United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 17-3768
                         ___________________________

       Meierhenry Sargent LLP, a South Dakota limited liability partnership

                                       Plaintiff - Appellee

                                          v.

                         Bradley Williams; Kerry Williams

                                     Defendants - Appellants

                                   ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                   for the District of South Dakota - Sioux Falls
                                    ____________

                          Submitted: November 13, 2018
                             Filed: February 6, 2019
                                 ____________

Before COLLOTON, SHEPHERD, and STRAS, Circuit Judges.
                         ____________

STRAS, Circuit Judge.

      This appeal presents a pair of issues arising out of a fee dispute between a law
firm, Meierhenry Sargent LLP, and two dissatisfied clients, Bradley and Kerry
Williams. After removing the firm’s lawsuit seeking to recover its unpaid fees to
federal court, the Williamses stayed the action to allow the unpaid-fees claim to
proceed in arbitration.
       Once in arbitration, the Williamses raised numerous counterclaims and
defenses. The firm asked the district court for “relief from [the] stay” and a
“declar[ation] [addressing] the scope of the arbitration proceedings.” In effect, what
the firm sought was a ruling that the Williamses had to pursue most of their
counterclaims in court, not in arbitration.

       The district court largely agreed with the firm’s request and issued an order
dividing the counterclaims into two categories: those the Williamses could raise in
arbitration and those they could not. The Williamses ask us to reverse the part of
the order denying them the ability to arbitrate some of their counterclaims. We
vacate one threshold finding that should have been left for the arbitrators to decide
but otherwise affirm.

                                           I.

       The first question is whether we can hear this appeal at all. The district court
has not yet entered a final judgment, see 28 U.S.C. § 1291, so the Williamses urge
us to conclude that this is an appeal from “an interlocutory order granting . . . an
injunction against an arbitration,” which we have jurisdiction to review under 9
U.S.C. § 16(a)(2). The trouble is that the district court did not say it was granting
an injunction, nor does its order purport to enjoin the Williamses from arbitrating
their claims. Rather, the order simply declares that certain counterclaims “are not
before the [a]rbitration panel,” while others “remain in arbitration.”

       Our jurisdiction rests on the substance of the order, however, not simply what
the district court chose to call it. In Conners v. Gusano’s Chicago Style Pizzeria, for
example, we accepted an interlocutory appeal from an order that “prevent[ed] [a
party] from using its agreement with [other parties] to relocate a dispute to an arbitral
forum.” 

, 839 (8th Cir. 2015). We looked past the “label” affixed to
the order and emphasized its “injunctive effect,” which was to deny an “arbitral

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forum” with “finality.” 

v. Nutri/Sys., Inc., 

, 342
(8th Cir. 1990)); see also Gulfstream Aerospace Corp. v. Mayacamas Corp., 

, 287–88 (1988) (explaining that appellate jurisdiction extends to “orders
that have the practical effect of granting or denying injunctions and have serious,
perhaps irreparable, consequence” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).

       To be sure, Conners relied on a general statutory grant of jurisdiction over
interlocutory orders “granting . . . injunctions,” rather than the arbitration-specific
provision we rely on 

(citing 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1)); cf.
McLaughlin Gormley King Co. v. Terminix Int’l Co., 

, 1193 (8th Cir.
1997) (explaining that “appealability [in the arbitration context] is governed by the
specific appeal provisions” in 9 U.S.C. § 16). But other than the fact that the
arbitration-specific provision is narrower, the operational language in both statutes
is the same: they allow appeals from interlocutory orders “granting” an injunction.
So labels are no more decisive under one than the other.

       We add that we are unsure what else the district court’s order could be, if not
an injunction against arbitration. The firm asked the court to declare the scope of
the arbitration, but federal courts do not have that sort of general supervisory
authority over ongoing arbitration proceedings. Cf. 9 U.S.C. § 16 (listing various
orders a district court might issue in connection with an arbitration). To the contrary,
the most natural way the district court could have granted the relief the firm sought
was by enjoining the Williamses from arbitrating some of their counterclaims.
Accordingly, we have appellate jurisdiction under 9 U.S.C. § 16(a)(2).

                                          II.

       We now turn to the question of whether the counterclaims enjoined by the
district court were arbitrable. When arbitrability depends on the interpretation of a
contract, as it does here, our review is de novo. See Lyster v. Ryan’s Family Steak


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Houses, Inc., 

, 945 (8th Cir. 2001). We review any underlying factual
findings, however, for clear error. See 

dispute arose out of work the firm did in connection with a proposed
oil pipeline across the Williamses’ property in South Dakota. In their view, the firm
neglected and mishandled their case from the beginning and ignored their
instructions regarding negotiations to settle a condemnation action brought by the
company seeking to build the pipeline. They officially ended the representation once
they learned that a trial had been scheduled for dates the firm was reportedly
unavailable, which they took to mean that the firm had effectively withdrawn and
was leaving them “on their own to deal with the trial themselves.”

      In response to the firm’s efforts to get paid for its work, the Williamses
attempted to raise the following counterclaims in the arbitration, all under South
Dakota law: breach of contract, anticipatory breach of contract, estoppel, forfeiture,
negligence, breach of fiduciary duty, deceit, and defamation. They also sought a
declaration that they did not owe money to the firm.

