FILED
                                                                          United States Court of Appeals
                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                             Tenth Circuit

                             FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                               January 9, 2017
                         _________________________________
                                                                              Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                                  Clerk of Court
STEVEN JOHNSTON,

      Plaintiff - Appellant,

v.                                                              No. 16-8025
                                                      (D.C. No. 2:15-CV-00069-SWS)
MINI MART, INC., d/b/a Loaf ‘N Jug,                              (D. Wyo.)

      Defendant - Appellee.
                      _________________________________

                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                         _________________________________

Before LUCERO, HOLMES, and MORITZ, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

       In this age discrimination case, Steven Johnston appeals from a district court order

granting summary judgment in favor of his employer, Mini Mart, Inc., d/b/a Loaf ‘N Jug

(LNJ). Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. 1291, we affirm.

                                       BACKGROUND

       Johnston began working for LNJ in 1986. He eventually became a district

advisor, overseeing twelve LNJ convenience stores primarily in Wyoming. As a district

advisor, Johnston was responsible for “[e]nsur[ing] that all stores . . . provid[e] the

       *
        After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral
estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
customer service that meets or exceeds Company standards and customer expectations,”

“[m]aintain[ing] high standards of store image ensuring that all stores are clean, well

stocked and ready for business,” and “[e]nsur[ing] that all assigned stores operate within

established inventory levels, salary budgets . . . and gross profit margins to achieve

maximum profitability.” Aplt. App., Vol. I at 30.

       Nancy Riggs supervised Johnston from 2010 to August 2012. In March 2012,

Riggs reviewed Johnston’s 2011 performance, giving him a “Meets Expectations” rating.

Aplee. Supp. App., Vol. II at 75. Riggs indicated that Johnston’s 2011 results were “very

excellent,” but that based on unannounced store visits, his results didn’t always “reflect

the true picture in some locations . . . [as] [s]tore conditions need[ed] to be maintained at

their highest standards at all times.” 

       A few months later, Riggs and LNJ’s division president conducted a tour of

Johnston’s stores. Conditions in one store were “so bad that [the president] walked out

the door.” 

Afterward, Riggs emailed Johnston, telling him that some of his

stores “were very disappointing” and that the division president wanted the problems

corrected. Aplt. App., Vol. I at 52. Riggs directed Johnston “to come up with a plan that

this is going to change,” and she reminded him that “we are not a mom and pop company

anymore and we need to . . . keep[ ] our stores as consistent as possible.” 

Finally, she warned him that “[t]he next step if not corrected is a permanent performance

warning.” 

took over Riggs’ supervisory role in August 2012. In September,

after visiting several stores in Johnston’s district, Wynn emailed Johnston, identifying

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various problems. For instance, Wynn noted that Johnston’s district had the highest

“shrink rate”—i.e, inventory losses due to theft and spoilage. Further, Johnston’s stores

had received lower than desired “mystery shopper” scores, which concern shopper

satisfaction, and BARS scores, which concern alcohol/tobacco sales to minors.

       In October, Wynn again visited stores and notified Johnston of common problems:

“Food Service focus lacking (Grill presentations poor)”; “No Greetings offered at the

majority of stores visited”; “Coolers not to plan-o-grams”; “High number of out of

stocks”; and “Coffee bars in need of cleaning.” Aplee. Supp. App., Vol. I at 47.

       In November, Wynn provided feedback from more store visits. He noted

improvement in one store, but the same or worse conditions in two other stores.

Nevertheless, Johnston received a fourth quarter performance bonus.

       In January 2013, Wynn gave Johnston a “performance correction notice,”

directing Johnston to act to raise his stores’ BARS and mystery shopper scores, reduce

shrink rate, and improve store appearance. 

at 32. The notice indicated that

Johnston’s next disciplinary step would be a “Final Written Warning.” 

