United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 18-2747
                         ___________________________

                              United States of America

                         lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee

                                            v.

                                 Devion L. Williams

                       lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellant
                                       ____________

                      Appeal from United States District Court
                 for the Western District of Missouri - Kansas City
                                  ____________

                             Submitted: April 17, 2019
                                Filed: July 3, 2019
                                  ____________

Before SHEPHERD, MELLOY, and GRASZ, Circuit Judges.
                          ____________

SHEPHERD, Circuit Judge.

      Devion Williams entered a conditional guilty plea to being a felon in
possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2), and was
sentenced to 112 months imprisonment. Williams now appeals the district court’s1

      1
       The Honorable David Gregory Kays, United States District Judge for the
Western District of Missouri, adopting the report and recommendation of the
Honorable Robert E. Larsen, United States Magistrate Judge for the Western District
of Missouri.
denial of his motion to suppress, arguing that the search that revealed the presence of
the firearm was based on a police officer’s unreasonable mistaken belief that
Williams had been in a stolen vehicle and occurred after officers unreasonably
prolonged an investigatory detention. Having jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291,
we affirm.

                                          I.

       On July 7, 2016, Kansas City Police Officer Justin Palmer, working undercover
investigating reports of stolen automobiles, was patrolling a high-crime area where
he had previously located or recovered stolen automobiles. That morning, Palmer had
printed out and reviewed department “hot sheets,” which listed the vehicles reported
stolen in the Kansas City metropolitan area with each car’s make, model, color, and
year, utilizing abbreviations to refer to the specific car model. While canvassing,
Officer Palmer observed a purple Dodge Challenger parked at an address that had
been active in other recent crimes. He checked the “hot sheets,” which listed the
purple Challenger as stolen. He subsequently confirmed, based on the last four digits
of the VIN number, that the vehicle had been stolen from a car dealership.

        Officer Palmer called a second undercover officer in the area, who took over
surveillance of the purple Challenger. Officer Palmer advised the other undercover
officer that a red Dodge Challenger had also been stolen from the same dealership as
the purple Challenger. However, this information was inaccurate; the second stolen
vehicle was a red Dodge Charger, not a red Dodge Challenger. Officer Palmer later
testified that he misread the “hot sheet” when he had checked it that morning and
believed that the stolen vehicle was a red Challenger. After the second officer took
over surveillance of the purple Challenger, he noticed a red Challenger pull up beside
it, tap its breaks, and stop for roughly five seconds. The officer notified Officer
Palmer, who then began conducting surveillance on the red Challenger.




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       Officer Palmer followed the red Challenger until it pulled into the driveway of
a nearby residence. At this point, Officer Palmer asked for the assistance of officers
in a marked patrol vehicle. When the patrol vehicle arrived, Officer Palmer drove by
the red Challenger one more time and observed a man leaning into the driver’s seat
of the car toward the middle console. He also observed several individuals standing
on the front porch of the residence. One officer exited the patrol car and placed
Williams and another individual, both of whom were standing near the red
Challenger, in handcuffs for officer safety. The officer also handcuffed a third
individual at the scene. The patrol officers then checked the VIN number for the red
Challenger and determined that it was not stolen. The officers also ran a license plate
check, which revealed that the car was not stolen but that it had temporary tags that
had expired.

       Shortly after running the license plate and the VIN number check, one patrol
officer observed a small plastic baggie on the ground by the second individual who
had been near the red Challenger. The baggie contained an off-white powdery
substance that the officer believed to be powder cocaine. Another officer noticed two
other baggies on the ground, also near the second individual. These baggies
contained a green leafy substance and an off-white rock-like substance, which
officers believed to be marijuana and crack cocaine, respectively. The officers also
observed a handgun in plain view in the passenger seat of the red Challenger. The
officers opened the passenger door and removed the handgun. The officers
determined the handgun was stolen after running a check on the gun’s serial number.
The officers asked who owned the vehicle, and no one—including Williams, the two
other handcuffed men, or the individuals on the porch of the home—identified the
owner. Williams told officers that the car had been in the driveway all day and that
he had gotten the car earlier in the day from a woman whose name he did not know.
As Officer Palmer had observed the car in transit, the patrol officers understood
Williams’s statement to be untruthful. Based on the lack of clear information about
the ownership of the red Challenger, the officers decided to tow it and performed an
inventory search. This search revealed a second handgun, loaded with 22 rounds of


