FILED
                                                                      United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                          Tenth Circuit

                             FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                          October 14, 2016
                         _________________________________
                                                                          Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                              Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

      Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.                                                          No. 15-2194
                                                  (D.C. No. 2:14-CR-02130-KG-3)
POLLY HOPPER,                                                (D. N.M.)

      Defendant - Appellant.
                      _________________________________

                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                         _________________________________

Before HOLMES, BALDOCK, and MORITZ, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

      Following a jury trial, Polly Hopper was convicted of kidnapping and

conspiracy to commit kidnapping in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 371 and 1201.

Ms. Hopper appeals her conviction and sentence, arguing that her trial should have

been severed from her co-defendants, that there is insufficient evidence to support the

conviction on both counts, and that her sentence is substantively unreasonable.

Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we reject these challenges and affirm

Ms. Hopper’s conviction and sentence.

      *
        After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent,
except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It
may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
                                             I

       After separating from his wife Melissa in March or April 2014 and leaving her

and his two sons in Arkansas, Jessie Hopper Jr. moved in with his grandmother,

father (Jessie Sr.), and aunt (Polly) in Deming, New Mexico.1 Upon learning that

Melissa had a boyfriend, Jessie Sr. told Jessie Jr. that Melissa should be with him and

his children should not be calling another man “Daddy.” Polly was not present for

this conversation but was for a conversation later that day wherein “she was talking

to [Jessie Sr.] about” showing Jessie Jr. “how to get your kids and your wife.” Suppl.

R., Vol. 1 at 472–74. Jessie Jr. testified that the initial plan was to take a van to

Arkansas and bring back his children, but it was modified to include Melissa because

Jessie Sr. wanted her, too. At Jessie Sr.’s instruction, Jessie Jr. told Melissa that

Polly had died because he did not believe she would get in the van if Polly were

there, as Melissa and Polly “didn’t like each other.” 

Jessie Jr. testified

that Polly went along with the plan to “make her brother happy,” 

and to

“torture” Melissa, 

       The Hoppers only owned a pickup truck at the time, so the use of a van

required its purchase. Polly noted May 6 in her calendar as the date they planned to

go look for a van. The van was purchased for at least two purposes: picking up

Melissa and her children in Arkansas and providing a vehicle for Jessie Jr.’s

grandmother, who was unable to drive the truck. Polly went to Las Cruces with


       1
        At times, we will refer to the actors in this case by their first names to avoid
confusion.
                                             2
Jessie Sr. and their mother to purchase the van, but Jessie Sr. “call[ed] the shots,”

paying the down payment for the van and signing for it along with his mother. 

480–81. Polly sat at the dealership and did not go on the test drive. They

brought it back to Deming that day.

      On May 7, the Hoppers drove to Arkansas, stopping first in Morrilton at a

pawn shop and the house of the pawn shop’s former owner, where Polly retrieved the

title to the pickup truck and some money. Polly paid for gas on the first leg of the

trip and used the money she received in Morrilton to pay for gas on the return leg.

After Polly obtained the title, the Hoppers drove to a park in Hot Springs, where,

with Melissa being under the impression Polly was dead, Polly waited in hiding in

rainy weather while Jessie Sr. and Jessie Jr. met with Melissa and the children.

Jessie Jr. surprised Melissa with the van, telling her that they bought it for her and

the children. Jessie Sr. told Melissa he was dying from cancer and asked her to pick

a restaurant where they could sit down and visit. After briefly stopping by her home

to change, Melissa got in the van with the Hoppers, but Jessie Sr. turned back toward

the park claiming he forgot something.

      Just before they reached the park, Jessie Sr. stopped the van and Polly got in.

Immediately realizing something was awry, Melissa said, “Oh, my God, let me go,”

and screamed at Jessie Jr., “JJ, really?” 

Jessie Jr. testified that Melissa

told Polly, “I’m going to kill you, Bitch.” 

