United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 16-4127
                        ___________________________

                                    Thomas Boaz

                       lllllllllllllllllllllPetitioner - Appellant

                                           v.

                             United States of America

                       lllllllllllllllllllllRespondent - Appellee
                                       ____________

                     Appeals from United States District Court
                 for the Western District of Missouri - Springfield
                                  ____________

                            Submitted: January 12, 2018
                              Filed: March 13, 2018
                                  ____________

Before LOKEN, GRUENDER, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
                          ____________

GRUENDER, Circuit Judge.

       Thomas Boaz appeals the denial of his 28 U.S.C. § 2255 petition. In 2009, a
district court sentenced Boaz to 190 months’ imprisonment and five years’ supervised
release after concluding that he qualified as an armed career criminal under the
Armed Career Criminal Act (“ACCA”). See 18 U.S.C. § 924(e). In 2016, Boaz filed
this § 2255 petition arguing that because Johnson v. United States, 

,
2563 (2015), invalidated the residual clause of the ACCA, he no longer qualified as
an armed career criminal and should be resentenced. The Government responded that
Boaz still qualified as an armed career criminal after Johnson, and that even if he did
not, his sentence remained valid because the district court had authority to sentence
him to 190 months’ imprisonment without the ACCA enhancement.1 The district
court2 adopted the Government’s position on both issues.

      We affirm. Because Boaz’s 1974 Arizona conviction for exhibiting a deadly
weapon qualifies as a predicate offense under the force clause of the ACCA, Boaz
remains an armed career criminal without reliance on the now-invalidated residual
clause.

       We review de novo the question whether Boaz’s conviction qualifies as a
violent felony under the force clause of the ACCA. See United States v. Jordan, 

, 1185 (8th Cir. 2016). “Under the ACCA’s force clause, a crime is a
violent felony if it is ‘punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year’ and
‘has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against
the person of another.’” Jones v. United States, 

, 752 (8th Cir. 2017)
(quoting 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(i)). “Physical force means violent force—that is,
force capable of causing physical pain or injury to another person.” Jordan, 

       The Government relies on two cases for its latter argument. See Sun Bear v.
United States, 

, 705 (8th Cir. 2011) (en banc) (holding that an alleged
sentencing guidelines error did not present a cognizable § 2255 claim where the
sentence did not exceed the statutory maximum); Olten v. United States, 565 F. App’x
558, 561 (8th Cir. 2014) (per curiam) (applying Sun Bear in the ACCA context).
Boaz had been convicted of two counts of being a felon in possession of a firearm,
and each count carries a statutory maximum of 120 months’ imprisonment without
the ACCA enhancement. See 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1), 924(a)(2).
      2
        The Honorable Dean Whipple, United States District Judge for the Western
District of Missouri.

                                         -2-
at 1186 (internal quotation marks and emphasis omitted). In analyzing whether the
Arizona conviction satisfies the force clause, we apply “a categorical approach that
looks to the fact of conviction and the statutory elements of the prior offense.” See
Headbird v. United States, 

, 1095 (8th Cir. 2016). Under this
approach, we do not examine the particular facts underlying the conviction but
instead ask whether the conviction, based on the elements of the offense,
“necessarily” involved the “use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force
against the person of another.” 

; 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(i).

       Boaz was convicted of exhibiting a deadly weapon in violation of Arizona law.
The now-repealed Arizona statute provided that a “person who, not in necessary
self-defense, in the presence of another, draws or exhibits any deadly weapon in a
threatening manner, or who, in any manner, unlawfully uses the weapon in a fight or
quarrel, is guilty of a crime[.]” See United States v. Boaz, 

, 808 (8th Cir.
2009) (quoting Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 13-916 (1974) (repealed)). Boaz does not
dispute that the crime is “punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year.”
See 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B).

        On the question whether this offense “has as an element the use, attempted use,
or threatened use of physical force against the person of another,” 

924(e)(2)(B)(i), our prior interpretation of a similar Missouri offense concerning
unlawful use of a weapon guides our analysis. A person violates the Missouri statute
when he knowingly “[e]xhibits, in the presence of one or more persons, any weapon
readily capable of lethal use in an angry or threatening manner.” Mo. Rev. Stat.
§ 571.030.1(4). In United States v. Pulliam, 

(8th Cir. 2009), we held
that it “goes without saying that displaying an operational weapon before another in
an angry or threatening manner qualifies as threatened use of physical force against
another person.” 

