United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 17-1422
                         ___________________________

                              United States of America

                         lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee

                                            v.

                                 Gerard Leonard Roy

                       lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant
                                       ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                      for the District of Minnesota - St. Paul
                                  ____________

                           Submitted: February 16, 2018
                            Filed: September 12, 2018
                                  [Unpublished]
                                 ____________

Before SMITH, Chief Judge, MURPHY and COLLOTON, Circuit Judges.*
                             ____________

PER CURIAM.

      Gerard Roy was convicted of mail fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1341, and
transactional money laundering, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1957, and sentenced to 82


      *
      Chief Judge Smith and Judge Colloton file this opinion pursuant to 8th Cir.
Rule 47E.
months’ imprisonment. Roy now appeals, arguing that the district court1 miscalculated
the loss resulting from his crimes and erroneously applied the sophisticated means
enhancement. We affirm.

                                   I. Background
      From 2010 to 2015, Roy controlled and operated multiple construction
companies. During this time period, he submitted bids for projects being undertaken
by assorted public, quasi-public, and private entities in Minnesota. The bidding
process for some of these projects required proof of surety bonds:

      For many large construction projects, bidding construction companies
      must have bonds that guarantee completion of the project, quality of the
      work, or payment to subcontractors and vendors. In cases that a project
      was not completed, of poor quality, or the construction company left
      subcontractors unpaid, the bonds would cover any claims and protect the
      construction clients from more expenses than had been bid and budgeted.

Presentence Investigation Report (PSR) at 2, ¶ 6, United States v. Roy, Case No. 0:15-
cr-00303-MJD-SER (D. Minn. Sept. 13, 2016), ECF No. 33.

      However, “Roy’s criminal history and previous defaults on bonds prevented
him from obtaining bonds for his construction projects.” 

¶ 7. As a
workaround, Roy submitted fraudulent “bond documents—including bid bonds,
performance bonds, and payment bonds—which were purportedly issued by a surety
on behalf of [Roy] and/or his company” in support of his bids. Plea Agreement at 3,
United States v. Roy, Case No. 0:15-cr-00303-MJD-SER (D. Minn. May 25, 2016),
ECF No. 30. “In so doing, [Roy] forged the signatures of the relevant sureties,
witnesses, and public notaries.” 

Honorable Michael J. Davis, United States District Judge for the District
of Minnesota.

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       From 2010 until 2012, Roy failed to perform on four contracts obtained using
bids that included fraudulent bonds. As there were, in fact, no sureties, the parties that
had hired Roy spent, in aggregate, about $270,000 more than the amount of their
contracts with Roy’s companies to complete their projects. Their costs included
reimbursements to Roy’s unpaid subcontractors, rebidding expenses, and payments
to those hired to complete the projects.

      In 2012, Roy was convicted of two counts of felony drug possession in
Minnesota state court. He was sentenced to 21 months’ imprisonment in October
2012. Roy subsequently had Omni Construction, the company under which he was
doing business at that time, declare bankruptcy.

       Roy was released from prison in November 2013. Upon release, he returned to
the construction business, conducting business through companies called RSI
Associates and Restoration Specialists. Roy used new business names but engaged in
the same disreputable business practices as before. He once again submitted falsified
bond documents in support of his bids. This time, however, Roy’s wrongdoing was
discovered shortly after it began. He defaulted on six contracts, requiring the entities
that hired him to incur expenses not covered by the fraudulent bonds. He was
convicted of multiple forgery counts in Minnesota state court and sentenced to over
a year in state custody.2

      Roy was federally indicted in November 2015 on multiple fraud and financial
crime counts. Pursuant to a plea agreement, Roy pleaded guilty to Counts 1 (mail
fraud) and 9 (transactional money laundering) of the indictment. Following Roy’s


      2
       These convictions occurred in 2014 and 2015 and appear to have been
disposed of by a multi-party plea agreement. They took place in the district courts of
Hennepin County, Dakota County, and Scott County. Though the dates of conviction
and sentencing and terms of imprisonment are different, each sentence had a projected
release date of December 29, 2016.