According to Melissa, Polly

gave her a “weird eerie smile” and said, “They got you.” 

According to

Jessie Jr., Polly said, “You’re not going to get the chance. Got you now.” 

                                            3
Melissa “[f]reaked out” and requested to get out of the van, but the doors were locked

and she was handcuffed. 

Polly was in the passenger seat. Jessie Jr.

said that his father and aunt “didn’t think [he] had the balls to go through with it,”

and put a sawed-off shotgun in Melissa’s face, telling her to shut up. 

Melissa testified that Polly’s demeanor was cold and that she did not “see how

[Polly] could not have” seen the shotgun. 

Jessie Sr. and Jessie Jr. told her

that, where they were going, “nobody would ever know where [she] was at.” 

Melissa “gave up.” 

9, they arrived at a Sam’s Club in Las Cruces, where Melissa was

uncuffed and told not to cause a scene. All three Hoppers accompanied Melissa into

the store and she was permitted to use the restroom, but Polly was standing outside of

her stall waiting for her. Polly asked her whether she talked to anybody and Melissa

responded, “No.” 

They exited the restroom together and walked around

Sam’s, where Jessie Jr. reminded Melissa not to cause a scene. When the Hoppers

got back on the road to Deming, they approached a border patrol checkpoint. Jessie

Sr. told Melissa not to make any gestures or draw attention to the vehicle while Jessie

Jr. sat with the shotgun on his lap under a jacket. Jessie Sr. also threatened to kill

Melissa if she made a scene. Upon arriving in Deming, they stopped at a Wal-Mart

but Melissa was not permitted to go inside. Polly went inside first and then came

back out to monitor Melissa in the van while the men went inside. While they were

alone in the van, Melissa asked Polly why she would not let her go. According to

Melissa, Polly replied, “Because JJ wanted you.” 

At some point on

                                            4
May 9, while the Hoppers were in transit, Melissa’s cousin filed a missing person

report.

          Around dusk, they arrived at the Hoppers’ property, which included a bus in

which Jessie Sr. and Jessie Jr. lived and a “house trailer” where Polly lived with her

mother. Melissa was brought to the bus, where she was forced by the men to clean

the living area and feed her children, and was repeatedly sexually assaulted over the

course of the next 24 hours. There is no evidence Polly was present in the bus for

these events. On the second day, Melissa asked for some bottoms because a

nightgown Jessie Sr. had purchased showed “everything” when she bent over. 

Polly brought her some of her own clothes so she would have something to

wear. At some point, Jessie Jr. instructed Melissa to leave messages for family

members so they do not worry, allowing a ping signal on Melissa’s phone to be

traced to the Hopper residence.

          At the request of the Hot Springs sheriff’s office, two New Mexico State

Police officers were dispatched to the property, where, upon seeing a van matching

the description of the van the Hoppers drove to Arkansas, the officers stopped nearby

and called for backup. Before other officers arrived, Jessie Sr. approached the

officers, as Polly had phoned him to inform him that there were police officers at the

property gate and to “make everybody be quiet.” 

The officers approached

the bus to perform a welfare check on Melissa and the men told her to tell the officers

everything was fine. The officers took Melissa further away from the bus and asked

her if she was being held against her will; she said that she was. Polly was sitting

                                             5
outside in a golf cart. The officers arrested Jessie Sr. and Jessie Jr. while Polly asked

whether “we [were] going to jail.” 

Polly was arrested shortly thereafter.

      Jessie Sr., Jessie Jr., and Polly were all indicted and charged with conspiracy

to commit kidnapping in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371 and kidnapping in violation of

18 U.S.C. §§ 2 and 1201. The two men were also charged with firearms offenses.

Jessie Jr. pleaded guilty to five of six counts in a superseding indictment. Polly filed

a motion to sever her trial, arguing that Jessie Jr.’s duress defense would be

antagonistic with Polly’s defense that she was not part of any conspiracy. The

district court denied the motion because, upon pleading guilty, Jessie Jr. became a

government witness, leaving no conflict with Polly’s defense. Polly renewed her

motion at a pretrial conference, arguing that she would be prejudiced by evidence

that Jessie Sr. and Jessie Jr. sexually assaulted Melissa. The district court again

denied the motion, holding that jury instructions would be sufficient to ensure each

defendant was considered individually.

