United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 17-1821
                         ___________________________

                              United States of America

                         lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee

                                            v.

              Sultan Tippu Bismillah, also known as Sultan Bismillah

                        lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellant
                                        ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                   for the Southern District of Iowa - Davenport
                                  ____________

                              Submitted: April 9, 2018
                                Filed: June 25, 2018
                                   [Unpublished]
                                   ____________

Before GRUENDER, MELLOY, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
                         ____________

PER CURIAM.

       Sultan Bismillah pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy to distribute cocaine
base in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 846. In his plea agreement, Bismillah
stipulated that the conspiracy lasted from approximately December 2013 to December
2015. Prior to sentencing, the United States Probation Office prepared a presentence
investigation report (“PSR”) that detailed Bismillah’s offense conduct and his
extensive criminal history. Bismillah raised several objections to the PSR, two of
which are relevant here. First, he challenged the drug quantity attributed to him and
used in the calculation of his base offense level. Second, Bismillah objected to the
determination that he is a career offender, arguing that three of his prior convictions
were erroneously characterized as predicate offenses. According to Bismillah, his
total offense level should have been 27, his criminal history category VI, and his
advisory guidelines range 130 to 162 months. The district court1 overruled both
objections, finding that Bismillah had a total offense level of 29, a criminal history
category of VI, and an advisory guidelines range of 151 to 188 months. The court
sentenced Bismillah to 160 months’ imprisonment. Bismillah now appeals, raising
the same two arguments in addition to challenging the substantive reasonableness of
his sentence. We address each issue in turn, and we affirm.

      First, Bismillah claims that the district court improperly calculated the quantity
of cocaine base attributable to him. We review for clear error the district court’s
findings of fact regarding the drug quantity attributable to a defendant, disturbing the
court’s determination “only if the entire record definitely and firmly convinces us that
a mistake has been made.” United States v. Titlbach, 

, 923 (8th Cir.
2002). “The government bears the burden of proving drug quantity by a
preponderance of the evidence.” United States v. Whirlwind Soldier, 

,
872 (8th Cir. 2007).

       Here, the PSR’s initial drug quantity calculation relied in part on a May 2016
interview with Deborah Hadden, a cooperating individual who began purchasing
cocaine base from Bismillah “on a daily basis” in the summer of 2014. Hadden
estimated that she purchased cocaine base from Bismillah between 300 and 400 times,



      1
       The Honorable Rebecca Goodgame Ebinger, United States District Judge for
the Southern District of Iowa.

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in approximately one-gram quantities each time. The Probation Office attributed
approximately 300 grams, the low-end of Hadden’s estimate, to Bismillah.

       At sentencing, Bismillah argued that the 300-gram estimate was exaggerated,
as he had been incarcerated for 87 days during the late summer and fall of 2014,
arguably during the same period that Hadden claimed to be purchasing from him “on
a daily basis.” If the court were to reduce the estimate by 87 grams, his base offense
level would decrease. In response to this argument, the district court heard testimony
from Detective Richard Vale, who was involved in the conspiracy investigation and
who interviewed Hadden. He cited several factors supporting the reliability of
Hadden’s estimate. He previously had spoken with her several times, and, in light of
his experience and her lack of incentive to mislead investigators, he found her reliable.
Detective Vale also noted that, in his experience, drug users are often better able to
remember quantities purchased than specific dates. Perhaps most importantly, the
estimated frequency of Hadden’s purchases was supported by the fact that her phone
number appeared on Bismillah’s “hot numbers list,” which Detective Vale explained
is a report generated from a person’s telephone records showing those numbers with
which a person has the most frequent contact.

       After reviewing the PSR and listening to the testimony of Detective Vale, the
district court found that the drug quantity attributed to Bismillah in the PSR was
“accurate for purposes of sentencing” and supported by a preponderance of the
evidence. It noted that even excluding sales from the summer during which Bismillah
was incarcerated, it was reasonable to conclude that Hadden had purchased cocaine
base from him “on a daily basis” for more than a year. Considering the record as a
whole, we have no definite and firm conviction that a mistake was made; thus, the
court did not clearly err in its drug-quantity determination. See 

.




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        Bismillah next challenges his status as a career offender. See U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1.
However, any error by the district court was harmless. An error in applying the
guidelines is “harmless if the district court would have imposed the same sentence had
it not relied upon the invalid factor or factors.” See United States v. LaRoche, 

, 365 (8th Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks omitted). Here, the district
court explained that “even if the three prior convictions . . . were improperly
considered crimes of violence and drug offenses under the career offender calculation,
the Court would impose the same sentence based upon all of the factors set forth in
[18 U.S.C. §] 3553(a).” Thus, any error in the application of the career offender
guideline was harmless.

       Finally, Bismillah challenges his sentence as substantively unreasonable. He
claims that “the district court failed to accord sufficient weight to [his] drug addiction
and its relation to the instant offense and his criminal history” when it imposed the
160-month sentence. We review the substantive reasonableness of a sentence under
the deferential abuse-of-discretion standard. Gall v. United States, 

, 51
(2007). We may consider a sentence within the guidelines range, like Bismillah’s, to
be presumptively reasonable. See 

district court carefully considered the
§ 3553(a) factors, emphasizing aggravating factors in the offense conduct and
Bismillah’s criminal history. We see no basis for finding the sentence unreasonable
and thus conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion.

      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Bismillah’s within-guidelines sentence.
                      ______________________________




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