United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 17-2229
                         ___________________________

                                      Mary Brazil

                         lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellant

                                            v.

 Arkansas Department of Human Services; John Selig, Director, Department of
Human Services; Andy Allison, Director of Division of Medical Services; Marilyn
 Strickland, Chief Operating Officer; Drenda Harkins, Assistant Director; Victor
       Sterling, Manager; Doug Nelson, Manager; Tracy Mitchell, Manager

                       lllllllllllllllllllllDefendants - Appellees
                                       ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                  for the Eastern District of Arkansas - Pine Bluff
                                   ____________

                              Submitted: April 11, 2018
                                Filed: June 12, 2018
                                   ____________

Before COLLOTON, SHEPHERD, and STRAS, Circuit Judges.
                         ____________

STRAS, Circuit Judge.

      Mary Brazil alleges that her supervisors at the Arkansas Department of Human
Services retaliated against her for filing a civil-rights lawsuit. With her retaliation
claim pending, Brazil changed jobs and is now free of the conditions that caused her
to sue. Because all that remains is a speculative possibility that Brazil will face
further retaliation, we vacate the district court’s judgment, remand the case, and
instruct the district court to dismiss her retaliation claim due to a lack of
subject-matter jurisdiction.

                                            I.

        Mary Brazil has spent over three decades working for the Arkansas Department
of Human Services, initially as a typist and more recently as an administrative
assistant. Brazil’s work environment began to deteriorate in 2010 when a
disagreement with her supervisor eventually led her to seek a transfer to another
division. When she did not receive a transfer, she sued the Department and several
of its officials for allegedly violating her civil rights, but none of her claims survived
summary judgment.1

        Brazil’s work environment did not improve. Brazil believes that she received
lower performance evaluations in retaliation for the lawsuit.                Brazil’s
supervisors—Victor Sterling, Doug Nelson, and Tracy Mitchell—also reassigned her
from performing traditional administrative-assistant tasks to working in a
document-scanning room. The new assignment required heavy lifting, long periods
of sitting, and repetitious activities. Though her official title remained the same,
Brazil regarded the assignment as a demotion because it required manual labor and
diminished her opportunities for promotion.

       Brazil filed this lawsuit alleging retaliation and racial discrimination against
the Department and her supervisors. Over a year into the litigation, Brazil changed
positions. In her current job, Brazil reports to different supervisors and performs only
administrative-assistant duties.


      1
      See Brazil v. Ark. Dep’t of Human Servs., No. 4:13-CV-468-DPM, 

, at *3 (E.D. Ark. Apr. 23, 2015).

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       For its part, the district court dismissed all of Brazil’s claims, except those
against her former supervisors. For the remaining claims, the court concluded on
summary judgment that Brazil had waived the race-discrimination claim and that the
retaliation claim failed as a matter of law. Only Brazil’s retaliation claim is currently
before us on appeal.

                                           II.

       Article III of the Constitution limits the jurisdiction of federal courts to
deciding only “Cases” or “Controversies.” U.S. Const. art. III, § 2, cl. 1. A case or
controversy must be present at the beginning of a lawsuit and must continue
throughout. “[W]hen the issues presented are no longer live or the parties lack a
cognizable interest in the outcome,” a case or controversy under Article III no longer
exists because the litigation has become moot. Already, LLC v. Nike, Inc., 

, 91 (2013). We have recognized, for example, that a party loses a cognizable
interest when “changed circumstances already provide the requested relief and
eliminate the need for court action.” McCarthy v. Ozark Sch. Dist., 

,
1035 (8th Cir. 2004).

       The circumstances have materially changed since Brazil first filed her lawsuit.
In addition to her transfer, which placed her under the direction of different
supervisors, the district court has narrowed the action. Early in the case, the court
dismissed the claims against all but Brazil’s former supervisors and separately
concluded that Brazil had waived her race-discrimination claim. Brazil did not appeal
either decision. For the lone claim remaining, one for retaliation against her former
supervisors, Brazil now seeks only injunctive relief requiring the Department to
transfer her to a suitable position under the direction of different supervisors.




                                          -3-
      She has already received what she seeks. It is undisputed that she no longer
works in the same division or for the same supervisors. To be sure, a future transfer
could land her back under the control of her former supervisors, who could then
renew their retaliatory efforts. But a speculative possibility of future harm is not
enough to preserve a live case or controversy under Article III. Ashcroft v. Mattis,

, 172 n.2 (1977) (per curiam).

        To satisfy the case-or-controversy requirement, a plaintiff seeking injunctive
relief to guard against future unlawful conduct must be under a “real and immediate
threat of injury.” City of Los Angeles v. Lyons, 

, 103 (1983); see also
Mosby v. Ligon, 

, 933 (8th Cir. 2005). A “conjectural or hypothetical”
possibility of future harm is insufficient. 

(internal quotation
marks and citation omitted). We have applied this principle to situations similar to
the one before us today.

        For instance, we have held that an action seeking an injunction to alter prison
conditions becomes moot once the plaintiff transfers to another facility. See Smith
v. Hundley, 

, 855–56 (8th Cir. 1999); Martin v. Sargent, 

,
1337 (8th Cir. 1985). It makes no difference that it is theoretically possible that the
plaintiff could return to the original facility and once again face the same conditions.
Cf. McAlpine v. Thompson, 

, 1217 (10th Cir. 1999) (holding that a
claim for injunctive relief to change prison conditions is moot once an inmate is
released even if it is theoretically possible that the inmate could violate
supervised-release conditions and be returned to the same prison). Similarly, a
plaintiff who once had his car unlawfully impounded could not seek to enjoin an
impoundment policy absent “evidence [of] a likelihood that he will be subjected [to
it] in the future.” Coleman v. Watt, 

, 259 (8th Cir. 1994). Even though
there was no doubt that the plaintiff would continue to drive and could potentially
have his car impounded again, we held that he had presented no more than “a
speculative or hypothetical claim of future injury.” 

possibility of future injury is just as speculative and hypothetical in this
case, and perhaps even more so. Brazil transferred to a different division almost two
years ago and no longer reports to any of the supervisors from whom she seeks relief.
Only a far-fetched sequence of events could lead to additional harm of the sort the
injunction seeks to prevent. The supervisors would need to resume managing her
work, decide to retaliate against her for the unsuccessful lawsuit she filed in 2013,
and follow through with additional retaliatory actions. Cf. 

(recounting the highly unlikely sequence of events that would have to occur for the
plaintiff to once again encounter the chokehold policy he challenged). Nothing in the
record suggests that these events will unfold.2 Because Brazil is under no “real and
immediate” threat of future retaliation, her claim for prospective injunctive relief is
moot. 

; see also Ali v. Cangemi, 

, 724 (8th Cir.
2005) (en banc) (“If an issue is moot in the Article III sense, we have no discretion
and must dismiss [it] for lack of jurisdiction.”).

                                          III.

      We vacate, remand, and instruct the district court to dismiss Brazil’s retaliation
claim due to a lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.
                        ______________________________




      2
        Indeed, Brazil’s counsel conceded at oral argument that “at this point, there
is no prospective injunctive relief that would be sufficient for her.” Oral Argument
Recording at 2:02–2:12, available at http://media.ca8.uscourts.gov/cgi-bin/oaByC
ase.pl?caseno=17-2229&getOA=Search.

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