      Jessie Sr. and Polly were tried and found guilty by a jury as charged. A

presentence report calculated Polly’s total offense level as 38 with a criminal history

category of III, yielding a guidelines range of 292 to 365 months. Polly requested a

downward variance. The district court sentenced her to 292 months’ imprisonment.

                                           II

      Ms. Hopper raises four challenges to her conviction and sentence: (1) the

district court abused its discretion when it denied her motion to sever; (2) the

evidence was insufficient to convict her of conspiracy; (3) the evidence was

                                            6
insufficient to convict her of kidnapping; and (4) her sentence was substantively

unreasonable. We address each claim in turn.

                                             A

       Ms. Hopper argues that the substantial graphic evidence detailing the sexual

assault of Melissa was irrelevant to her case and prejudicial, as no “reasonable jury

would be able to overlook not one, but two defendants, forcibly repeatedly raping the

victim of a kidnapping.” Opening Br. at 11.

       Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 8(b) “permits an indictment to charge two

or more defendants if they are alleged to have participated in the same act or

transaction, or in the same series of acts or transactions, constituting an offense or

offenses,” consistent with the “preference in the federal system for joint trials of

defendants who are indicted together.” United States v. Pursley (Pursley II),

, 1215 (10th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). Rule 14(a)

vests a district court with the authority to “sever the trials of more than one defendant

if joinder appears to prejudice a defendant or the government.” 

marks omitted). A trial court “should grant a severance under Rule 14 only

if there is a serious risk that a joint trial would compromise a specific trial right of

one of the defendants, or prevent the jury from making a reliable judgment about

guilt or innocence.” Zafiro v. United States, 

, 539 (1993). “That risk is

present when the jury considers evidence against a defendant that is admissible only

against a co-defendant,” however, “neither a mere allegation that defendant would

have a better chance of acquittal in a separate trial nor an argument that evidence

                                             7
against one defendant would have a spillover effect on another defendant

demonstrates prejudice.” United States v. Clark, 

, 818 (10th Cir. 2013)

(internal quotation marks omitted).

      “The district court is the primary referee on severance claims, for we, as an

appellate court, have only a distant view of the ring.” 

leaves the

determination of risk of prejudice and any remedy for such prejudice to the sound

discretion of the district court,” United States v. Morales, 

, 1220

(10th Cir. 1997), leaving us to review the district court’s denial of a motion to sever

only for an abuse of that discretion, Pursley 

.

      The district court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to sever the trials.

Ms. Hopper’s argument focuses on the concern of a “spillover effect” that we have

held is an insufficient basis to sever a trial. See 

. As the

government argues, evidence relating to the sexual assaults would have been

admissible against Ms. Hopper in a separate trial as evidence of the conspiracy and

overt acts in furtherance of the conspiracy. Further, it would also be relevant to

Ms. Hopper’s statement describing why she would not let Melissa go—“Because JJ

wanted you.” Suppl. R., Vol. 1 at 719. This evidence is not “admissible only against

a co-defendant,” see 

, and thus does not create the risk of

prejudice contemplated by the Supreme Court in Zafiro. None of Ms. Hopper’s

arguments point to a risk of prejudice that would weigh against the preference that

persons charged together be tried together in a conspiracy trial. See United States v.



                                            8
Scott, 

, 1579 (10th Cir. 1994). We therefore discern no abuse of

discretion in the district judge’s denial of the motion to sever.

