On August 20, 1982, Ray L. Smith (Smith), then 59 years of age, was terminated by his employer, the Oklahoma Department of Human Services (DHS). Smith's appeal of that termination decision was dismissed by the Oklahoma Ethics & Merit Commission (Commission). Smith sought review of the Commission's decision in Oklahoma state court, requesting that he be reinstated to his former position and receive back pay. Prior to the rendering of the state court decision, he received from the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) a letter giving him the right to sue the DHS in federal court for age discrimination under the ADEA. Smith filed his complaint in federal court on March 29, 1984, seeking reinstatement and back pay as in state court, along with attorney fees and costs of the federal action. Smith also requested liquidated damages, represented by an amount equal and in addition to actual damages, as provided for in cases of "willful" violations of the ADEA. See 29 U.S.C. Secs. 626(b) & 216(b).

In April 1984, Smith was granted judgment in Oklahoma state court, which ordered Smith reinstated to his former position and awarded him all back pay and benefits accruing since his discharge. Smith v. Oklahoma Ethics and Merit Comm'n, No. C-82-116 (D.Ct. of Alfalfa County, May 15, 1984). In September 1984, the federal district court stayed the proceedings under the ADEA pending the appeal of the Oklahoma state court decision. The Oklahoma Court of Appeals affirmed, and certiorari was denied by the Oklahoma Supreme Court. Department of Human Servs. v. Smith, No. 62,360 (Okla.Ct.App. July 30, 1985), cert. denied, No. 62-360 (Okla. Nov. 13, 1985). After the mandate of the Oklahoma Supreme Court issued, the DHS reinstated Smith to his employment and paid him gross back pay of $56,243.04.1 Rec. vol. I, doc. 25 at 2 n. 2. The stay of the federal action was vacated in April 1986. Smith died in January 1987, and the federal district court entered an order in May 1987, substituting Gladys Smith (Mrs. Smith), the administratrix of Smith's estate, as plaintiff.

Although Smith received actual damages in state court in excess of that requested in federal court on the basis of the same discriminatory action,2 he continued to pursue an award of liquidated damages under the ADEA in federal court.3 After the federal district court disposed of a number of issues on various motions for partial summary judgment,4 trial was had to the court on the remaining issue of whether the DHS had acted willfully in terminating Smith, thereby giving rise to liability for liquidated damages. Smith introduced into evidence a set of stipulated facts and rested. The trial court ruled in favor of the Oklahoma DHS, finding that Smith had not met his burden of showing willfulness as required to support an award of liquidated damages. We have jurisdiction of this appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1291.

According to Mrs. Smith, the trial court's conclusion that the DHS did not act willfully is unsupported either by the relevant facts or the applicable law. The DHS seeks affirmance of the trial court's ruling on willfulness, but in the event that that decision is not affirmed, asserts four issues on cross-appeal. First, the DHS argues that the ADEA action in federal court was barred by the doctrine of res judicata, based on the prior state court proceedings. Second, the DHS contends that the Eleventh Amendment immunizes the DHS from a suit for damages under the ADEA. Third, according to the DHS, Smith's failure to recover actual damages in the federal action precludes an award of liquidated damages. Lastly, the DHS asserts that Smith's claim for liquidated damages did not survive his death. As we agree with this last contention, we need not address the other issues. We affirm the judgment of the district court as hereafter modified and remand to the district court with an order to dismiss Smith's complaint.

The question of the survival of an action grounded in federal law is governed by federal common law when, as here, there is no expression of contrary intent. James v. Home Constr. Co., 621 F.2d 727, 729 (5th Cir.1980); 7C C. Wright, A. Miller & M. Kane, Federal Practice and Procedure Sec. 1952 at 526 (1986). The general rule under the federal common law is that an action for a penalty does not survive the death of the plaintiff. Schreiber v. Sharpless, 110 U.S. 76, 80, 3 S. Ct. 423, 424, 28 L. Ed. 65 (1884); Smith v. No. 2 Galesburg Crown Fin. Corp., 615 F.2d 407, 414 (7th Cir.1980), overruled on other grounds, Pridegon v. Gates Credit Union, 683 F.2d 182, 194 (7th Cir.1982). The issue here, then, is whether Smith's action for liquidated damages under the ADEA is penal such that it does not survive his death.

