United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 18-2093
                        ___________________________

James Doe, on behalf of himself and 77 other similarly situated individual minors
                             next friend John Doe

                        lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellant

                                           v.

                        Fort Zumwalt R-II School District

                             lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant

    Matthew M. Hansen, in his official capacity as a Former Teacher of the Fort
     Zumwalt R-II School District; Bernard Dubray, Superintendent of the Fort
  Zumwalt R-II School District, Official capacity only; Mike Clemens, Assistant
   superintendent of the Fort Zumwalt R-II School, Official capacity only; Patty
Corum, Assistant superintendent of the Fort Zumwalt R-II School District, Official
  capacity only; Jackie Floyd, Assistant superintendent of the Fort Zumwalt R-II
   School District, Official capacity only; Greg Solomon, Employee of the Fort
 Zumwalt R-II School District, Official capacity only; Nelda Wetzel, Principal of
    Lewis & Clark Elementary School, Official capacity only; Jill Hutchenson,
 Principal of Dardenne Elementary School, Official capacity only; John and Jane
Doe, Principals or principal designees in charge of supervision at the Cuivre River
    summer camp, Official capacity only; Dan Hadfield, 5th grade teacher from
Progress South Elementary School, Official capacity only; John and Jane Doe, 5th
grade teachers in charge of supervision at the Cuivre River summer camp, Official
                                    capacity only

                      lllllllllllllllllllllDefendants - Appellees
                                      ____________
                     Appeal from United States District Court
                   for the Eastern District of Missouri - St. Louis
                                   ____________

                            Submitted: January 17, 2019
                               Filed: April 11, 2019
                                   ____________

Before BENTON, MELLOY, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
                          ____________

BENTON, Circuit Judge.

       On behalf of his minor son, John Doe represents a class of current and former
students of the Fort Zumwalt R-II School District who were videotaped in the nude
by Matthew M. Hansen at the District’s overnight camp. Doe sued Hansen in his
individual and official capacities under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for statutory and
constitutional violations. He also brought § 1983 claims against several District
administrators, school principals, and teachers (the District Defendants) in their
official capacities for constitutional violations. The district court1 entered default
judgment against Hansen in his individual capacity, and summary judgment for the
District Defendants. Doe v. Hansen, 

(E.D. Mo. May 15, 2018).
Doe appeals. Having jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, this court affirms.

                                         I.

      Hansen was a teacher in the Fort Zumwalt R-II School District. The District
sponsors an overnight outdoor camp for fifth graders that is staffed by District
employees. It assigned one teacher to each cabin. It also assigned a teenage student


      1
       The Honorable John A. Ross, United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Missouri.

                                         -2-
“camp counselor” to each cabin in order to assist the teacher and report improper
behavior. Hansen staffed the camp as a teacher, assigned to a cabin. In 2013, he pled
guilty to child pornography-related charges. He admitted using a hidden camera to
videotape fifth-grade students in the nude inside the cabins from 2007 to 2011.

       During this time, the District’s policies addressed Hansen’s conduct. They
prohibited teachers from “[e]ngaging in any conduct that violates Board policies . . .
[or] constitutes criminal behavior.” They required teachers to “[m]aintain courteous
and professional relationships with pupils” and prohibited them from “mak[ing]
advances toward, or engag[ing] in any sexual relationship with a district student.” In
2008, the District adopted an “Audio and Visual Recording” policy explicitly
prohibiting the use of recording equipment “where the occupants would have a
reasonable expectation of privacy.” The District also conducted criminal background
checks on employees, including Hansen. It did not have knowledge of Hansen’s
conduct until his arrest in 2012.

       In 2016, Doe sued on behalf of a class of current and former students whom
Hansen videotaped. The class asserted claims against Hansen and the District under
the Child Abuse Victims Rights Act of 1986 (CAVRA), 18 U.S.C. § 2255, and 42
U.S.C. § 1983. The District filed an answer. Hansen did not. The district court
entered default judgment against Hansen for liability under CAVRA. Doe then filed
two amended complaints. The Second Amended Complaint asserts claims against
Hansen in his individual and official capacities under § 1983 for violations of
CAVRA and the constitutional right of privacy. It also includes § 1983 claims for
failure to supervise and train against seven current and former District employees
(and unnamed John and Jane Doe defendants) responsible for camp supervision (the
District Defendants) in their official capacities. The District filed an answer.

     Doe dismissed the claims against Hansen in his individual capacity. Doe then
moved to enforce against the District the default judgment against Hansen under

                                         -3-
CAVRA for statutory damages. The district court denied the motion, clarifying that
the default judgment against Hansen was in his individual capacity and is not
enforceable against the District (which responded to the claims against Hansen in his
official capacity).

