J. FREDERICK MOTZ, District Judge.
Plaintiff James Gamble ("Gamble") brings this action against Defendant Fradkin & Weber, P.A. ("Fradkin & Weber"), a law firm that engages in the business of debt collection. Gamble alleges that in attempting to recover a debt from him, Fradkin & Weber violated the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act ("FDCPA") and tortiously invaded his privacy by intruding upon his seclusion. Now pending before the court is Fradkin & Weber's motion to dismiss the claims against it. Gamble opposed the motion to dismiss but Fradkin & Weber did not file a reply and the time for doing so has passed. The motion to dismiss is therefore ripe and no hearing is necessary. See Local Rule 105.6. For the reasons that follow, Defendant's motion is denied with respect to the FDCPA claim and granted with respect to the invasion of privacy claim.
This case stems from a debt that Gamble incurred on or about June 13, 2008 on his Continental Finance MasterCard. That debt was sold several times to various companies. (Compl. ¶ 6, ECF No. 1). Continental Finance Company ("Continental") initially sold Gamble's debt — in a portfolio of similar debts — to LP Investments, LTD ("LP Investments") on or about Feb. 20, 2009, roughly eight months after the debt was incurred. (Id. ¶ 11). On the same day it acquired that portfolio, LP Investments sold the portfolio to DelMarva Capital Group, LLC, ("DelMarva").
In between these sales of his debt, Gamble filed for protection under Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code. His petition was filed with the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Maryland on Jan. 29, 2010, when DelMarva owned his debt. (Id. ¶ 13). In the schedules filed with that court, Gamble listed an unsecured loan of $707.70 in favor of "Continental Finance MasterCard." (Id. ¶ 14; Compl. Ex. B). Gamble claims this information was drawn from his credit report and that when he filed for bankruptcy he had no notice that the debt had been sold. (Id. ¶ 15). No objections to discharge or adversary proceedings were filed to determine the dischargeability of the debt. (Id. ¶ 16). Subsequently, on May 12, 2010, Gamble was granted a discharge of all dischargeable debts, pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 524. (Id. ¶ 18). Gamble contends the debt he owed to Continental, which was eventually purchased by Fradkin & Weber, was among those discharged in the bankruptcy proceeding. (Id.).
One week after the bankruptcy court discharged Gamble's debts, Fradkin & Weber sent a letter to Gamble informing him that the debt he owed to Continental Finance had been sold to it. (Id. ¶ 19). Fradkin & Weber claims this letter was sent in compliance with the FDCPA and that it gave Gamble a 30-day period in which to dispute the validity of the debt. (Def.'s Mot. to Dismiss ¶ 10, ECF No. 4). It appears that Gamble did not receive the letter, which was returned to Fradkin & Weber on July 8, 2010 as "attempted-not known, unable to forward." (Id. ¶ 11). Nonetheless, before Fradkin & Weber received the returned letter and after the 30-day period expired, Fradkin & Weber filed a lawsuit in the District Court of Prince George's County to collect on the debt ("collections action"). (Id. ¶ 10; Compl. ¶ 20; Compl. Ex. C). In the complaint, filed on or about June 28, 2010, Michael Fradkin, a principal of Fradkin & Weber, certified that the debt was "justly due and owing." (Compl.¶ 21). Gamble was served with the complaint and summons in the collections action in April 2011 and trial was set for June 23, 2011.
Fradkin & Weber asserts that it had no actual or constructive notice of the bankruptcy filing when it filed suit against Gamble. (Def.'s Mot. to Dismiss ¶ 7). It claims the debt was sold without any knowledge of the bankruptcy filing. (Id. ¶ 4). Fradkin & Weber notes that Gamble's bankruptcy schedules and mailing matrix did not list Fradkin & Weber among his creditors, nor did Gamble amend these documents to list the correct creditor, which Fradkin & Weber claims would have provided it notice of the bankruptcy filing. (Id. ¶¶ 5, 9).
