United States Court of Appeals
                         For the Eighth Circuit
                     ___________________________

                             No. 17-3582
                     ___________________________

                          United States of America

                     lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee

                                        v.

                                Carlos Roman

                    lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellant
                                   _____________

                  Appeal from United States District Court
                for the Southern District of Iowa - Davenport
                               ____________

                       Submitted: September 28, 2018
                           Filed: March 7, 2019
                              ____________

Before SMITH, Chief Judge, MELLOY and STRAS, Circuit Judges.
                             ____________
SMITH, Chief Judge.

      Carlos Roman challenges his Sentencing Guidelines classification as a career
offender. See U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1. Specifically, Roman argues that his conviction for
aggravated battery on a public way in Illinois is not a crime of violence. See 

We disagree and affirm.

                                    I. Background
       Roman pleaded guilty to conspiracy to distribute methamphetamine. Roman’s
presentence investigation report (PSR) classified him as a career offender.1 At
sentencing, Roman opposed the career offender classification, arguing that his 2012
Illinois conviction for aggravated battery on a public way2 is not a crime of violence.
The district court3 disagreed, accepted the PSR’s recommendation, and sentenced
Roman as a career offender. The court ultimately imposed a sentence of 220 months’
imprisonment.

                                   II. Discussion
      On appeal, Roman asks this court to reverse the imposition of the career
offender enhancement. He argues that his Illinois conviction for aggravated battery
on a public way is not a crime of violence. “We review de novo the district court’s



      1
       The PSR calculated a total offense level of 34. Roman had a total criminal
history score of 15, which established a criminal history category of VI. See U.S.S.G.
Ch. 5 Pt. A (sentencing table). His career offender status also resulted in a criminal
history category of VI. See U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(b). The PSR calculated a Guidelines
range of 262 to 327 months’ imprisonment.
      2
          720 Ill. Comp. Stat. § 5/12-3.05(c).
      3
       The Honorable John A. Jarvey, Chief Judge, United States District Court for
the Southern District of Iowa.

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determination that a conviction constitutes a crime of violence.” United States v.
Williams, 

, 662 (8th Cir. 2018).

      The Guidelines state that “[a] defendant is a career offender” subject to an
offense level enhancement

      if (1) the defendant was at least eighteen years old at the time the
      defendant committed the instant offense of conviction; (2) the instant
      offense of conviction is a felony that is either a crime of violence or a
      controlled substance offense; and (3) the defendant has at least two prior
      felony convictions of either a crime of violence or a controlled substance
      offense.

U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(a).

        A “crime of violence” under the Guidelines’ force clause is “any offense under
federal or state law punishable by imprisonment for more than one year that ‘has as
an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the
person of another.’”4 United States v. Harris, 

, 1095 (8th Cir. 2018)
(per curiam) (quoting U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a)(1)). Roman avers that his 2012 conviction
in Illinois for aggravated battery on a public way is not a crime of violence because
physical or bodily injury can be caused “without using violent force” under the
statute. Appellant’s Br. at 16.

       To determine whether Roman’s Illinois conviction for aggravated battery on
a public way “has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical
force,” U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a)(1), we apply “the categorical approach.” United States


      4
       A second clause sets forth several enumerated offenses that are also crimes of
violence. U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a)(2). Aggravated battery is not one of these enumerated
crimes, nor is that argument made here.

                                         -3-
v. Schneider, 

, 1090 (8th Cir. 2018) (quoting Mathis v. United States,

, 2248 (2016)). The categorical approach “analyze[s] the legal
definition of [Roman’s] crime, not his actual acts.” Id.; see also Moncrieffe v. Holder,

, 190 (2013) (“Under this approach we look ‘not to the facts of the
particular prior case,’ but instead to whether ‘the state statute defining the crime of
conviction’ categorically fits within the ‘generic’ federal definition of a
corresponding aggravated felony.” (quoting Gonzales v. Duenas-Alvarez, 

, 186 (2007)). “[W]hen the statute creates a single crime by listing a single set of
elements,” “[w]e examine those elements and ask whether only conduct involving
physical force can satisfy them.” 

. If we answer yes, then
“the defendant’s crime has a physical-force element.” 

answer no, then the
crime does not have a physical-force element. 

statutes, “often referred to as ‘divisible’ statutes, have a more
complicated structure.” 