                                            B

       Ms. Hopper argues that the government presented insufficient evidence that

she agreed to kidnap Melissa, committed an overt act in furtherance of the

conspiracy, did so knowingly and voluntarily, and acted with the coconspirators for

mutual benefit. She also contends that the government presented insufficient

evidence that she kidnapped Melissa for ransom, reward, or otherwise, and that she

did so knowingly and willfully. She raised these issues in a motion for judgment of

acquittal.

              In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence and denial of a motion
       for judgment of acquittal, this court reviews the record de novo to
       determine whether, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
       government, any rational trier of fact could have found the defendant guilty
       of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.
United States v. Irvin, 

, 1266 (10th Cir. 2012). We consider “the entire

record, including both direct and circumstantial evidence, together with the

reasonable inferences to be drawn from it.” United States v. Mendez, 

,

1041 (10th Cir. 2008). We may not “weigh conflicting evidence” in conducting this

inquiry. United States v. Evans, 

, 1018 (10th Cir. 2003). A conviction

may be reversed only if “no reasonable juror could have reached the disputed

verdict.” United States v. Carter, 

, 1439 (10th Cir. 1997).




                                            9
                                           1

      “To convict a defendant under the general conspiracy statute, 18 U.S.C. § 371,

the government must prove the following elements beyond a reasonable doubt: (1) an

agreement with another person to violate the law, (2) knowledge of the essential

objectives of the conspiracy, (3) knowing and voluntary involvement, and

(4) interdependence among the alleged conspirators.” United States v. Wardell,

, 1287 (10th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). “During

the conspiracy, at least one of the coconspirators must commit an overt act in

furtherance of the conspiracy.” 

[can] infer an agreement constituting a

conspiracy from the acts of the parties and other circumstantial evidence indicating

concert of action for the accomplishment of a common purpose.” 

(internal quotation marks omitted). “Interdependence exists where

coconspirators intend to act together for their shared mutual benefit within the scope

of the conspiracy charged.” United States v. Caldwell, 

, 1329

(10th Cir. 2009) (brackets and internal quotation marks omitted); see also 

(noting that interdependence exists where a defendant “facilitated

the endeavors” of other coconspirators or the venture as a whole).

      Our review indicates that the evidence was more than sufficient to support

Ms. Hopper’s conspiracy conviction. Her agreement with her coconspirators can

easily be inferred from her actions. See 

. Ms. Hopper, along

with Jessie Sr., told Jessie Jr. to “[w]atch and learn, . . . we’re going to show you how

to get your kids and your wife.” Suppl. R., Vol. 1 at 472. Not only did Ms. Hopper

                                           10
travel on a day-long van ride to Arkansas with two men who had a unified purpose

for the trip, she helped accomplish that purpose by waiting in the rain, as the plan

was devised with the knowledge that Melissa would not get in the van if Ms. Hopper

were there. See 

590–92. And when she boarded the van, she told Melissa

some version of “got you” while displaying a “weird eerie smile.” See 

698. Ms. Hopper even obtained money for gas on the return leg of the trip, when

Melissa and the children were held captive in the van. 

Ms. Hopper’s

clearest actions from which we can infer an agreement came upon their return to

New Mexico, where she accompanied Melissa into a restroom and waited outside the

stall, inquiring whether Melissa had talked to anyone. See 

She also

monitored Melissa in the van in the Wal-Mart parking lot, providing a reason why

she was unwilling to release Melissa, 

      There are too many examples in the record of Ms. Hopper’s assent to the

conspiracy that cannot be explained away by her argument that she was merely going

to Arkansas to retrieve the truck title. The truck title had nothing to do with

Ms. Hopper’s holding Melissa in the van at Wal-Mart. Even though the government

need only prove an overt act by her coconspirators and not Ms. Hopper herself,

United States v. Pursley (Pursley I), 

, 768 (10th Cir. 2007), any number

of these acts would qualify as an overt act indicating her joining the conspiracy. The

jury had no shortage of overt acts from which to choose here. Though Ms. Hopper

argues that some of these acts could have been less than knowing and voluntary as

under the duress of Jessie Sr., this argument is belied by Ms. Hopper’s alerting Jessie

                                           11
Sr. to the police presence accumulating outside of their gate in Deming. See Suppl.

R., Vol. 1 at 735. That alert, along with watching Melissa in the van at Wal-Mart,

also provides evidence to prove interdependence. There is plenty of evidence that

Ms. Hopper “facilitated the venture as a whole.” See 

.