A number of courts have considered whether actions under various federal statutes survive the death of the plaintiff. See, e.g., Kilgo v. Bowman Transp., Inc., 789 F.2d 859, 876 (11th Cir.1986); In re Wood, 643 F.2d 188, 190 (5th Cir.1980); James v. Home Constr. Co., 621 F.2d 727, 729 (5th Cir.1980); Smith v. No. 2 Galesburg Crown Fin. Corp., 615 F.2d 407, 414 (7th Cir.1980); Murphy v. Household Fin. Corp., 560 F.2d 206, 208 (6th Cir.1977); Khan v. Grotnes Metalforming Systems, Inc., 679 F. Supp. 751, 756 (N.D.Ill.1988); Asklar v. Honeywell, Inc., 95 F.R.D. 419, 422 (D.Conn.1982). Typically, a court is required to infer from a reading of the relevant statute and its history whether a cause of action is penal or remedial in nature. In doing so, most courts employ a test first articulated by the Sixth Circuit in Murphy v. Household Finance Corp., 560 F.2d 206 (6th Cir.1977). There, distilling a discussion of penal laws found in Huntington v. Attrill, 146 U.S. 657, 13 S. Ct. 224, 36 L. Ed. 1123 (1892), the court developed a three-factor analysis requiring an assessment of "1) whether the purpose of the statute was to redress individual wrongs or more general wrongs to the public; 2) whether recovery under the statute runs to the harmed individual or to the public; and 3) whether the recovery authorized by the statute is wholly disproportionate to the harm suffered." Murphy, 560 F.2d at 209.

Applying Murphy 's analysis, at least two courts have held that an action under the ADEA survives the death of the plaintiff. Khan, 679 F. Supp. at 756; Asklar, 95 F.R.D. at 424. According to those courts, "[w]hile the ADEA does provide for liquidated damages, ... its primary purpose is to compensate, and where appropriate reinstate, individuals who have suffered employment discrimination because of their advanced age." Asklar, 95 F.R.D. at 423 (quoted in Khan, 679 F. Supp. at 756). Further, according to those courts, the recovery under the ADEA redresses individual wrongs, runs to the individual wronged, and is not disproportionate to the harm suffered.5 Id.

Both cases, however, are distinguishable. Asklar involved an allegation of willful discrimination, and thus apparently involved a claim for liquidated damages, but was decided before the Supreme Court's characterization of liquidated damages as punitive in Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. Thurston, 469 U.S. 111, 105 S. Ct. 613, 83 L. Ed. 2d 523 (1985) (discussed infra ). Additionally, the court's holding in Asklar, 95 F.R.D. at 423, that the ADEA's primary purpose is remedial, although providing for liquidated damages claims, is not applicable to a situation involving a claim only for liquidated damages, especially in light of Thurston. Khan is inapposite because, while decided after Thurston, it makes no reference to any willful violation of the ADEA, or any claim for liquidated damages. Unlike the instant case, then, Khan apparently considers only the compensation and reinstatement functions of the ADEA, and cites Asklar for the proposition that the ADEA is primarily remedial in nature.

Further, and most significantly, we are not required to apply the Murphy factors in order to infer the nature of a liquidated damages claim. In Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. Thurston, 469 U.S. 111, 105 S. Ct. 613, 83 L. Ed. 2d 523 (1985), the Supreme Court considered the issue of the appropriate standard by which to determine the "willfulness" needed to support an award of liquidated damages under the ADEA. The Court stated that "[t]he legislative history of the ADEA indicates that Congress intended for liquidated damages to be punitive in nature." Id. at 125, 105 S.Ct. at 623. According to the Court, the original administration bill incorporated Sec. 16(a) of the Fair Labor Standards Act, imposing criminal liability for a willful violation. Id. However, because of anticipated difficulties of proof under a criminal provision, as well as impediments to investigation, conciliation, and enforcement that might arise from an employer's invocation of the fifth amendment, the criminal penalty for willful violations was eliminated and replaced by a double, or liquidated, damages provision. Id. The legislative history reflected that the liquidated damages provision was intended to provide an effective deterrent to willful violations of the ADEA. Id.6

To the extent that the Supreme Court's discussion of penal laws in Huntington v. Attrill, 146 U.S. 657, 13 S. Ct. 224, 36 L. Ed. 1123 (1892), from which the Murphy factors were formulated, lends guidance to the issue of survival of an action, it supports the characterization of liquidated damages under the ADEA as penal. In Huntington, the Court considered the rule that the courts of one sovereign are without power to enforce the penal laws of another. The tenor of the Court's opinion is that while statutes providing for a right of recovery to an individual often have a penal element, id. at 667, 13 S.Ct. at 227, the word "penal" in its true sense denotes "a criminal or quasi-criminal law," id. at 676, 13 S.Ct. at 231. The Court also quoted with approval another court's comparison of penal and remedial actions, stating that " '[a penal prosecution] is prosecuted for the purpose of punishment, and to deter others from offending in like manner.' " Id. at 668, 13 S.Ct. at 228 (quoting Reed v. Northfield, 13 Pick. 94, 100-01). Given the Supreme Court's clear characterization of the liquidated damages recovery under the ADEA as a more expedient substitute for a criminal sanction, intended to punish and deter willful violations, we conclude that an action solely for liquidated damages under the ADEA is penal such that it does not survive Smith's death.