After it learned of the bankruptcy discharge, Fradkin & Weber dismissed its collections action against Gamble on May 2, 2011. (Id. ¶ 15). Gamble, however, initiated an adversary action against Fradkin & Weber in the Bankruptcy Court, alleging willful violation of the discharge injunction
Fradkin & Weber moves to dismiss the complaint pursuant to FRCP 12(b)(6).
The FDCPA protects consumers from abusive and deceptive practices by debt collectors. See U.S. v. Nat'l Fin. Servs., Inc., 98 F.3d 131, 135 (4th Cir. 1996). Section 1692e forbids the use of "any false, deceptive, or misleading representation or means in connection with the collection of any debt." 15 U.S.C. § 1692e. Among the conduct it prohibits are the "false representation of ... the character, amount, or legal status of any debt" and "the use of any false representation or deceptive means to collect or attempt to collect any debt or to obtain information concerning a consumer." 15 U.S.C. §§ 1692e(2)(A), 1692e(10).
Fradkin & Weber advances two distinct arguments. First, it argues it is not liable under the FDCPA because it lacked knowledge that Gamble had filed for bankruptcy and therefore could not have made a false statement under the FDCPA. Second, it argues that even if Gamble states a claim under the FDCPA he cannot pursue it here because the Bankruptcy Code provides the exclusive remedy available to him. (Id. ¶ 27). Each argument is addressed in turn.
There is no dispute that Fradkin & Weber is a debt collector subject to the FDCPA. See Sayyed v. Wolpoff & Abramson, 485 F.3d 226, 229 (4th Cir. 2007) (reiterating that the FDCPA "applies to law firms that constitute debt collectors, even where their debt-collecting activity is litigation"). Nor does Fradkin & Weber appear to dispute that Gamble no longer owed the debt at issue. Instead, it argues that it filed the collections action "in the absence of actual or constructive notice of the bankruptcy filing." (Def.'s Mot. to Dismiss ¶ 7). Fradkin & Weber asserts it was "operating under the assumption that the debt was owed, not that the debt was owed in spite of a bankruptcy filing." (Id. ¶ 33) (emphasis in original).
This argument misses the point. The FDCPA is a strict liability statute. A plaintiff need only prove one violation of the Act to trigger liability. Long v. McMullen, Drury & Pinder, No. RDB-10-2776, 2011 WL 4458849, at *3 (D.Md. Sept. 23, 2001); Spencer v. Hendersen-Webb, Inc., 81 F.Supp.2d 582, 590-91 (D.Md.1999). Section 1692e applies even when a false representation was unintentional. Turner v. J.V.D.B. & Assoc., Inc., 330 F.3d 991, 995 (7th Cir.2003) (describing the test for whether a debt collector violated § 1693e as "objective, not turning on the question of what the debt collector knew...."); Ross v. RJM Acquisitions Funding LLC, 480 F.3d 493, 495 (7th Cir. 2007) (stating that conduct need not be "deliberate, reckless, or even negligent to trigger liability — it need only be false...."). The fact that Fradkin & Weber did not know of Gamble's bankruptcy does not affect whether its conduct was a false representation under the Act. Although 1692e is "not aimed specifically at efforts to collect debts that have been discharged in bankruptcy, this provision fits that practice to a T." Ross, 480 F.3d at 495. The filing of a suit to collect a discharge debt is therefore sufficient to state a claim under § 1692e. See Randolph v. IMBS, Inc., 368 F.3d 726, 728 (7th Cir.2004) ("A demand for immediate payment while a debtor is in bankruptcy (or after the debt's discharge) is `false' in the sense that it asserts that money is due, although, because of the ... discharge injunction, it is not.") (citations omitted).
