 2002).

       The IJ and BIA concluded that Lemus-Arita failed to demonstrate that his
subjective fear is objectively reasonable. The IJ found that Lemus-Arita was never
harmed or personally threatened and never observed anyone he thought would
attempt to threaten or harm him. The threats his sister related amounted to little more
than rumors that did not identify the source of the threats. Moreover, at the time of
the IJ’s decision, almost three years had elapsed since the threats occurred, and more
than five years have elapsed at present. As the IJ reasoned, the fear that the group
would seek Lemus-Arita out after so long a time is speculative and objectively
unreasonable. To challenge the IJ’s reasoning, Lemus-Arita points to his sister’s
testimony, describing it as “unrebutted, credible testimony.” However, the IJ found
her testimony only partially credible, and we are “not at liberty to reweigh the
evidence.” Eta-Ndu v. Gonzales, 

, 982 (8th Cir. 2005) (quoting Hasalla
v. Ashcroft, 

, 803 (8th Cir. 2004)). Indeed, “[w]e afford credibility
findings from the IJ ‘much weight because the IJ sees the witness testify and is
therefore in the best position to determine his or her credibility.’” Chakhov v. Lynch,

, 846 (8th Cir. 2016) (quoting Fofanah v. Gonzales, 

,
1040 (8th Cir. 2006)). Lemus-Arita has pointed to no evidence that contradicts the
IJ’s credibility finding, and we accordingly decline to disturb it. As a result, Lemus-
Arita has not demonstrated that the record compels the finding that his subjective fear

                                         -7-
of persecution is objectively reasonable. Therefore, substantial evidence supports the
IJ and BIA’s determination that Lemus-Arita failed to establish eligibility for asylum.

       Consequently, Lemus-Arita also fails to establish eligibility for withholding of
removal. “Eligibility for withholding of removal requires proof of a clear probability
that the alien’s life would be threatened . . . , which is a more demanding standard
than the well-founded fear of persecution standard for asylum.” Osonowo v.
Mukasey, 

, 926 (8th Cir. 2008). Thus, as Lemus-Arita has not met the
standard for asylum, he cannot meet the standard for withholding of removal. 

      For the foregoing reasons, we deny the petition.
                      ______________________________




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