United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 18-1674
                        ___________________________

                                  Ronald Calzone,

                       lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellant,

                                           v.

  Eric T. Olson, in his official capacity as Superintendent of the Missouri State
                                   Highway Patrol,

                      lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellee.1
                                      ____________

                    Appeal from United States District Court
                  for the Eastern District of Missouri - St. Louis
                                  ____________

                           Submitted: January 16, 2019
                              Filed: July 26, 2019
                                 ____________

Before SMITH, Chief Judge, COLLOTON and ERICKSON, Circuit Judges.
                              ___________

COLLOTON, Circuit Judge.

      Ronald Calzone seeks a ruling that the Missouri State Highway Patrol is
forbidden to stop and inspect his 54,000-pound dump truck, used in furtherance of

      1
       Eric T. Olson is automatically substituted for his predecessor under Federal
Rule of Appellate Procedure 43(c)(2).
his private commercial venture, without probable cause. The district court2 denied
his request for declaratory and injunctive relief. We likewise conclude that Calzone
is a member of the closely regulated commercial trucking industry, and that the
patrol’s random stops and inspections of his truck would comport with the Fourth and
Fourteenth Amendments. We therefore affirm the judgment.

      Calzone operates a dump truck in support of his horse and cattle ranch, Eagle
Wings Ranch. He holds a Missouri-issued commercial driver’s license, and his truck
has Missouri-licensed plates marking it as a 54,000-pound vehicle for “local”
commercial use. A “local commercial motor vehicle” includes “a commercial motor
vehicle whose property-carrying operations are confined solely to the transportation
of property owned by any person who is the owner or operator of such vehicle to or
from a farm owned by such person . . .; provided that any such property transported
to any such farm is for use in the operation of such farm.” Mo. Rev. Stat.
§ 301.010(27). The license plate on Calzone’s truck is marked with the letter “F,”
designating it as a vehicle used for farm or farming transportation operations. See 

      A Missouri state trooper stopped Calzone in June 2013 to inspect his dump
truck under a Missouri statute that authorizes random roadside inspections of
commercial motor vehicles. See 

Calzone objected to the stop and
refused to allow the inspection. He later filed this action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983,
seeking, among other things, to enjoin the superintendent of the highway patrol from
authorizing and directing patrol officers to stop and inspect his dump truck without
individualized suspicion that he failed to comply with state law. After an earlier
decision of this court, Calzone v. Hawley, 

(8th Cir. 2017), and a remand



      2
       The Honorable Stephen N. Limbaugh, Jr., United States District Judge for the
Eastern District of Missouri.

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for further proceedings, the only claim remaining on this appeal is one for declaratory
and injunctive relief against the superintendent.

        The Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments forbid the State to conduct
unreasonable searches and seizures. The traditional standard of reasonableness in the
context of a criminal investigation requires a warrant and probable cause to believe
that a search will discover evidence of unlawful activity. See Vernonia Sch. Dist. 47J
v. Acton, 

, 652-53 (1995). But in the case of commercial property that
is involved in a “closely regulated” industry whose operation “poses a clear and
significant risk to the public welfare,” City of Los Angeles v. Patel, 

,
2454 (2015), the property owner has a reduced expectation of privacy, and a
warrantless seizure and inspection may be reasonable without an individualized
showing of probable cause. New York v. Burger, 

, 699-700 (1987).

        To invoke this authority based on a state scheme governing a closely regulated
industry, the State must satisfy three criteria: (1) the regulatory scheme advances a
substantial government interest; (2) warrantless inspections are necessary to further
the regulatory scheme; and (3) the rules governing the inspections are a
constitutionally adequate substitute for a warrant, i.e., the rules must provide notice
that the property may be searched for a specific purpose and must limit the discretion
of the inspecting officers. 

. Missouri law authorizes the
state patrol to conduct “random roadside examinations or inspections” of commercial
motor vehicles. Mo. Rev. Stat. § 304.230.1. We have held that commercial trucking
is a “closely regulated” industry, United States v. Ruiz, 

, 356-57 (8th Cir.
2009); United States v. Mendoza-Gonzalez, 

, 794 (8th Cir. 2004), and
that Missouri’s regulatory scheme for the inspection of commercial vehicles is
constitutional on its face:

      Missouri has a substantial interest in ensuring the safety of the motorists
      on its highways and in minimizing damage to the highways from

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      overweight vehicles. 

(citing cases); State v.
      Rodriguez, 

, 109 (Mo. 1994). Given the transitory
      nature of commercial trucks, United States v. Fort, 

, 481
      (5th Cir. 2001), and the difficulty of detecting violations of the
      regulatory scheme by routine observation, effective enforcement would
      be nearly impossible without impromptu, warrantless searches. United
      States v. Maldonado, 

, 136 (1st Cir. 2004). The challenged
      subsections are also a permissible substitute for a warrant. They provide
      notice to commercial truck drivers of the possibility of roadside
      inspection by a designated law enforcement officer, and they limit the
      scope of the officer’s inspections to an examination solely for regulatory
      compliance. See 

.

.

       The Missouri regime regulates commercial motor vehicles operating on state
highways. Any “motor vehicle designed or regularly used for carrying freight and
merchandise” must be registered as a commercial motor vehicle, and the owner must
pay an annual fee based on the vehicle’s weight. Mo. Rev. Stat. §§ 301.010(9); see

301.058.1. A commercial motor vehicle may not be operated on
certain streets, see 

is subject to height, weight, and length restrictions,
see 

and must undergo biennial safety inspections. See 

Missouri also has incorporated a subset of the Federal Motor Carrier
Safety Regulations into its statutory scheme for any vehicle that is defined as a
“commercial motor vehicle” under federal law. See 

The applicable
regulations govern licensing, safety, required parts and accessories, and transportation
of hazardous materials. See 49 C.F.R. §§ 391-397. Missouri patrol officers have
authority to conduct random roadside examinations or inspections to determine
compliance with the governing rules. See Mo. Rev. Stat. § 304.230.1, .2, .7.