We thus concluded that the Missouri offense satisfied




                                          -3-
the force clause of the ACCA—a holding we recently reaffirmed in United States v.
Hudson, 

, 808 (8th Cir. 2017).3

       The Missouri statute is materially indistinguishable from the Arizona statute.
Missouri requires a “lethal” weapon; Arizona requires a “deadly” weapon. Missouri
requires a “threatening” or “angry” exhibition of the weapon; Arizona requires a
“threatening” exhibition of the weapon or use of the weapon “in any manner . . . in
a fight or quarrel.” Indeed, we held in Boaz’s direct appeal that the Arizona offense
“clearly” qualified as a violent felony by comparing it to the Missouri offense. See

. Although our prior Boaz decision predates Johnson’s
invalidation of the residual clause, the decision supports the proposition that we
should treat the Missouri and Arizona statutes similarly.

       Boaz’s responses are unpersuasive. He cites a Ninth Circuit decision for the
proposition that the Arizona conviction does not satisfy the force clause. See United
States v. Long, 

(9th Cir. 1995) (unpublished). But one reading of the
relevant passage is that the court was describing the defendant’s argument and not
expressing its view on the applicability of the force clause. See 

Even




      3
    Hudson was a sentencing guidelines case, but we view the force clauses in the
ACCA and guidelines interchangeably. See 

n.1.
      4
          The paragraph at issue reads:

      The appellant argues that, while assaulting with a deadly weapon is a
      violent felony, exhibiting one is not. Specifically, Long points out that
      “exhibiting does not require intent and is distinguished from assault on
      that basis.” Appellant’s Brief at 24. Under the first prong of section
      924(e)(2)(B), this predicate conviction lacks the element of “‘use,

                                          -4-
if one reads the passage as more than mere description, however, the passage is dicta.
Writing in 1995 before the Johnson decision, the Long court found that the conviction
qualified as a violent felony under the residual clause of the ACCA, so the force-
clause passage was not necessary to its holding. See id.; Boesing v. Spiess, 

, 892 n.5 (8th Cir. 2008) (noting that a “relevant passage is, at best, dicta because
it was not necessary to the court’s holding”). Moreover, even if the relevant passage
were not dicta, Long is an unpublished case from the Ninth Circuit. We are not
bound by it.

       Boaz also cites two Arizona cases. In State v. Pearce, 

(Ariz. Ct.
App. 1974), the court noted that the purpose of the Arizona statute is “to make
punishable acts which endanger or are likely to endanger other persons,” and based
on this purpose, it held that the offense does not require a specific intent to threaten.

Boaz suggests that the quoted language indicates that the statute
criminalizes any conduct “likely to endanger” others and that his conviction therefore
does not “necessarily” involve the “use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical
force against the person of another.” See id.; 

. But Boaz
misreads the case. The quoted language describes the statute’s purpose. 

. It does not indicate that the statute criminalizes any conduct “likely
to endanger” others. 

the requisite intent for the Arizona offense, a
conviction can satisfy the force clause even if it does not require a specific intent to
threaten. United States v. Harper, 

, 626 (8th Cir. 2017).

      Boaz’s second case offers no more support. He cites State v. Neal, 

(Ariz. Ct. App. 1976), to show that Arizona courts enforced the statute against


      attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of
      another.”’ Thus, according to Long, this conviction does not satisfy the
      categorical analysis approach for purposes of section 924(e).

.

                                          -5-
individuals who exhibited their weapons in non-threatening manners. But the
defendant in Neal ordered a group of individuals to disperse and then shot his gun
over their heads so that they would comply. 

Indeed, the Neal court itself
characterized the actions as “threatening.” 

see also United States v.
Schaffer, 

, 798 (8th Cir. 2016) (discussing the meaning of “threat” under
§ 924).

      We have found no other case supporting Boaz’s position and conclude that the
Arizona conviction qualifies as a violent felony under the ACCA’s force clause.
Because Boaz remains an armed career criminal, we affirm.5
                     ______________________________




      5
       We need not address the Government’s alternative argument that because
Boaz’s sentence falls below the statutory maximum for his two counts of conviction,
his sentence remains valid even without the ACCA enhancement. See supra note 1.

                                         -6-