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ammunition, wedged in between the driver’s seat and the center console. Later DNA
testing connected Williams to the second firearm and the crack cocaine. Williams
was charged as a felon in possession of a firearm based on this second recovered
firearm.

       Williams filed a motion to suppress. The magistrate judge issued a report and
recommendation, recommending that the district court deny the motion. The
magistrate judge determined that Officer Palmer’s mistaken belief that the red Dodge
Challenger was stolen was objectively reasonable, given the similarities between the
abbreviations for a Dodge Challenger (CHL or CHR) and a Dodge Charger (CHA or
CHR) on the hot sheets and that the red Challenger had briefly stopped next to a
stolen vehicle. The magistrate judge further concluded that the patrol officers had
reasonable suspicion to approach the vehicle and perform an investigatory stop and
that, once they observed narcotics, they had probable cause to remove the firearm in
plain view and run its serial number. Based on the determination that the firearm was
stolen and the fact that the patrol officers were unable to determine who owned the
vehicle, the magistrate judge determined the officers made the permissible decision
to tow the vehicle and were lawfully permitted to perform the inventory search that
revealed the presence of the second firearm.

      The district court adopted the report and recommendation over Williams’s
objections, agreeing that the officers had reasonable suspicion to conduct a car check,
the mistaken belief that the vehicle was stolen was objectively reasonable, and that
the officers had probable cause to search the vehicle after deciding to tow it.
Williams then entered a conditional guilty plea, reserving the right to challenge the
suppression ruling, and the district court sentenced him to 112 months imprisonment.
This appeal follows.




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                                           II.

      Williams argues the district court erred in denying his motion to suppress
because the officer made an objectively unreasonable mistake in identifying the red
Challenger as stolen and because the investigatory stop should have concluded by the
time officers discovered the contraband that gave rise to the decision to tow the
Challenger and the subsequent inventory search. In reviewing the denial of a motion
to suppress, “[a] mixed standard of review applies . . . . We review the district court’s
findings of fact for clear error and the denial of the suppression motion de novo.”2
United States v. Smith, 

, 359 (8th Cir. 2016) (internal quotation marks
omitted).

       Williams first challenges the reasonableness of Officer Palmer’s mistaken
belief that the red Challenger was listed as stolen on the “hot sheets.” “A traffic stop
is a seizure within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment and, as such, must be
supported by reasonable suspicion or probable cause.” United States v. Houston, 

, 1153 (8th Cir. 2008). “A law enforcement officer has reasonable
suspicion [to conduct an investigatory stop] when the officer is aware of
particularized, objective facts which, taken together with rational inferences from
those facts, reasonably warrant suspicion that a crime is being committed.” United
States v. Hollins, 

, 706 (8th Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks
omitted). “Mistakes of law or fact, if objectively reasonable, may still justify a valid
stop.” 

cases the question is simply whether the mistake, whether
of law or of fact, was an objectively reasonable one.” United States v. Smart, 393


      2
        The government urges us to apply a plain-error standard of review based on
Williams’s purported failure to make specific objections, pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
§ 636(b)(1), to the magistrate judge’s report and recommendation. See Thompson v.
Nix, 

, 357 (8th Cir. 1990) (per curiam) (reviewing for plain error where
no objections to report and recommendation were made). Having reviewed
Williams’s 20-page objection to the report and recommendation, we are satisfied that
Williams made specific objections raising the same issues that he raises on appeal so
as to preserve his arguments for appeal.

