United States Court of Appeals
                           For the Eighth Circuit
                       ___________________________

                               No. 18-1770
                       ___________________________

            Jessica Leah Kampschroer; Cory Patrick Kampschroer,

                     lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiffs - Appellants,

                                          v.

 Anoka County; City of Anoka; City of Apple Valley; City of Arlington; City of
  Baxter; City of Belle Plaine; Beltrami County; Benton County; City of Blaine;
   City of Bloomington; Blue Earth County; City of Braham; City of Brooklyn
  Center; City of Brooklyn Park; City of Brownton; City of Burnsville; City of
Cambridge; City of Cannon Falls; Carver County; Cass County; Centennial Lakes
 Police Department; City of Champlin; City of Chaska; City of Chisago; Chisago
County; City of Columbia Heights; City of Corcoran; City of Cottage Grove; City
                  of Crosby; Crow Wing County; City of Crystal,

                    lllllllllllllllllllllDefendants - Appellees,

                                 Dakota County,

                           lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant,

City of Deephaven; City of Dundas; City of Eagan; City of Eden Prairie; City of
Edina; City of Elk River; City of Fairmont; Faribault County; City of Faribault;
                      City of Farmington; City of Foley,

                    lllllllllllllllllllllDefendants - Appellees,

                                 Fillmore County,

                           lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant,
  City of Forest Lake; City of Fridley; City of Glencoe; City of Golden Valley;
 Goodhue County; City of Goodview; Grant County; City of Hastings; Hennepin
    County; City of Hopkins; City of Howard Lake; Hubbard County; City of
 Hutchinson; City of Inver Grove Heights; City of Isanti; Isanti County; City of
 Jordan; Kanabec County; Lakes Area Police Department; City of Lakeville; Le
Sueur County; City of Litchfield; City of Mankato; City of Maple Grove; City of
   Maplewood; McLeod County; City of Medina; Mille Lacs County; City of
   Minneapolis; City of Minnetonka; City of Montgomery; City of Moorhead;
Morrison County; City of Morristown; City of Mounds View; Minneapolis Park &
                                Recreation Board,

                       lllllllllllllllllllllDefendants - Appellees,

                        Metropolitan Airports Commission,

                              lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant,

 City of New Brighton; City of New Hope; City of New Prague; City of Newport;
    Nicollet County; City of North Saint Paul; City of North Mankato; City of
        Northfield; Olmsted County; City of Owatonna; City of Prior Lake,

                       lllllllllllllllllllllDefendants - Appellees,

                                   Ramsey County,

                              lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant,

City of Ramsey; Rice County; City of Richfield; City of Robbinsdale; City of Rochester,

                       lllllllllllllllllllllDefendants - Appellees,

                               Rochester Motors, LLC,

                              lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant,



                                           -2-
   City of Rosemount; City of Roseville; City of Sartell; City of Savage; Scott
 County; City of Shakopee; Sherburne County; City of Spring Lake Park; City of
                                 Saint Cloud,

                      lllllllllllllllllllllDefendants - Appellees,

                                Saint Louis County,

                             lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant,

   City of Saint Louis Park; City of Saint Paul; City of Staples; Stearns County;
 Steele County; City of Stillwater; City of West Saint Paul; Wadena County; City
 of Waite Park; Washington County; City of Wayzata; City of White Bear Lake;
  Winona County; City of Woodbury; Wright County; Yellow Medicine County,

                      lllllllllllllllllllllDefendants - Appellees,

     Michael Campion, in his individual capacity as the Commissioner of the
 Department of Public Safety; Ramona Dohman, in her individual capacity as the
Commissioner of the Department of Public Safety; John and Jane Does (1-1500),
    acting in their individual capacity as supervisors, officers, deputies, staff,
  investigators, employees or agents of the other governmental agencies; Entity
 Does (1-50), including cities, counties, municipalities, and other entities sited in
Minnesota and federal departments and agencies; DPS Does; Metropolitan Council,

                            lllllllllllllllllllllDefendants,

  Pine County; City of Coon Rapids; Dakota Communications Center; City of
Mendota Heights; City of Saint Anthony; City of Saint Francis; City of Saint Paul
                           Park; City of Saint Peter,

                      lllllllllllllllllllllDefendants - Appellees,

 Pat McCormack, in her individual capacity as the Director of Driver and Vehicle
           Services at the Minnesota Department of Public Safety,

                             lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant.
                                     ____________

                                          -3-
                     Appeal from United States District Court
                    for the District of Minnesota - Minneapolis
                                   ____________

                           Submitted: February 12, 2019
                              Filed: August 30, 2019
                                  ____________

Before LOKEN, COLLOTON, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
                          ____________

COLLOTON, Circuit Judge.