      In sum, there was sufficient evidence for any rational factfinder to determine

that Ms. Hopper was a member of the charged kidnapping conspiracy. Accordingly,

we reject her sufficiency-of-the-evidence challenge to the conspiracy charge.

                                          2

      To prove kidnapping, the government must show “(1) transportation in

interstate commerce (2) of an unconsenting person who is (3) held for ransom,

reward, or otherwise, (4) with such acts being done knowingly and willfully.” United

States v. Walker, 

, 1220 (10th Cir. 1998). As to ransom or reward, “the

statute demands only that the holding of the kidnap victim fulfill some purpose

desired by the captor.” United States v. Gabaldon, 

, 1095 (10th Cir.

2004) (internal quotation marks omitted). To prove that a defendant aided and

abetted a kidnapping, the government must show that the defendant willfully

associated herself with the criminal venture and sought to make it succeed through

some action of her own. United States v. Rosalez, 

, 1205 (10th Cir.

2013). Mere knowledge of the crime or presence at the crime scene is

insufficient-there must be “some showing of intent to further the criminal venture.”

United States v. Delgado-Uribe, 

, 1084 (10th Cir. 2004).



                                          12
      The evidence cited above is also more than sufficient evidence to support

Ms. Hopper’s kidnapping conviction. Ms. Hopper argues that the government failed

to prove that she kidnapped Melissa for ransom, reward, or otherwise, and failed to

prove that she “knowingly and willfully acted contrary to law by kidnapping or

aiding and abetting the kidnapping.” Opening Br. at 21. In support of her

contentions, she asserts that Jessie Jr.’s testimony that she wanted to “make her

brother happy” is inconsistent with his testimony that she wanted to “torture”

Melissa, and is thus unreliable. The reliability of these statements, however, was

weighed and decided by the jury. Far from being a change in testimony, as

Ms. Hopper characterized it in her statement of the facts, 

Jessie Jr.’s

statements are not inconsistent or mutually exclusive, see Suppl. R., Vol. 1 at 473,

587. Either statement served as a legitimate basis for the jury to conclude that

Ms. Hopper derived a benefit from kidnapping Melissa. Additionally, Ms. Hopper’s

argument regarding her knowing and voluntary participation in the kidnapping fails

for the same reasons it failed with regard to the conspiracy conviction.

      Regardless, Ms. Hopper was indicted for both kidnapping and aiding and

abetting a kidnapping in Count II, and the jury rendered a verdict on the whole of

Count II. R., Vol. 1 at 32–33, 225. In light of all the actions Ms. Hopper took in

furtherance of the conspiracy as set forth above, there was sufficient evidence to

prove she intended to join the criminal venture and make it succeed as an abettor.

See 

. It is clear that a rational juror could have

found Ms. Hopper guilty of both kidnapping and aiding and abetting a kidnapping

                                            13
considering the evidence presented at trial. We reject her sufficiency-of-the-evidence

challenge.

                                             C

       Ms. Hopper contends that her sentence is substantively unreasonable because

it is longer than necessary to accomplish the sentencing goals in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)

and because the court did not properly consider the factors set forth in that statute.