       Calzone asserts that he is exempt from the lion’s share of these regulations, so
he is not part of the “closely regulated” industry, and the Missouri inspection scheme

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is therefore unconstitutional as applied to him. He contends that his truck is exempt
from all of the federal regulations, because he operates his truck only within
Missouri, while the federal definition of “commercial motor vehicle” is a vehicle over
10,000 pounds that is “used on a highway in interstate commerce.” 49 C.F.R. § 390.5
(emphasis added). The Missouri statute, however, makes it unlawful to operate any
“commercial motor vehicle,” unless the vehicle complies with the federal regulations,
“whether intrastate transportation or interstate transportation.” Mo. Rev. Stat.
§ 307.400.1 (emphasis added). The state statute thus expands the federal definition
of “commercial motor vehicle” to encompass vehicles that are engaged only in
“intrastate transportation” and thus only in intrastate commerce. Calzone’s proposed
interpretation cannot be squared with the structure of the state statute. Section
307.400.5 creates an exception to application of the federal regulations for certain
commercial motor vehicles that are “operated in intrastate commerce to transport
property” and weigh 26,000 pounds or less. If Calzone were correct that § 307.400.1
already excepted all vehicles that are operated in intrastate commerce, then the
narrower exception of § 307.400.5 would be unnecessary.

       Calzone also argues that he is exempt from complying with the federal
regulations because he is not a “motor carrier” within the meaning of the regulations.
Citing a definition from an inapplicable federal statute, he contends that the meaning
of “motor carrier” is limited to persons who provide transportation for compensation,
see 49 U.S.C. § 13102(14), and does not extend to one who transports his own
commercial property. But the definition of “motor carrier,” for purposes of the
federal safety regulations that are incorporated by the Missouri statute, is “a for-hire
motor carrier or a private motor carrier.” 49 C.F.R. § 390.5 (emphasis added); see 49
U.S.C. §§ 13102(15), 31502(b). A “private motor carrier” includes a person like
Calzone who provides transportation of property by commercial motor vehicle and
is not a for-hire motor carrier. 

is true that Calzone is not subject to the full panoply of regulations that
govern commercial motor vehicles in Missouri. Because Calzone normally uses his
dump truck in association with his ranch and has license plates marked with a farm
vehicle designation, he is exempt from some of the rules that apply to operators of
other commercial motor vehicles. He is not required to acquire a commercial driver’s
license to operate his truck unless he uses it to transport hazardous materials. See
Mo. Rev. Stat. §§ 302.700.2(23), 302.700.2(29), 302.775(1). He is a “private carrier”
under Missouri law, so he is not subject to the state regulations that govern operators
who are “motor carriers” under Missouri law. See 

390.030.3.
And his truck qualifies as a “covered farm vehicle” under the federal regulations,
which exempts him from Missouri’s application of some of the federal standards: he
is exempt from all driver qualification regulations, see 49 C.F.R. §§ 391.2(c)-(d), and
he is excepted from regulations governing hours for drivers, see 

and
those imposing a duty on motor carriers to inspect, repair, and maintain commercial
motor vehicles within their control. See 

       But unlike the vehicles at issue in United States v. Herrera, 

,
1245 (10th Cir. 2006), and United States v. Seslar, 

, 1063 (10th Cir.
1993), Calzone’s truck is subject to regulation under the applicable state regulatory
scheme. That Missouri tailors its system to fit different types of commercial motor
vehicles does not mean that Calzone is outside of the “closely regulated” industry of
commercial trucking. He operates a 54,000-pound dump truck on Missouri highways
in support of a commercial enterprise—his horse and cattle ranch. Although Calzone
does not operate his commercial vehicle for hire, he is still subject to a broad range
of regulations that include height, weight, and length restrictions, licensing standards,
state-conducted inspection requirements, and safety standards. See Mo. Rev. Stat.
§§ 300.550, 301.030.3, 301.058.1, 304.170-.230, 307.400; 49 C.F.R. §§ 390, 392-93.

     By choosing to operate a heavy truck in furtherance of a commercial venture,
Calzone subjects himself to a pervasive regulatory scheme and has a reduced

                                          -6-
expectation of privacy. Missouri maintains a “substantial interest in ensuring the
safety of the motorists on its highways and in minimizing damage to the highways
from overweight vehicles,” 

, and that interest does not
dissipate simply because Calzone’s commercial activity is on behalf of his own ranch
rather than for hire. We therefore conclude that Missouri’s regulatory scheme
advances a substantial government interest as applied to Calzone, and that warrantless
inspections are necessary to further the regulatory scheme.

       Calzone argues that even if he is a member of the closely regulated commercial
trucking industry, the statute authorizing random inspections is an impermissible
substitute for a warrant. He complains that § 304.230 does not properly define the
scope of the authorized searches, adequately notify citizens that they could be subject
to warrantless stops, or appropriately limit the discretion of the investigating officer.
But we rejected these same arguments in considering Calzone’s facial challenge, and
nothing about the nature of his as-applied challenge changes the answer. The
disputed subsections of the Missouri statutes are a permissible substitute for a
warrant, because “[t]hey provide notice to commercial truck drivers of the possibility
of roadside inspection by a designated law enforcement officer, and they limit the
scope of the officer’s inspections to an examination solely for regulatory
compliance.” 

of the district court is affirmed.
                     ______________________________




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