       The district court ruled that the Williamses could not arbitrate part of their
breach-of-contract claim; their negligence and breach-of-fiduciary-duty claims to
the extent they sought to recover damages; and their anticipatory-breach, deceit, and
defamation claims. The Williamses argue that the court should have allowed each
of these claims to proceed in arbitration.1


      1
        We reject the Williamses’ repeated characterization of the district court’s
order as allowing the arbitrators to rule on all of their counterclaims just to dismiss
them. The order simply recognized that arbitrators, like courts, can dismiss claims
without prejudice when they have no power to decide them. Such a dismissal, if it
happens, will have no preclusive effect if the Williamses later seek to litigate their
non-arbitrable counterclaims—something the district court itself recognized when it
stated that they could “be tried before [the c]ourt.” Cf. Dakota, Minn. & E. R.R. v.

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       The question is whether the Williamses’ counterclaims are within the scope
of what the parties agreed to arbitrate. This is, at heart, a matter of contract
interpretation. See Stolt-Nielsen S.A. v. AnimalFeeds Int’l Corp., 

, 682
(2010). The relevant portion of the parties’ fee agreement provides:

      FEE ON TERMINATION. If Client terminates Firm’s employment
      before conclusion of the case without good cause, Client shall pay Firm
      a fee and expenses based on the fair and reasonable value of the services
      performed by Firm before termination. If any disagreement arises
      about the termination fee, the client may choose two persons from a
      service profession, and the firm may choose one person. The firm will
      be bound by a majority decision of the three persons as to a fair fee. If
      the Firm terminates the representation, then it shall receive no fee or
      expenses.

This provision is narrow, so all we need to do is determine whether the agreement,
reasonably read, “cover[s] the dispute[s] at hand.” Lipton-U. City, LLC v. Shurgard
Storage Ctrs., Inc., 

, 937 (8th Cir. 2006); see also 3M Co. v. Amtex
Sec., Inc., 

, 1198–99 (8th Cir. 2008) (discussing the treatment of broad
arbitration clauses and how they differ from narrower ones).

      Under the contract, the obligation to arbitrate applies to “disagreement[s] . . .
about the termination fee.” A disagreement about the termination fee means a
dispute about what fee, if any, the firm is entitled to receive for its work. The
counterclaims the district court enjoined do not fit this definition. Rather than
seeking to establish that the Williamses should pay a lower fee than the firm
requested, or no fee at all, the counterclaims seek an award of damages from the
firm. Those counterclaims that remain in the arbitration, by contrast, generally do


Acuity, 

, 659–60 (S.D. 2006) (describing the doctrines of collateral
estoppel and res judicata under South Dakota law).

                                         -5-
not. Rather, they invoke the firm’s alleged misconduct as a basis to deny a
termination fee altogether or to reduce the amount the Williamses owe.2

       To allow all the counterclaims to proceed to arbitration, as the Williamses
urge, would be inconsistent with the parties’ agreement. The Williamses emphasize
that their claims are “based on” their fee dispute with the firm and arise out of the
same underlying facts. But the language in the agreement is narrow; it requires
arbitration only of disagreements about the termination fee, not disputes arising out
of or “based on” a fee dispute.

        The Williamses also insist that the district court should have ignored the
remedies they requested in deciding the arbitrability question. According to the
Williamses, what remedies are available is a question for the arbitrators, not the
court. Cf. Benihana, Inc. v. Benihana of Tokyo, LLC, 

, 899 (2d Cir.
2015) (“[W]hen the parties have agreed to submit a dispute to arbitration, a court
may [not] enjoin a party from seeking a particular remedy in arbitration [even] if, in
the court’s assessment, that remedy would have no basis in the parties’ agreement.”).
It is true that arbitrability generally does not depend on the remedy sought, but that
is because arbitration clauses, especially broad ones, often do not say anything about
the available remedies. But here, the fee agreement ties arbitration to a particular
remedy available to the firm: recovery of the termination fee. So it is logical—
indeed, necessary—to determine what the counterclaims seek. If what they seek is
to reduce or eliminate the money the Williamses owe to the firm, the claims are
arbitrable; if they seek something else—like money from the firm—they are not.



      2
        The only exception is the breach-of-contract claim, which still seeks damages
even though the district court excised portions of it from the arbitration. The firm
did not file a cross-appeal, however, and the Williamses argue the court has allowed
the parties to arbitrate too little, not that it has made them arbitrate too much, so we
need not decide whether the court erred by allowing the breach-of-contract claim (or
any of the others) to proceed.
                                          -6-
       We do agree with the Williamses on one point, though. Before reaching the
question of whether the counterclaims were arbitrable, the district court should not
have decided that the Williamses terminated the relationship. This finding
established one of the two conditions for the firm to recover a termination fee, the
other being that the termination was not for good cause. Yet the fee agreement treats
both conditions identically. So when the court recognized that the question of good
cause was for the arbitrators to decide, it should have reached the same conclusion
about the termination question.

                                        III.

       We affirm the district court, except its finding that the Williamses, not the
firm, terminated the representation, and remand for further proceedings.
                       ______________________________




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