Specifically, she maintains that, at sixty-one, she suffers from multiple medical

conditions (such as schizophrenia) and intellectual deficiencies that have allowed her

to be easily controlled by Jessie Sr. for her entire life, and but for that controlling

influence, Ms. Hopper “would not be facing the possibility of dying in a federal

prison.” Opening Br. at 24. She also notes that she was prostituted and beaten by her

father when she was young. Ms. Hopper claims that even if the government’s

version of events were true, it is clear that her role “was minimal and possible under

imperfect duress.” 

does not challenge the district court’s calculation

of her Sentencing Guidelines range and has marshaled no case law in support of her

mental-faculty arguments.

       We review the substantive reasonableness of a sentence for an abuse of

discretion. United States v. Martinez, 

, 1227 (10th Cir. 2010). In this

assessment, we determine “whether the length of the sentence is reasonable given all

the circumstances of the case in light of the factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).”

United States v. Friedman, 

, 1307 (10th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation

marks omitted). There is a “range of possible outcomes” in sentencing proceedings

                                            14
that “the facts and law at issue can fairly support,” United States v. McComb,

, 1053 (10th Cir. 2007), so the fact that we might have reasonably

imposed a different sentence does not warrant reversal of the district court, see Gall

v. United States, 

, 51 (2007). A sentence “within the correctly calculated

Guidelines range . . . may be presumed reasonable on appeal.” United States v.

Haley, 

, 1311 (10th Cir. 2008). Ms. Hopper may rebut that

presumption by demonstrating that the § 3553(a) factors justify a lower sentence,

see United States v. Kristl, 

, 1054 (10th Cir. 2006) (per curiam), but we

will find an abuse of discretion only if the district court rendered “a judgment that is

arbitrary, capricious, whimsical, or manifestly unreasonable.” United States v.

Muñoz-Nava, 

, 1146 (10th Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks

omitted).

      We conclude that Ms. Hopper’s arguments concerning her admittedly

unfortunate circumstances do not rebut the presumption of reasonableness we afford

the district court’s within-Guidelines sentence. As part of its overall evaluation of

the § 3553(a) factors, the district court conducted a reasonable assessment of

Ms. Hopper’s “history and characteristics,” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1), and, in doing so,

expressly considered her medical conditions and intellectual deficiencies. Mindful

that the “sentencing judge has access to, and greater familiarity with, the individual

case and the individual defendant before him than . . . the appeals court,” Rita v.

United States, 

, 357–58 (2007), we defer to the district court’s reasoned

judgment as to the import of Ms. Hopper’s mental-faculty issues for an appropriate

                                           15
sentence, see Koon v. United States, 

, 98 (1996) (“District courts have an

institutional advantage over appellate courts in making [§ 3553(a)] determinations,

especially as they see so many more Guidelines cases than appellate courts do.”).

Because Ms. Hopper has failed to rebut the presumption that her within-Guidelines

sentence is substantively reasonable, there was no abuse of discretion.

      Finally, as to Ms. Hopper’s contention that her role in the crime was minimal,

this argument plainly amounts to a request that this court to reweigh the § 3553(a)

factors, which we will not do. It is patent that the district court considered the

particular circumstances of the crime through the lens of the § 3553(a) factors in

arriving at its sentence. The court noted: (1) Ms. Hopper’s words to the effect of

“got you”; (2) the nightgowns that were obtained from Wal-Mart; (3) how

Ms. Hopper, given that the bus was closely adjacent to her trailer, “certainly would

have the opportunity to see what was occurring, if not having full view of what was

occurring in that bus”; and (4) Ms. Hopper was able to see the firearm in the van.

R., Vol. 3 at 214–15. Ms. Hopper obviously disagrees with the sentence imposed,

but it is within the advisory Guidelines range and reflects a thorough weighing of the

§ 3553(a) factors. Accordingly, we are satisfied that the district court imposed a

substantively reasonable sentence and did not abuse its discretion.




                                           16
                                         III

      For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its

discretion in denying Ms. Hopper’s motion to sever, her convictions are based on

sufficient evidence, and her sentence was substantively reasonable. We affirm.


                                           Entered for the Court


                                           Jerome A. Holmes
                                           Circuit Judge




                                          17