      Jessica and Cory Kampschroer brought this action against a group of cities,
counties, local entities, and individuals, alleging violations of the Driver’s Privacy
Protection Act (DPPA), 18 U.S.C. §§ 2721-2725. After dismissing claims against
some of the defendants, the district court1 permitted limited discovery to determine
whether the Kampschroers were entitled to equitable tolling on claims that had
accrued outside the statutory limitations period. The court then concluded that
equitable tolling was unavailable and granted summary judgment for the remaining
defendants on the time-barred claims. The Kampschroers appeal, and we affirm.

                                          I.

       Jessica Kampschroer has worked as a news reporter for a local Minnesota
television station since 2003. Her husband Cory worked as a news anchor and
reporter for a different local station from 2006 to 2010.




      1
       The Honorable Susan Richard Nelson, United States District Judge for the
District of Minnesota.

                                         -4-
       In May 2008, Jessica learned about unauthorized viewing of her driving record
by a state employee. Patricia McCormack, Director of the Driver and Vehicle
Services Division (DVS) of the Minnesota Department of Public Safety, notified
Jessica by letter dated May 29. McCormack wrote that an internal audit revealed that
an employee had accessed Jessica’s private information for purposes that were not
work-related. McCormack apologized for the “misuse of the Driver and Vehicle
Service database,” and stated that “[t]he department has taken the appropriate and
allowable disciplinary actions necessary to address this matter with the employee.”
The letter’s heading listed “Driver and Vehicle Services” under a banner with the
words “Minnesota Department of Public Safety.” McCormack signed the letter as
Director of “Driver and Vehicle Services.” Jessica understood the letter to mean that
DVS had audited use of the database by all employees of the Department of Public
Safety, which she thought included all city and county employees involved in public
safety.

        Jessica called McCormack soon after receiving the letter. For privacy reasons,
McCormack could not give Jessica many details about the employee who had
accessed her information improperly. McCormack did say that the employee was
undergoing a disciplinary process and that the employee had acted out of “basic
curiosity.” Jessica and McCormack both testified that McCormack may have told
Jessica that the improper access at issue was an “isolated incident.” Jessica continued
to believe that her information had been accessed improperly only once. Cory saw
the letter, discussed it with Jessica, and may have been present during Jessica’s phone
call with McCormack.

      On June 11, 2008, Jessica’s bank notified her that changes had been made to
the personal profile section of her account. Concerned by the proximity of the bank
notice to the DVS letter, Jessica spoke with McCormack again on the phone.
McCormack reiterated that she could not disclose personal information about the
employee, but assured Jessica that there was no reason to be concerned. The changes

                                         -5-
to Jessica’s bank account turned out to be unrelated to the improper use of the DVS
database.

        On June 15, 2008, Jessica searched for and printed out a news script from
earlier in the year that reported on unauthorized viewing of driver’s license
information. The script said that two customer service specialists for the Department
of Public Safety were accused of accessing the personal information of about 400
people. On June 19, an anonymous source sent a letter to an attorney at Jessica’s
television station suggesting that the station should investigate unlawful access to
driver’s license data by the Department of Public Safety. The attorney provided the
letter to Jessica.

      Over four years later, in January 2013, the Minnesota Department of Natural
Resources sent a letter notifying Jessica that one of its employees had accessed
Jessica’s motor vehicle records without authorization. Jessica and Cory then each
requested a full audit of their motor vehicle records. The audits suggested that the
Kampschroers’ private information had been accessed more than 1,400 times between
2003 and 2013.

       The Kampschroers sued numerous cities, counties, local entities, and
individuals on September 15, 2013. In their second amended complaint, the
Kampschroers alleged, inter alia, that the defendants violated the DPPA by
knowingly obtaining, disclosing, or using the Kampschroers’ personal information
for impermissible purposes. See 18 U.S.C. §§ 2721, 2724(a). The district court
dismissed claims brought against certain defendants for failure to state a claim.
Applying the four-year statute of limitations of 28 U.S.C. § 1658(a), the court
reasoned that other claims arising from violations that occurred before September 15,
2009, would normally be time-barred, because the statute begins to run when a
violation occurs. See McDonough v. Anoka County, 

, 943 (8th Cir.
2015). But the court concluded that limited discovery was warranted to address

                                         -6-
whether the Kampschroers were entitled to equitable tolling on account of
McCormack’s representations in May 2008.

       After discovery, the district court granted the remaining defendants’ motions
for summary judgment on claims for violations that occurred before September 15,
2009. The court determined that Jessica’s confusion over the scope of the May 2008
DVS audit was insufficient to warrant equitable tolling. The court also reasoned that
Jessica was in a better position to discover DPPA violations than most plaintiffs
because she had encountered evidence of unauthorized DVS database access at
multiple times in 2008. Because Cory relied on the same confusion over the DVS
audit, the court concluded that he was not entitled to equitable tolling either. The
Kampschroers appeal; we consider the grant of summary judgment de novo, viewing
the facts in the light most favorable to the Kampschroers as the non-moving parties.

                                         II.