Several

days later, Johnston emailed his store managers, telling them, “we are under a

microscope” because “it’s been a terrible year for” shrink rates, mystery shopper scores,

and BARS scores. Aplee. Supp. App., Vol. II at 93. He urged his managers to “turn

these areas around.” 

February Wynn noted “a consistent theme

across all of [Johnston’s] stores that a deep cleaning was still needed on the floors around

equipment and the coffee condiment centers,” 

at 53, and “minimal progress

overall” since January, 

I at 56.

                                              3
       In March, Wynn gave Johnston his performance evaluation for the 2012 fiscal

year. He rated Johnston in the “Does Not Meet Expectations” category, which describes

an employee who “[n]eeds immediate, significant and sustained performance

improvements.” Aplt. App., Vol. I at 36. Regarding his BARS and mystery shopper

scores, Johnston commented on the evaluation form, “[a] frustrating year after the great

2011.” 

       On April 12, Wynn gave Johnston a final performance correction notice. In it,

Wynn warned Johnston he would face termination of his employment if by May 14 he

did not improve his stores’ BARS score to 95% (from 81%); mystery shopper score to

96% (from 93%); shrink rate to 1.25% (from 1.05%); and store appearance to “optimal

conditions.” 

       By May 1, however, Wynn was convinced that Johnston wasn’t fully committed to

achieving those scores. Wynn perceived that “[t]he retailing conditions had gotten

worse,” and he had received a report of serious cleanliness problems at a Subway

restaurant in Johnston’s store #195. Aplee. Supp. App., Vol. I at 39. Consequently,

Wynn consulted with Riggs and terminated Johnston based on mystery shopper scores,

shrink rate, BARS scores, and store conditions. At the time, Johnston was 63 years old.

He was replaced by an employee in her mid-40s.

       Afterward, Johnston filed a charge of age discrimination with the Wyoming

Department of Workforce Services Fair Employment Program (WFEP). That agency

issued a probable cause finding of discrimination. Johnston then sued LNJ in federal

court, claiming (1) violation of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA),

                                            4
29 U.S.C. §§ 621-34; (2) breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing;

and (3) breach of contract.

       The district court granted LNJ’s summary judgment motion on all of Johnston’s

claims. Specifically, as to the ADEA claim, the district court applied the familiar

McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework,1 and advanced to the pretext step, as

LNJ didn’t contest Johnston’s showing of a prima facie case and LNJ had articulated a

legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for terminating his employment—poor

performance. The district court concluded that Johnson had failed to present evidence to

support a finding of pretext, or that but for his age, he would not have been terminated.

And the court found that Johnston’s good-faith-and-fair-dealing claim failed because

Johnston had not proved the requisite special employer-employee relationship. Finally,

the court concluded that given Johnston’s at-will employee status, his breach of contract

claim also failed.

                                       DISCUSSION

                              I. Summary Judgment Standards

       We review summary judgment orders de novo. Ribeau v. Katt, 

,

1194 (10th Cir. 2012). A “court shall grant summary judgment if the movant shows that

there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment


       1
        Under this framework, if the plaintiff establishes a prima facie case of
discrimination, the employer must articulate some legitimate, nondiscriminatory
reason for its action, and if it does so, the plaintiff must then “prove by a
preponderance of the evidence that the legitimate reasons offered by the defendant
were not its true reasons, but were a pretext for discrimination.” Simmons v. Sykes
Enters., Inc., 

, 947 (10th Cir. 2011).
                                             5
as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). “When applying this standard, we view the

evidence and draw reasonable inferences therefrom in the light most favorable to the

nonmoving party.” 

(internal quotation marks omitted).

                                 II. Age Discrimination

       The ADEA makes it unlawful for an employer “to discharge any individual . . .

because of such individual’s age.” 29 U.S.C. § 623(a)(1). ADEA protection extends to

individuals who are 40 years of age or older. 

       To succeed under the ADEA, an employee must show by a preponderance of the

evidence that “age was the ‘but-for’ cause of the employer’s adverse action.” Gross v.