The only defense to liability is provided in § 1692k(c), which states a debt collector is not liable if a violation is both unintentional and the result of "a bona fide error notwithstanding the maintenance of procedures reasonably adapted to avoid any such error." 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(c). Whether Fradkin & Weber's conduct meets this test can only be decided at a later stage in this litigation. See Sayyed, 485 F.3d at 235 (noting that the proper place for this inquiry is not at the Rule 12(b)(6) stage); Shah v. Collecto, No. Civ. A.2004-4059, 2005 WL 2216242, at *7-8 (D.Md. Sept. 12, 2005) (addressing the merits of a § 1692k(c) defense in the context of a summary judgment motion); Young v. Ryan, No. ELH-11-01562, 2011 WL 6217007, at *3 (D.Md. Dec. 12, 2011) (observing that the bona fide error defense "will almost always depend ... on the determination of facts not included in the pleadings").
Fradkin & Weber argues that even if Gamble states a claim under the FDCPA, he cannot recover under that statute because the Bankruptcy Code provides the exclusive remedy for his claim. In essence,
The Fourth Circuit has not addressed the question of the extent to which the Bankruptcy Code prevents debtors from seeking relief under the FDCPA for conduct that also constitutes a violation of the Bankruptcy Code.
A number of courts have held that specific FDCPA claims cannot be maintained because the Bankruptcy Code provides the proper remedy for the conduct at issue. This is particularly true when the conduct occurs within the bankruptcy proceeding itself. See, e.g., Simmons v. Roundup Funding, LLC, 622 F.3d 93, 96 (2d Cir. 2010) (affirming dismissal of FDCPA claim based on a creditor's filing of an inflated proof of claim in a bankruptcy proceeding); B-Real, LLC v. Rogers, 405 B.R. 428, 434 (M.D.La.2009) (dismissing FDCPA claim premised on filing of proof of claim because "in this specific factual situation application of the FDCPA is precluded by the Bankruptcy Code"); Middlebrooks v. Interstate Credit Control, Inc., 391 B.R. 434, 437 (D.Minn.2008) (dismissing FDCPA claim based on a wrongful proof of claim filed in bankruptcy).
More broadly, the Ninth Circuit appears to treat all FDCPA claims as foreclosed when they are based on conduct that violates the Bankruptcy Code. See Walls v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 276 F.3d 502, 510 (9th Cir.2002). In Walls, the Ninth Circuit dismissed a § 1692f claim for "unfair and unconscionable" debt collection brought simultaneously with an adverse action in Bankruptcy Court that alleged a violation of the discharge injunction. Id. at 511. The Walls court noted that the Bankruptcy Code provides its own remedy — civil contempt — for willful violations of a discharge order and said that allowing a simultaneous FDCPA claim "allow[s] debtors to bypass the Code's remedial scheme." Id. at 510. It stated that while "the FDCPA's purpose is to avoid bankruptcy, if bankruptcy nevertheless occurs, the debtor's protection and remedy remain under the Bankruptcy Code." Id. Although some courts have read this language narrowly, others suggest Walls stands for the proposition that a debt collector's negligent attempts to collect from debtors during or after bankruptcy cannot yield liability. Compare Rios v. Bakalar & Assocs., 795 F.Supp.2d 1368, 1369-70 (S.D.Fla. 2011) (reading Walls narrowly) with Randolph, 368 F.3d at 728 (reading Walls broadly).
To the extent that Walls stands for such a broad rule, it appears to be an outlier. See, e.g., Randolph, 368 F.3d at 732-33 (allowing FDCPA claims for negligent falsehoods and holding that doing so does not contradict the Bankruptcy Code). See also Simmons, 622 F.3d at 96 n. 2 (observing that the "broader rule" of Walls "has not been universally accepted"); Rios, 795 F.Supp.2d at 1369-70 (analyzing Walls and Randolph and siding with Randolph).