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guilty plea, the probation office prepared a PSR. The PSR calculated the loss
attributable to Roy by adding the amounts above the contract price that those who had
hired Roy had spent. Using this method, the PSR determined that Roy caused a loss
of about $821,000. This resulted in a 14-level enhancement.
See U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1)(H). The PSR also included a two-level sophisticated
means enhancement. See 

       Roy objected to the loss amount. He argued that the manner of calculation
failed to properly account for the fact that his bids were substantially lower than those
of the second-place bids. He and the government filed a joint stipulation setting forth
their preferred calculation method:

      (a)    Government Loss Method: totaling the additional expenses
             incurred by the contracting entity and any unpaid expenses
             incurred by subcontractors above and beyond the bid submitted by
             the defendant’s company; or

      (b)    Defendant Loss Method: totaling the additional expenses incurred
             by the contracting entity and any unpaid expenses incurred by
             subcontractors above and beyond the bid submitted by the
             defendant’s company, but offsetting those amounts by the next
             lowest bid that the contracting entity received.

Suppl. Sentencing Stipulations at 1, United States v. Roy, Case No.
0:15-cr-00303-MJD-SER (D. Minn. Jan. 25, 2017), ECF No. 54 (bold omitted). Roy
asserted that in multiple instances, the difference between his bid and the second-place
bid was so great that even with the cost overruns that his default caused, his alleged
victims actually saved money by hiring him. Roy also objected to the sophisticated
means enhancement.
       The district court rejected Roy’s loss-amount argument, stating that “[i]f the
Defendant had properly obtained the bonds, such bonds would have covered the losses
he caused, and his victims would have received performance of the contract at the

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price promised by Defendant. Thus, the second lowest bid is irrelevant to the
Defendant’s crime.” Statement of Reasons at 6, United States v. Roy, Case No. 0:15-
cr-303-MJD-SER (D. Minn. Feb. 8, 2017), ECF No. 63. It therefore adopted the
government’s loss method.

      The court also imposed the sophisticated means enhancement

      because [Roy], in addition to falsifying bonds, used a rotating front of
      corporate entities to carry out his scheme to fraudulently obtain
      construction projects. He also used a myriad of false documents when
      submitting the fraudulent bonds, used a fraudulent notary stamp and
      forged the signatures of the sureties, witnesses and public notaries who
      had purportedly guaranteed the bonds. Defendant also used these means
      on several occasions.

(citations omitted).

      These findings resulted in a total offense level of 21; coupled with Roy’s
criminal history score of VI, his Guidelines range was 77 to 96 months’ imprisonment.
Sentencing took place shortly after Roy’s 14 months in state custody. After taking into
account time served, the court imposed a sentence of 82 months’ imprisonment.3




      3
        The court also ordered Roy to pay restitution. However, Roy filed for
bankruptcy before sentencing, and the district court decided to wait until it had more
information about Roy’s finances before entering a final restitution order. See, e.g.,
Joint Mot. for Extension of Time to Set Restitution, United States v. Roy, Case No.
0:15-cr-00303-MJD-SER (D. Minn. Oct. 30, 2017), ECF No. 78. The amount of
restitution was still not set at the time this case was submitted to this court.

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                                  II. Discussion
       On appeal, Roy makes two sentencing challenges. He asserts that the district
court selected the wrong method of loss calculation and that the facts of his case did
not warrant the sophisticated means enhancement. We reject both arguments.

                                 A. Loss Calculation
       “We review the district court’s loss calculation under U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1)
for clear error, affording appropriate deference to the district court’s determination
based on its unique position to assess the evidence and estimate the loss.” United
States v. Jenkins, 

, 749 (8th Cir. 2009) (citation omitted). Further, “[a]
district court’s determination of loss need not be precise, although it must reflect a
reasonable estimate of the loss.” 