FBL Fin. Servs., Inc., 

, 177 (2009). In other words, the employee’s age

must have been “the factor that made a difference” in the employer’s decision. Jones v.

Okla. City Pub. Schs., 

, 1277-78 (10th Cir. 2010). This causal link “must

be based on more than mere speculation, conjecture, or surmise.” Ward v. Jewell,

, 1203 (10th Cir. 2014) (internal quotation marks omitted).

       Like the district court, we proceed without objection to the pretext step of the

McDonnell Douglas framework.

              Our relevant inquiry for determining pretext is whether the
       employer’s stated reasons were held in good faith at the time of the
       discharge, even if they later prove to be untrue, or whether plaintiff can
       show that the employer’s explanation was so weak, implausible,
       inconsistent or incoherent that a reasonable fact finder could conclude that
       it was not an honestly held belief but rather was subterfuge for
       discrimination. In making this determination we look at the facts as they
       appear to the person making the decision to terminate.




                                             6
Simmons v. Sykes Enters., 

, 947-48 (10th Cir. 2011) (citation and internal

quotation marks omitted).

       Preliminarily, Johnston argues that the district court employed an incorrect legal

standard. He appears to conclude that since the district court granted LNJ summary

judgment despite his evidence, the court must have utilized the now defunct pretext-plus

standard. See Jaramillo v. Colo. Judicial Dep’t, 

, 1312 (10th Cir. 2005)

(“Under pretext-plus, the plaintiff must do more than show pretext; he must also come

forward with additional, direct evidence of a discriminatory motive.” (internal quotation

marks omitted)). We disagree. The district court cited and applied the proper standards

of review, requiring Johnston to “create[ ] a genuine issue of fact merely by discrediting

[LNJ’s] legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason,” 

below, Johnston simply

failed to carry his burden.

       To show that LNJ’s poor-performance justification is pretext, Johnston claims

“that from 2009 to 2011, [he] improved in every quantifiable category.” Aplt. Opening

Br. at 12. But abundant evidence demonstrates that Johnston’s performance issues began

in 2012, not long after his 2011 performance review. And we have held that “changes in

an employer’s estimation of its employee’s job performance, without more, cannot

establish pretext as a matter of law.” Roberts v. Int’l Bus. Machs., 

, 1309

(10th Cir. 2013) (noting that the quality of an employee’s job performance “is itself

capable of change and an employer isn’t prohibited from acting on honestly held beliefs

about those changes”).



                                             7
       Next, Johnston argues that Wynn decided to terminate his employment on May 1

by mistakenly relying on scores that preceded the April 12, 2013, final notice, despite the

fact that Johnston’s scores had improved by May 1.2 But “[e]vidence that the employer

shouldn’t have made the termination decision—for example, that the employer was

mistaken or used poor business judgment—is not sufficient to show that the employer’s

explanation is unworthy of credibility.” 

(internal quotation

marks omitted).

       Nevertheless, relying on segments of Wynn’s deposition testimony, Johnston

suggests that Wynn was aware of his improved scores at the time Wynn terminated his

employment. But Wynn’s testimony on that subject is both confusing and contradictory.

At one point, Wynn testified that on May 1, he “didn’t know what [Johnston’s] scores

were for . . . the time of his termination,” as they weren’t yet “available.” Aplt. App.,

Vol. II at 94. At a later point in the deposition, Wynn testified that he “would have

known” on May 1 if Johnston’s scores had improved. 

Yet Wynn didn’t explain

this seemingly contradictory testimony, nor was he asked to do so, as far as we can see.

       Moreover, Wynn clearly testified that he evaluated the conditions in Johnston’s

stores based on his “visits to [the] stores,” and his fear that LNJ would lose the Subway

franchise in store #195 due to food-safety concerns. 