      The District moved for summary judgment on all counts. Doe renewed his
motion to enforce the default judgment against the District and, in the alternative,
moved for summary judgment on the CAVRA count against Hansen. The district
court denied Doe’s motions and granted summary judgment to the District. Doe
appeals the grant of summary judgment only for the failure to train and supervise
under § 1983. He also appeals the denial of his motion for default judgment against
the District.

                                          II.

      This court reviews de novo a grant of summary judgment, viewing the evidence
most favorably to the nonmoving party. Torgerson v. City of Rochester, 

, 1042 (8th Cir. 2011) (en banc). Summary judgment is proper if there is no
genuine dispute of material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).

       “It is well-settled that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment
protects the liberty interest of a child in public school from sexual abuse.” P.H. v.
School Dist. of Kansas City, 

, 658 (8th Cir. 2001). Doe sued the District
Defendants in their official capacities under § 1983 for violating the Due Process
Clause by failing to adequately supervise and train staff and students. A suit against
the District Defendants in their official capacity is a suit against the District. See
Brewington v. Keener, 

, 800 (8th Cir. 2018). A municipality like the
District “cannot be held liable on a respondeat superior theory, that is, solely because
it employs a tortfeasor” like Hansen. Szabla v. City of Brooklyn Park, 

,

                                          -4-
389 (8th Cir. 2007) (en banc), citing Monell v. Department of Social Servs., 

, 691 (1978). Where a municipal policy or custom “itself violates federal law, or
directs an employee to do so, resolving [ ] issues of fault and causation is
straightforward.” Board of Cty. Comm’rs v. Brown, 

, 404 (1997).
However, in cases like this, where the plaintiff claims that “municipal action lawful
on its face caused an employee to inflict constitutional injury, ‘rigorous standards of
culpability and causation must be applied to ensure that the municipality is not held
liable solely for the actions of its employee.’” S.M. v. Lincoln Cty., 

,
585 (8th Cir. 2017), quoting 

.

       To hold the District liable under § 1983, Doe must prove that the District’s
failure to supervise and train “amounts to deliberate indifference to the rights of
persons with whom [Hansen came] into contact.” City of Canton v. Harris, 

, 388 (1989). Deliberate indifference is a “stringent standard of fault.” 

. This court applies an objective standard of deliberate indifference
to Doe’s claim against the District, which “permit[s] liability to be premised on
obviousness or constructive notice.” Farmer v. Brennan, 

, 841 (1994).
See 

; Walton v. Dawson, 

, 1117 (8th Cir. 2014).
“A pattern of similar constitutional violations . . . is ‘ordinarily necessary’ to
demonstrate deliberate indifference . . . .” Connick v. Thompson, 

, 62
(2011), quoting 

. Alternatively, Doe may show that, in light
of Hansen’s duties, the need for more supervision or training was “so obvious, and
the inadequacy so likely to result in the violation of constitutional rights, that the
policymakers of the [District] can reasonably be said to have been deliberately
indifferent to the need.” 

. See 

(“Notice may be implied where the failure to train is so likely to result in a
constitutional violation that the need for training is patently obvious . . . .”). The
District’s failure to supervise or train must be “the moving force [behind] the
constitutional violation.” 

(alteration in original), quoting
Polk Cty. v. Dodson, 

, 326 (1981); 

.

                                         -5-
       Doe argues that the district court applied the wrong legal standard by requiring
actual notice and behavior that “shocks the conscience.” This court need not address
these arguments because, on de novo review, Doe has not presented sufficient
evidence to establish deliberate indifference.

       Doe has not shown that the District had reason to believe that its training and
supervision were inadequate. He presented no evidence of a pattern of misconduct
that would alert the District that its training and supervision were insufficient to
prevent Hansen’s conduct. See 

. Instead, he contends that
a 2004 Department of Education report—estimating that at least 4.5 million K-12
students experienced sexual misconduct by a school employee—provided notice. The
report addresses sexual misconduct generally, not child pornography. It is
insufficient to give the District notice of Hansen’s particular misconduct or of the risk
he would videotape students in the nude. Doe also argues the District had “actual
notice” because it relied on teenage camp counselors to report inappropriate behavior.
In 2006, for instance, a camp counselor observed Hansen in a bunk with a fifth
grader. Seeing the counselor, Hansen jumped out of the bunk. The counselor did not,
however, report this incident until after Hansen’s arrest. There is no evidence the
District was aware counselors were not reporting inappropriate behavior. Nor is there
evidence the District had any warning of Hansen’s misconduct before his arrest in
2012. Without notice, the District’s failure to provide more training or supervision
is not deliberately indifferent. See 

(“Without notice that a
course of training is deficient in a particular respect, decisionmakers can hardly be
said to have deliberately chosen a training program that will cause violations of
constitutional rights.”); Atkinson v. City of Mtn. View, 

, 1217 (8th Cir.
2013) (“Absent some form of notice, the city cannot be deliberately indifferent to the
risk that its training or supervision . . . would result in ‘a violation of a particular
constitutional or statutory right.’” (quoting 

)).