We acknowledge that the application of Smith v. No. 2 Galesburg Crown Fin. Corp., 615 F.2d 407 (7th Cir.1980), might support the survival of this action. In Smith, the court evaluated a cause of action under the Truth in Lending Act (TILA), stating that "[t]here is no question that TILA creates a cause of action for a civil penalty;" both Congress and the Supreme Court had described the action as such. Id. at 414. Nevertheless, the court reasoned that the characterization of the action as "penal" was not conclusive as to the survival of the TILA action, because "the term 'penal' is used in different contexts to mean different things." Id. In order to ascertain the nature of a cause of action for the specific purpose of determining survival, the court looked to the Murphy factors, even though the civil recovery was clearly described as "penal." The factors in Murphy, however, were articulated and employed for the purpose of determining, in the face of statutory silence, whether a statute was penal in nature within the meaning of Huntington, 146 U.S. at 666-67, 13 S.Ct. at 227-28, a case having nothing to do with the survival of an action. Thus, we are not persuaded by the conclusion in Smith that regarding the survival of an action, the Murphy factors possess any special relevance somehow more probative of legislative intent than the Supreme Court's explicit interpretation of the penal nature of a liquidated damages award under the ADEA.

In conclusion, we note that the rule of Schreiber v. Sharpless, 110 U.S. at 80, 3 S.Ct. at 424, is that actions on penal statutes do not survive a party's death; claims for reinstatement, backpay, and other benefits under the ADEA are clearly remedial in nature, and we could not say that the ADEA statute itself is a penal statute. Schreiber also cautions, however, that in evaluating survival, a court should look beyond "forms and modes of proceedings" and concentrate on the nature of the action brought. Id. As initially filed, prior to prevailing in state court, Smith's action did request reinstatement and actual damages as well as liquidated damages. Following the state court recovery and the lifting of the stay in federal court, however, Smith only "implie[d]" that he was entitled to actual damages in addition to those recovered in state court, rec. vol. I, doc. 25 at 9, the trial court entered summary judgment in favor of the DHS on this issue, and Smith does not appeal that ruling. Therefore, this action is essentially for liquidated damages, penal in nature, and to focus instead on the generally remedial nature of the ADEA statute, or the original posture of Smith's claim, rather than the essence of this action would, in our opinion, improperly elevate form over substance. We hold that Smith's suit, being in its essential nature a suit for liquidated damages under the ADEA, does not survive his death.

We modify the judgment in favor of the defendant and remand to the district court with an order to dismiss the suit. So modified, we AFFIRM.

EBEL, Circuit Judge, concurring in the judgment:

I concur in the judgment of the court. However, I am not persuaded that the Supreme Court's language in Trans World Airlines, Inc., v. Thurston, 469 U.S. 111, 125, 105 S. Ct. 613, 623, 83 L. Ed. 2d 523 (1985), is controlling in this context, especially when that case did not concern the issue of survivability and the Court was not focusing on it.

The analysis set forth in Murphy v. Household Finance Corp., 560 F.2d 206 (6th Cir.1977), if followed, would lead to the conclusion that the liquidated damage provision of the ADEA is remedial rather than penal. Further, dicta by the United States Supreme Court in the recent case of United States v. Halper, --- U.S. ----, at ----, 109 S. Ct. 1892, at 1896, --- L.Ed.2d ---- (1989), suggests that this kind of provision should normally be considered remedial in nature. The Court in Halper stated that "in the ordinary case fixed-penalty-plus-double-damages provisions can be said to do no more than make the Government whole," and thus, would not be considered penal for purposes of triggering the Double Jeopardy Clause. Given the difficulty of this issue and the number of other cases holding generally that similar kinds of damage provision are not penal, I would prefer not to reach the survivability issue. See, e.g., Kilgo v. Bowman Transp., Inc., 789 F.2d 859, 876 (11th Cir.1986); In re Wood, 643 F.2d 188, 190-92 (5th Cir.1980); Smith v. No. 2 Galesburg Crown Fin. Corp., 615 F.2d 407, 414-15 (7th Cir.1980).

Nonetheless, I believe that the judgment of the district court should be affirmed because plaintiff did not present sufficient evidence showing that defendant's conduct was willful. The state court made no finding that defendant had willfully violated the ADEA, and the state court's determination consequently does not have any preclusive effect on that issue in this case. The only evidence of willfulness that plaintiff submitted at trial was a one-page stipulation in which defendant agreed that it was "aware of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, 29 U.S.C. et seq., and the provisions therein." (Plaintiff's Exh. 1.) Under Thurston, mere awareness of the ADEA by a defendant is not enough to cause a violation of the Act to be willful. 469 U.S. at 127-28, 105 S.Ct. at 625-26.