Further, both Riggs and

Wynn documented numerous issues with store conditions. And significantly, when they

brought those issues to Johnston’s attention, he not only didn’t dispute them, he conceded


       2
         The record is unclear as to the exact scores Johnston had attained by the date
of his termination.
                                              8
that 2012 had “been a terrible year,” Aplee. Supp. App., Vol. II at 93, and “[a] frustrating

year,” Aplt. App., Vol. I at 34.

       Under these circumstances, we conclude Wynn’s ambiguous statements do not

materially impact our critical inquiry—whether Wynn honestly held his belief in

Johnston’s poor performance. See Bennett v. Windstream Commc’ns, Inc., 

, 1268 (10th Cir. 2015) (“[W]e do not ask whether an employer’s decisions were

wise or fair; we ask only whether the employer honestly believed its reasons and acted in

good faith upon them.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

       Next, Johnston points out that the WFEP found probable cause of discrimination

and that an LNJ human resources representative agreed with that finding. But an

employment agency’s discrimination finding does not by itself create a genuine issue of

material fact as to pretext. See Simms v. Okla. ex rel. Dep’t of Mental Health &

Substance Abuse Servs., 

, 1331 (10th Cir. 1999), abrogated in part on

other grounds by Eisenhower v. Weber Cty., 

, 1227 (10th Cir. 2014).

       Moreover, it is unclear what evidence the WFEP relied upon in finding probable

cause. The WFEP appears to have based its finding, at least in part, on Johnston’s

performance from 2007 to March 2012—evidence we find immaterial given that

Johnston’s performance issues developed after that time period. And the WFEP simply

rejected the performance issues identified and documented during Riggs’ and Wynn’s

store visits. Moreover, while the WFEP cited Johnston’s receipt of a performance bonus

for the November 2012 to January 2013 period, the record reflects that this bonus was

based partly on gasoline sales and a profitability metric, neither of which relates to the

                                              9
particular performance issues Riggs and Wynn identified. In short, we reject Johnston’s

attempt to create a triable pretext issue based on the WFEP’s finding or the human

resources representative’s agreement with that finding. See Lounds v. Lincare, Inc., 

, 1237-38 (10th Cir. 2015) (rejecting the “speculative nature of [the plaintiff’s]

pretext theories”).

       Finally, Johnston argues that he has shown pretext by the fact that “every District

Advisor terminated by Bradley Wynn has been in the protected age group.” Aplt.

Opening Br. at 22. Implicitly, Johnston argues that Wynn doesn’t fire advisors who are

outside the protected age group. Aplt. Opening Br. at 22. But this argument also fails as

Johnston doesn’t point to any evidence that Wynn evaluated younger district advisors

differently or that younger advisors failed to comply with performance standards to the

same extent he did. See 

(noting that evidence that a similarly

situated employee received better treatment can suggest pretext, but that the other

employee must, in fact, be similarly situated—“that is, reporting to the same supervisor,

held to the same standards, and afoul of those standards to at least the same degree”)

(citation omitted). The bottom line is that the employee alleging discrimination has the

burden to rule out alternative explanations for the differential treatment, 

fails to do so here. In contrast, LNJ identified evidence showing that Wynn promoted a

sixty-one-year-old district advisor to central regional manager.3


       3
        To the extent Johnston attempts to establish pretext on the basis that Riggs and
Wynn are younger than he, this argument also fails. First, Riggs, who has since been
promoted to senior vice president at LNJ’s sister company, Quik Stop, Inc., is only six
years younger than Johnston (and thus within the protected age group). Second, we
                                             10
       We conclude that Johnston failed to raise a genuine issue of material fact as to

pretext and the district court properly entered summary judgment in favor of LNJ on

Johnston’s ADEA claim.

                             III. Good Faith and Fair Dealing

       Johnston also challenges the district court’s entry of summary judgment in favor

of LNJ on his claim of breach of an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing.

Under Wyoming law, “[a]ll contracts of employment contain an implied covenant of

good faith and fair dealing.” Kuhl v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 

, 727 (Wyo.