       This is also not a case where the risk was “so obvious” that the District’s
failure to provide more training or supervision constitutes deliberate indifference. Cf.

                                          -6-
Marsh v. Phelps Cty., 

, 753 (8th Cir. 2018) (“[T]his court has held that
there is no patently obvious need to train an officer not to sexually assault detainees
in light of the regular law enforcement duties of officers and the fact that ‘[a]n
objectively reasonable officer would know that it is impermissible to engage in such
behavior.’” (second alteration in original) (quoting Parrish v. Ball, 

, 999
(8th Cir. 2010))). Doe claims the District created an “obvious risk” by assigning only
one teacher to each cabin and allowing teachers to bring recording equipment into the
cabin. However, the District’s policies prohibited Hansen’s conduct. Teachers could
not use recording equipment where students had an expectation of privacy. Teachers
were to maintain professional relationships and could not engage in any kind of
sexual relationship with students. The District relied on camp counselors to report
any inappropriate behavior. In light of these policies, Doe cannot prove that the risk
that a teacher would engage in this kind of conduct was so obvious that it required
additional training or supervision.

       Contrary to Doe’s claims, S.M. v. Lincoln County does not compel reversal
here. There, a jury found deliberately indifferent a municipality’s failure to supervise
a lieutenant who sexually abused Drug Court participants. 

–84.
Because the municipality did not object, this court could not review the jury
instructions, which “arguably did not give the jury an accurate sense of how
rigorously the [deliberate indifference] standard must be applied.” 

With
a “deferential standard[ ] for review,” this court upheld the jury’s determination
because there was at least some evidence of “misconduct . . . that should have been
obvious” to other Drug Court team members. 

588. Doe presented no such
evidence. Because S.M. is distinguishable, it does not control this case.

       Hansen’s behavior was unlawful and criminal. However, the District’s failure
to provide more supervision and training did not rise to the level of a constitutional
violation. The district court properly granted summary judgment.


                                          -7-
                                          III.

      Doe appeals the denial of his motion to enforce against the District the default
judgment entered against Hansen under CAVRA.2 “This court reviews decisions on
default judgments for abuse of discretion.” Weitz Co. LLC v. MacKenzie House,
LLC, 

, 977 (8th Cir. 2012). Doe contends that Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(a)
mandates default judgment against Hansen in his official capacity. That Rule requires
the clerk to enter default against a party who “has failed to plead or otherwise
defend.” He relies on Banks v. Slay, where this court enforced against the Board of
Police Commissioners a default judgment against a police officer in his individual
and official capacities. Banks v. Slay, 

, 879–81 (8th Cir. 2017). The
Board in that case never filed a responsive pleading. 

        Unlike Banks, the district court here entered default judgment against Hansen
in his individual capacity. The District filed an answer in response to each of Doe’s
complaints, denying the allegations against Hansen to the extent they “could be
construed to pertain to District Defendant.” The District’s answer is a responsive
pleading on behalf of Hansen in his official capacity. See 

(explaining that a suit against government officials in their official capacities
“must be treated as a suit against the” entity itself). The district court did not abuse
its discretion in denying Doe’s renewed motion for judgment against the District. See
Oberstar v. F.D.I.C., 

, 504 (8th Cir. 1993) (“We have frequently
endorsed the strong judicial policy against default judgments.”).

      The district court granted summary judgment to the District on Doe’s CAVRA
claim against the District, reasoning that CAVRA is not a predicate statutory

      2
       On appeal, Doe includes (only) in his statement of issues that he is entitled to
default judgment on Count II, the constitutional right of privacy claim. This court
will consider only the default judgment for CAVRA because Doe did not seek default
judgment in the district court for the privacy claim.

                                          -8-
violation for a § 1983 claim. “Claims not raised in an opening brief are deemed
waived.” Chavero-Linares v. Smith, 

, 1040 (8th Cir. 2015). Because
Doe does not challenge on appeal the district court’s rationale or the entry of
summary judgment, this claim is waived.

                                 *******

      The judgment is affirmed.
                     ______________________________




                                      -9-