In this case, there is no reason to believe that Gamble should be allowed only to recover under the Bankruptcy Code and not under the FDCPA. The conduct at issue occurred after the discharge of Gamble's debt, not during the pendency of his bankruptcy. Cf. Wan v. Discover Fin. Servs., 324 B.R. 124, 127 (N.D.Cal.2005) (suggesting conduct that occurs during a bankruptcy case "raises an even greater concern about potential overlap and conflict between the Bankruptcy Code and the
For the foregoing reasons, Defendant's motion to dismiss Gamble's FDCPA claim is denied.
Maryland recognizes four forms of invasion of privacy, including intrusion upon seclusion. Household Fin. Corp. v. Bridge, 252 Md. 531, 250 A.2d 878, 881-83 (1969). The "gist of the offense is the intrusion into a private place or the invasion of a private seclusion that the plaintiff has thrown about his person or affairs." Furman v. Sheppard, 130 Md.App. 67, 744 A.2d 583, 585-86 (2000); Pemberton v. Bethlehem Steel Corp., 66 Md.App. 133, 502 A.2d 1101, 1116 (1986) (citing Restatement (Second) of Torts § 652B). The elements of the tort are an intentional intrusion upon another person's solitude, seclusion, private affairs, or concerns in a manner that would be highly offensive to a reasonable person. Trundle v. Homeside Lending, Inc., 162 F.Supp.2d 396, 401 (D.Md.2001). Intent is required; the tort cannot be committed by unintended conduct amounting only to a lack of due care. Bailer v. Erie Ins. Exch., 344 Md. 515, 687 A.2d 1375, 1381 (1997) (citing Snakenberg v. Hartford Cas. Ins. Co., 299 S.C. 164, 383 S.E.2d 2, 4 (S.C.App.1989)).
Gamble asserts that by sending a process server to his home to serve him with process in the collections action, Fradkin & Weber intruded upon his seclusion.
These arguments fail. In deciding what conduct intrudes upon an individual's seclusion, the Maryland Court of Appeals has found it "generally recognized that a creditor has a right to take reasonable measures to pursue his debtor and persuade payment, although the steps taken may result in some invasion of the debtor's privacy." Household Fin. Corp., 250 A.2d at 884. How far a creditor may go to collect a debt is to be decided on the individual facts of each case, but "usually on the grounds of reasonableness." Id.
Courts have found creditors' actions reasonable when they constitute non-invasive attempts to collect a debt. See, e.g., Shuler v. Ingram & Assocs., 710 F.Supp.2d 1213, 1227 (N.D.Ala.2010) (finding no intrusion because "one conversation discussing payment methods and permissible remedies upon execution of judgment does not `exceed the bounds of reasonableness...'") (citing Black v. Aegis Consumer Funding Grp., Inc., No. Civ. A. 99-0412-P-S, 2001 WL 228062, at *5 (S.D.Ala. Feb. 8, 2001)); Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. v. Favino, No. 1:10 CV 571, 2011 WL 1256771, at *10 (N.D.Ohio Mar. 31, 2011) (finding no intrusion but listing unreasonable practices of debt collection, including campaigns "to harass and torment the debtor" through at least six daily phone calls). Only when such conduct becomes more persistent, deliberate, or vile do courts begin to consider it unreasonable. See, e.g., Summit Loans v. Pecola, 265 Md. 43, 288 A.2d 114, 118 (1972) (finding sufficient evidence to support jury verdict against a debt collector
In this case, Fradkin & Weber's conduct was clearly reasonable. Gamble has not alleged Fradkin & Weber knew the debt on which they sought to collect was no longer owed at the time they served process. Nor has Gamble asserted that the process server conducted himself or herself in a highly offensive manner when he or she served Gamble with process. Although Gamble in fact no longer owed the debt that Fradkin & Weber attempted to collect, this fact alone does not make unreasonable the otherwise reasonable conduct of attempting to collect a debt through serving process.
Defendant's motion to dismiss the invasion of privacy claim is therefore granted.
For the foregoing reasons, Defendant's motion to dismiss is denied with respect to the FDCPA claim and granted with respect to the invasion of privacy claim. A separate order follows.