2012) (internal quotation marks omitted). But “it is only in rare and exceptional cases

that the duty is of such a nature as to give rise to tort liability.” 

internal

quotation marks omitted). Specifically, to give rise to tort liability the employee must

show “a special relationship of trust and reliance . . . between the particular employee

seeking recovery and the employer,” as shown “by the existence of separate

consideration, common law, statutory rights, or rights accruing with longevity of

service.” 

(internal quotation marks omitted).

       Johnston contends he established a special relationship here because LNJ fired

him “to avoid the expense of an older employee.” Aplt. Opening Br. at 38. But mere

“longevity of service” is insufficient by itself to establish a special relationship. Instead,

the plaintiff must show a “terminat[ion] to avoid payment of commissions or benefits

already earned, or to avoid payment of benefits scheduled to arise or vest in the near


decline to infer discriminatory animus from the mere fact that a younger supervisor took
disciplinary action against an older worker.
                                              11
future.” 

. Johnston doesn’t identify any such evidence here. And

as the district court observed, Johnston’s entitlement to increased vacation time as a

consequence of being a long-term employee “is simply a normal benefit that accrues to

every employee and not the type of lost benefit this cause of action was meant to

remedy.” Aplt. App., Vol. III at 160.

       The district court properly entered summary judgment for LNJ on Johnston’s good

faith and fair dealing claim.

                                 IV. Breach of Contract

       Finally, Johnston challenges the district court’s entry of summary judgment in

favor of LNJ on his breach of contract claim.

       Johnston recognizes that in Wyoming, the employment relationship is generally

presumed to be at-will, meaning that “either the employer or the employee may terminate

the relationship at any time, for any reason or for no reason at all.” 

. Nevertheless, he attempts to defeat that presumption on three grounds.

       First, Johnston contends that “certain personnel policies and procedures . . .

requir[ed] [LNJ] to terminate employees only for good cause in accordance with the

progressive disciplinary procedure in the policies.” Aplt. Opening Br. at 24. But he fails

to identify those policies and procedures, and we will not craft arguments for him. New

Mexico v. Trujillo, 

, 1320 (10th Cir. 2016). Moreover, we note that LNJ’s

employment manual contains clear and conspicuous language sustaining the presumption

of at-will employment: “Regardless of any possible discipline or Separation procedures,

the employment relationship between [LNJ] and its employees is such that either the

                                             12
employees or [LNJ] may terminate the employment relationship at any time for any

reason.” Aplt. App., Vol. I at 40. See Lincoln v. Wackenhut Corp., 

, 703

(Wyo. 1994) (finding similar language to be “a conspicuous and unambiguous

disclaimer” that provided “sufficient notice to a reasonable person that no terms were

stated for an implied in fact contract of employment”).

       Second, Johnston advances the novel argument that he could be terminated only

for cause because he was initially hired in Montana, “which is a ‘for cause’ state”

pursuant to Mont. Code Ann. § 39-2-904(1)(b) , and then later transferred to Wyoming.

Aplt. Opening Br. at 30. At the very least, this argument fails because Johnston failed to

plead a claim under that statute, which is “the exclusive remedy for a wrongful discharge

from employment” under Montana law, Mont. Code Ann. § 39-2-902.

       Third, Johnston asserts that the April 12, 2013, final performance correction notice

constituted an express contract that LNJ breached when Wynn fired him before the stated

correction deadline of May 14. We disagree. The notice “require[d] immediate

correction,” Aplt. App., Vol I at 38, and it lacked any language explicitly promising job

security, see Worley v. Wyo. Bottling Co., 

, 622 (Wyo. 2000).

       The district court properly entered summary judgment on Johnston’s breach of

contract claim.




                                            13
                               CONCLUSION

The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
                                       Entered for the Court


                                       Nancy L. Moritz
                                       Circuit Judge




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