       In a fraud case, the offense level is determined in part by the amount of loss for
which the defendant is responsible. U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1. “‘Actual loss’ means the
reasonably foreseeable pecuniary harm that resulted from the offense.” 

cmt. (n.3(A)(i)). The relevant note on “Credits Against Loss” states that “[l]oss shall
be reduced by . . . [t]he money returned, and the fair market value of the property
returned and the services rendered, by the defendant.” 

cmt. (n.3(E)(i)).
Further, “The court need only make a reasonable estimate of the loss. The sentencing
judge is in a unique position to assess the evidence and estimate the loss based upon
that evidence. For this reason, the court’s loss determination is entitled to appropriate
deference.” 

cmt. (n.3(C)) (citations omitted).

      The district court’s use of the expenses above the amount of Roy’s bid as the
measure of loss was a determination that Roy’s winning bids represented the “fair
market value of . . . the services rendered . . . by” him. 

cmt. (n.3(E)(i)).
We find no error in this conclusion. Fair market value is “[t]he price that a seller is
willing to accept and a buyer is willing to pay on the open market and in an
arm’s-length transaction; the point at which supply and demand intersect.” Value,

                                          -6-
Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014). We are satisfied that the accepted bids meet
this definition. Therefore, we see no clear error in the court’s determination that the
amount of the accepted bids represented the fair market value of the services rendered.
Roy’s arguments to the contrary are unconvincing.

       Roy contends that a decision from one of our sister circuits compels a different
result. See United States v. Spano, 

(7th Cir. 2005). It does not. We are
not bound by Spano, and it is unpersuasive on these facts. Spano concerned a
conspiracy in which numerous defendants, several of whom occupied positions in the
government of the town of Cicero, Illinois, defrauded the municipality by creating
SRC, a claims-processing company, to handle its employees’ health insurance claims.

The sentencing court calculated the loss by subtracting $22 million, the
amount of actual, legitimate claims SRC paid out, as well as the costs associated with
processing those claims, from the $33.8 million Cicero paid the company. 

Though the Seventh Circuit remanded due to a mathematical error, it held
this approach a sound one, stating:

      Had the Town hired a legitimate claims processor, the price charged the
      Town by the processor would have reflected his costs. The loss to the
      Town on the legitimate claims was the difference between what it paid
      SRC to process them and what it would have paid a legitimate processor
      to process them. A defendant is entitled “to deduct from the loss
      calculation any value the defendant gave the victim at the time of the
      fraud.” United States v. Janusz, 

, 1324 (10th Cir. 1998).

Roy states that applying his suggested approach to his case is the only way
to account for the value he provided the victims and prevent them from receiving a
windfall.4

      4
        As noted above, the district court had not set a restitution amount when this
case was submitted to this court. Though Roy’s briefing does not expressly discuss
restitution, we presume that because, in a vacuum, Roy’s offense level has no effect

                                         -7-
      We disagree. Roy has not shown the district court’s chosen method produced
a windfall or otherwise failed to account for the value of his services. In this instance,
what the parties bargained for provided a reasonable basis for determining the loss
Roy’s crimes caused his victims. We see no clear error in the district court’s loss
determination.

                              B. Sophisticated Means
      Roy argues that the district court erroneously applied the two-level
enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(10)(C). Roy asserts that his conduct was no
more sophisticated than the average fraud scheme. We disagree.

      Although there is no mechanical test to determine whether a scheme is
      sufficiently sophisticated to qualify for the enhancement, we have in the
      past looked at the following factors: (1) the overall length of the scheme;
      (2) the use of forged or false documents; and (3) the use of Ponzi-type
      payments. Overall, the sophistication of the offense conduct is associated
      with the means of repetition, the coordination required to carry out the
      repeated conduct, and the number of repetitions or length of time over
      which the scheme took place.

United States v. Meadows, 

, 917–18 (8th Cir. 2017) (cleaned up).



        Over a five-year period, Roy submitted fraudulent documents in support of at
least ten bids for projects in several locations across the State of Minnesota. Further,
he did business under multiple company names. The district court did not clearly err
in imposing the sophisticated means enhancement. See 

on his victims’ bottom lines, the “windfall” argument presented with regard to loss
amount is intended to apply to the district court’s eventual consideration of the related
issue of restitution.

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                            III. Conclusion
Finding no error, we affirm.
                ______________________________




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