                                          -5-
F.3d 767, 770 (8th Cir. 2005). This determination “is not to be made with the vision
of hindsight, but instead by looking to what the officer reasonably knew at the time.”

marks omitted).

       We conclude that Officer Palmer’s mistaken belief that the red Challenger was
stolen based upon his misreading of the “hot sheets” was objectively reasonable.
Although Officer Palmer admitted he did not double check the “hot sheets” to verify
that the red Challenger was listed as stolen, the facts, when considered from “what
[Officer Palmer] reasonably knew at the time,” see 

reasonableness of his
mistake: a Dodge Charger and Dodge Challenger have similar names and share
similar abbreviations on the “hot sheets”; the red Challenger was observed stopping
briefly next to the purple Challenger, which had been verified as stolen; Officer
Palmer learned the purple Challenger had been stolen from a car dealership,
increasing the likelihood that another car of the same make and model could also
have been stolen; both vehicles were spotted in a high-crime area where Officer
Palmer had previously located or recovered stolen vehicles; and the red Challenger
was in transit, not stationary like the purple Challenger, which provided less of an
opportunity to verify the information on the “hot sheet” before starting to pursue it
and conduct surveillance. The district court thus did not err in concluding that
Officer Palmer’s mistake was objectively reasonable and provided sufficient
reasonable suspicion to perform an investigatory stop.

       Williams next argues that, once the officers determined that the red Challenger
was not stolen, the purpose of the investigatory stop was completed, and any
extension of the stop beyond this point was unlawful. Again, we disagree. “[A]
constitutionally permissible traffic stop can become unlawful . . . if it is prolonged
beyond the time reasonably required to complete its purpose.” 

(internal quotation marks omitted). Once “the purpose of the traffic stop is
complete[,] further detention of the driver or vehicle would be unreasonable, unless
something that occurred during the traffic stop generated the necessary reasonable
suspicion to justify further detention or unless the continued encounter is


                                         -6-
consensual.” United States v. Quintero-Felix, 

, 567 (8th Cir. 2013)
(internal quotation marks omitted). Determining whether the length of a specific
detention is reasonable is a fact-intensive inquiry. 

that the stop should have concluded immediately upon
the officers’ determination that the vehicle was not stolen ignores the length of time
that elapsed between the time the officers ran the check on the vehicle and when they
observed the narcotics. At the suppression hearing, an officer testified that, at most,
two minutes elapsed. This length of time does not amount to an unreasonable delay
in terminating the investigative stop, particularly where the officers had increasing
suspicions that criminal activity was afoot. See Arizona v. Johnson, 

,
333 (2009) (“An officer’s inquiries into matters unrelated to the justification for the
traffic stop, this Court has made plain, do not convert the encounter into something
other than a lawful seizure, so long as those inquiries do not measurably extend the
duration of the stop.”). Although the officers’ suspicion that the vehicle was stolen
had dissipated, the vehicle’s expired tags, the evasive answers of the people at the
scene, the misrepresentations that the car had been parked at the house all day, and
the unwillingness of any person at the scene to identify the owner of the vehicle
provided officers with the reasonable suspicion that criminal activity, independent of
vehicle theft, was afoot. See United States v. Watts, 

, 126 (8th Cir. 1993)
(“The mere fact that the officers’ original ground for stopping [defendants] dissipated
does not prevent them from continuing their investigative stop based on new facts
creating a reasonable articulable suspicion of criminal activity.”). Because the
officers did not impermissibly extend the stop, the observation of narcotics and the
firearm, coupled with the inability to identify the vehicle’s owner, provided the
officers with probable cause to tow the vehicle and perform an inventory search. The
district court thus did not err in concluding that the officers had a legally permissible
basis to tow and search the vehicle, revealing the firearm that gave rise to the charge
against Williams.




                                          -7-
                            III.

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.
                ______________________________




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