       Equitable tolling is an exception to the general rule of enforcing statutes of
limitation, and it is therefore appropriate only in extraordinary circumstances.
“Generally, a litigant seeking equitable tolling bears the burden of establishing two
elements: (1) that he has been pursuing his rights diligently, and (2) that some
extraordinary circumstance stood in his way.” Pace v. DiGuglielmo, 

,
418 (2005). The parties embrace that two-part test from the habeas corpus context,
so we apply it without deciding whether a more stringent test might otherwise apply
in a nonhabeas action. Cf. Menominee Indian Tribe of Wis. v. United States, 136 S.
Ct. 750, 756 n.2 (2016).

       The Kampschroers rest their argument for extraordinary circumstances on
McCormack’s representations about the DVS audit. They acknowledge that the
statute of limitations for a DPPA claim begins to run when the violation occurs, not
when a plaintiff discovers the violation. See 

. But in

                                         -7-
the Kampschroers’ view, a reasonable person would have interpreted McCormack’s
letter and her two subsequent phone conversations with Jessica to communicate that
the audit covered all uses of the DVS database, not just uses by DVS employees.
That interpretation, they explain, lulled both of them into inaction until Jessica
received notice from the Department of Natural Resources in 2013.

       McCormack’s communications do not constitute extraordinary circumstances.
The best reading of McCormack’s letter is that the DVS audit examined uses of the
database only by DVS employees. The letter stated that “Driver and Vehicle
Services” had conducted “an internal audit” that revealed an unauthorized viewing
of Jessica’s driving record by “an employee.” McCormack signed the letter as the
Director of “Driver and Vehicle Services,” and stated that “we . . . will continue to
monitor employee use.” The letter’s heading listed “Driver and Vehicle Services”
above the return address and contact information.

        The top of the letter did have a banner with the words “Minnesota Department
of Public Safety,” but a reasonable person would not assume that the Minnesota
Department of Public Safety includes the entirety of state and local government in
Minnesota. Even a letter referring to all Department employees would not constitute
an exhaustive statement about unauthorized viewing of Jessica’s information. The
letter, moreover, said only that “[t]he department” had taken appropriate “disciplinary
actions.” That the Department is responsible for discipline of an employee within one
of its divisions does not convey to a reasonable person that the DVS audit extended
to all Department employees.

       McCormack’s conversations with Jessica over the phone were consistent with
the initial letter. Jessica’s notes from the first phone call reflect that McCormack said
the employee was undergoing a disciplinary process, and the notes say nothing about
the scope of the DVS audit. The Kampschroers make much of the point that
McCormack may have said that the improper access addressed by the letter was an

                                          -8-
“isolated incident.” But without evidence that McCormack purported to speak about
state and local government beyond the division that she headed, the “isolated
incident” statement is best understood to mean that there was only one improper
access of Jessica’s information by a DVS employee. The same goes for
McCormack’s assurances in the second phone call that the unauthorized access was
a one-time incident and was nothing to be concerned about. Since a plaintiff’s “mere
misunderstanding” of accurate information is not an extraordinary circumstance,
neither of the Kampschroers is entitled to equitable tolling. Miller v. Runyon, 

, 390 (8th Cir. 1994).

       Even if McCormack’s representations were ambiguous as to the scope of the
DVS audit, they would still not justify equitable tolling. To warrant equitable tolling
under the test from Pace, the circumstances that caused a party’s delay must be “both
extraordinary and beyond its control.” Menominee Indian 

.
A reasonable person in the Kampschroers’ position would not rely on ambiguous
information to conclude that no other DPPA violations had ever occurred. Nothing
kept the Kampschroers from seeking clarification about the scope of the DVS audit.
Jessica could have inquired about the audit when she spoke with McCormack on two
separate occasions. Jessica had even more reason to seek clarification after she
received the anonymous letter and read the news script stating that Department of
Public Safety employees had improperly accessed personal information. The
circumstances here were neither extraordinary nor beyond the control of the
Kampschroers.

       The Kampschroers’ remaining arguments are unavailing. They contend that
the district court erroneously required a showing that McCormack intended to deceive
the Kampschroers, and that there are genuine disputes of fact as to McCormack’s
intent. We need not address McCormack’s intent, because her representations were
not misleading. Insofar as the district court may have relied on a conclusion about
McCormack’s intent, it was unnecessary to the decision. The Kampschroers also

                                         -9-
argue that the district court erred by concluding that Jessica “engaged in her own
investigation” during 2008. But however Jessica’s actions are characterized, it is
undisputed that she read the news script and received the anonymous letter about
misuse of the database. Those facts weigh against equitable tolling whether or not
she pursued an investigation.

                                  *       *       *

       The Kampschroers are not entitled to equitable tolling because no extraordinary
circumstance prevented them from pursuing their rights. Their claims alleging
violations of the DPPA that occurred before September 15, 2009, are therefore
untimely. The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
                     ______________________________




                                        -10-