136 S. Ct. at 2249). These statutes
“define multiple crimes by listing more than one set of elements.” 

a
divisible statute, we apply “the modified categorical approach.” 

(quoting

). “[W]e first identify the offense of conviction among the
possible alternatives.” 

Then, “[w]e narrow down the possibilities using
a limited set of documents, known as Shepard documents.” 

v.
United States, 

, 26 (2005) (identifying these documents as “the charging
document, the terms of a plea agreement or transcript of [the plea] colloquy . . . ,
or . . . some comparable judicial record”)). After we identify the crime, our next task
is to “ascertain its elements and then, as before, ask whether only conduct involving
physical force can satisfy them.” 

. If we answer yes, then “the defendant’s
crime has a physical-force element.” 

aggravated battery statute provides, in relevant part:

      Offense based on location of conduct. A person commits aggravated
      battery when, in committing a battery, other than by the discharge of a

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      firearm, he or she is or the person battered is on or about a public way,
      public property, a public place of accommodation or amusement, a
      sports venue, or a domestic violence shelter.

720 Ill. Comp. Stat. § 5/12-3.05(c).

       To be guilty of aggravated battery on a public way, Roman must have
necessarily committed a simple battery. United States v. Lynn, 

, 797 (7th
Cir. 2017) (analyzing whether prior codification of Illinois’s aggravated battery
statute constitutes a crime of violence). A person commits simple battery in Illinois
when he “knowingly without legal justification by any means (1) causes bodily harm
to an individual or (2) makes physical contact of an insulting or provoking nature
with an individual.” 720 Ill. Comp. Stat. § 5/12-3(a). Simple battery in Illinois is a
divisible statute with varying levels of offense conduct. 

(concluding because “there is more than one way of committing [simple] battery,” the
statute is divisible). The first definition of the simple battery statute, “which requires
that the person ‘causes bodily harm,’ has as an element ‘the use, attempted use, or
threatened use of force.’” 

v. Werlinger, 

, 649 (7th Cir.
2012)). By contrast, the second definition of the simple battery statute—“physical
contact of an insulting or provoking nature”—does not contain such a force element.

that his conviction was predicated on finding that he violated
the second definition of the simple battery statute—making insulting or provocative
contact. But Roman pleaded guilty to Count 2 of the information, which alleged that
Roman “knowingly caused bodily harm” by “str[iking the victim] in the head with his
hands.” Information at 2, Case No. 3:17-cr-00019 (S.D. Iowa Jan. 4, 2018), ECF No.
67. The “caused bodily harm” language to which Roman pleaded guilty tracks the
first definition of Illinois’s simple battery statute. See 

. Because
Roman’s “conviction[] for aggravated battery involved the first [definition] (‘causing


                                           -5-
bodily harm’),” it satisfies the force clause. 

find that Roman’s
aggravated battery conviction constitutes a crime of violence.

       Our conclusion here is consistent with how we have treated similar statutes
from other states. See, e.g., United States v. Eason, 

, 558–59 (8th Cir.
2018) (holding that first-degree battery conviction in violation of Ark. Code Ann. § 5-
13-201(a)(8) for “purposefully causing physical injury to a person with a firearm”
qualified as a crime of violence); United States v. Winston, 

(8th Cir.
2017) (holding that second-degree battery conviction in violation of Ark. Code Ann.
§ 5-13-202(a)(2) for purposely causing physical injury to a person by means of a
deadly weapon other than a firearm was a violent felony under the Armed Career
Criminal Act’s force clause); United States v. Rice, 

, 705–06 (8th Cir.
2016) (holding that subsection (a)(4) of the Arkansas second-degree battery statute,
which provided that a person commits second-degree battery if the person
“intentionally or knowingly, without legal justification, causes physical injury to one
he knows to be” a member of certain enumerated groups, was a crime of violence
(quoting Ark. Code. Ann. § 5-13-202 (2006))); United States v. Vinton, 

,
485 (8th Cir. 2011) (holding that subdivision (2) of Missouri’s second-degree assault
statute, which required that a person “knowingly cause[] physical injury to another
person by means of a deadly weapon or dangerous instrument,” was a crime of
violence (quoting Mo. Rev. Stat. § 565.060.1(2))).

                                    III. Conclusion
      Roman’s 2012 Illinois aggravated battery conviction constitutes a crime of
violence. Therefore, the district court correctly calculated Roman’s offense level and
Guidelines range. The district court’s judgment is affirmed.
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