Gordon and Sharon Flygare appeal the denial of confirmation of their Chapter 13 bankruptcy plan. They argue that the denial was based on an erroneous construction of the "good faith" requirement of 11 U.S.C. Sec. 1325(a)(3) (Supp. IV 1980). We agree and remand for further proceedings.

The Flygares first filed a Chapter 13 petition in April 1980. The bankruptcy court denied confirmation and dismissed the case in June. The Flygares filed a second petition in July 1980. The second plan was similar to the first; however, the length of the plan was increased from thirty-six months to fifty months. At the confirmation hearing, the second plan was modified to extend for sixty months. The plan also provided for payment of a larger sum to cure the Flygares' default on their home mortgage. Under the plan, the unsecured creditors would be paid approximately three percent of their claims.

The bankruptcy court denied confirmation for two reasons. First, it held that the plan was "essentially similar to the earlier plan" which had been denied confirmation.1 Rec., vol. II, at 17. Second, it found that "a payment of 1 percent or 2 percent to creditors on the facts of the case is not a meaningful payment as required under the good faith provisions of Chapter 13." Id. at 18. With respect to the latter holding, the court specifically relied on its prior decision in In re Iacovoni, 2 B.R. 256 (Bkrtcy.D.Utah 1980). The Flygares appealed to the district court, which cited Iacovoni and affirmed the bankruptcy court's order. This appeal followed.

Chapter 13 of the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. Secs. 1301-1330 (Supp. IV 1980), contains liberalized provisions that enable certain debtors to repay all or a percentage of their debts according to a court-approved plan. Rather than having to surrender all non-exempt assets for distribution to creditors as required by Chapter 7, 11 U.S.C. Secs. 701-728 (Supp. IV 1980), Chapter 13 debtors make payments to creditors out of future income over a three-to-five year period, 11 U.S.C. Sec. 1322(c), after which they are entitled to a broad discharge of their obligations, 11 U.S.C. Sec. 1328(a). The bankruptcy court must confirm a Chapter 13 plan if it meets the criteria Congress set out in section 1325(a).2 We are concerned here with the meaning of the section 1325(a)(3) requirement that "the plan has been proposed in good faith and not by any means forbidden by law."

In In re Iacovoni, the bankruptcy court considered eight Chapter 13 plans that proposed nominal or in some cases no payments to unsecured creditors. The court construed the "good faith" requirement of section 1325(a)(3) to mean "a good faith effort to make meaningful payment to holders of unsecured claims." 2 B.R. at 267 (emphasis added).

"A proposal of meaningful repayment must be made, in light of the debtor's particular circumstances, even, when, as in these cases, all of the debtor's assets are exempt. If no meaningful repayment can be proposed, the debtor is not entitled to Chapter 13 relief."

Id. at 268.

The meaning of "good faith" in section 1325(a)(3) has engendered no small controversy among the bankruptcy courts. Compare, e.g., In re Iacovoni with, e.g., In re Cloutier, 3 B.R. 584 (Bkrtcy.D.Colo.1980). See 5 L. King, Collier on Bankruptcy p 1325.01[c] at 1325-8.6 (15th ed. 1982) ("With the possible exception of the 'adequate protection' test, the controversy concerning good faith under Chapter 13 has resulted in more litigation than any other issue to have arisen during the year immediately following the effective date of the Bankruptcy Code.").

The various bankruptcy court interpretations of the "good faith" requirement fall into three broad categories. See United States v. Estus (In re Estus), 695 F.2d 311, 314-16 (8th Cir.1982). In re Iacovoni is an example of cases holding that good faith requires substantial or meaningful repayment to unsecured creditors. Id. at 314. Cases at the other extreme seem to attach little independent meaning to the "good faith" requirement of section 1325(a)(3). These cases look only to the requirement of section 1325(a)(4) that Chapter 13 creditors receive as much as they would receive under Chapter 7. Because many consumer debtors have no nonexempt assets, their unsecured creditors would receive nothing in a Chapter 7 liquidation and hence a Chapter 13 plan providing for no payments to unsecured creditors would meet the subsection (a)(4) test. Id.

Those cases adopting a "middle road" approach do not find the amount of the payment dispositive of the issue of good faith. Id. at 315-16.

"These courts do not automatically reject a plan which proposes nominal payments to unsecured creditors, but neither do they automatically confirm a plan as meeting the subsection (a)(3) good faith requirement if the subsection (a)(4) 'best interests' test is met. Instead these courts reason that a finding of good faith requires an inquiry, on a case-by-case basis, into whether the plan abuses the provisions, purpose or spirit of Chapter 13."

Id. at 315.

Six circuits have recently considered the divergent views of the bankruptcy courts, and all of them have adopted some formulation of the "middle road" approach. Kitchens v. Georgia Railroad Bank & Trust Co. (In re Kitchens), 702 F.2d 885 (11th Cir.1983); In re Estus, 695 F.2d 311; Deans v. O'Donnell (In re Deans), 692 F.2d 968 (4th Cir.1982); Barnes v. Whelan (In re Barnes), 689 F.2d 193 (D.C.Cir.1982); Goeb v. Heid (In re Goeb), 675 F.2d 1386 (9th Cir.1982); Ravenot v. Rimgale (In re Rimgale), 669 F.2d 426 (7th Cir.1982). We also conclude that this analysis is appropriate.

"[T]he proper inquiry should follow the analysis adopted by the Fourth Circuit [In re Deans, 692 F.2d 968]: whether the plan constitutes an abuse of the provisions, purpose or spirit of Chapter 13. The bankruptcy court must utilize its fact-finding expertise and judge each case on its own facts after considering all the circumstances of the case. If, after weighing all the facts and circumstances, the plan is determined to constitute an abuse of the provisions, purpose or spirit of Chapter 13, confirmation must be denied.

"Certainly an important factor the courts must weigh in their analysis is the percentage of payment to unsecured creditors which the plan proposes. A low percentage proposal should cause the courts to look askance at the plan since repayment is one purpose of a Chapter 13 plan. However, the amount of the proposed repayment to unsecured creditors is only one of the many factors which the courts must consider in determining whether the plan meets the statutory good faith requirement. Other factors or exceptional circumstances might exist which would preclude a finding of bad faith even though only a nominal repayment to unsecured creditors is proposed."

In re Estus, 695 F.2d at 316-17.

We adopt the factors the Eighth Circuit listed as relevant to a determination of good faith. We reproduce them here for guidance on remand:

"(1) the amount of the proposed payments and the amount of the debtor's surplus;

(2) the debtor's employment history, ability to earn and likelihood of future increases in income;

(3) the probable or expected duration of the plan;

(4) the accuracy of the plan's statements of the debts, expenses and percentage repayment of unsecured debt and whether any inaccuracies are an attempt to mislead the court;

(5) the extent of preferential treatment between classes of creditors;

(6) the extent to which secured claims are modified;

(7) the type of debt sought to be discharged and whether any such debt is non-dischargeable in Chapter 7;(8) the existence of special circumstances such as inordinate medical expenses;

(9) the frequency with which the debtor has sought relief under the Bankruptcy Reform Act;

(10) the motivation and sincerity of the debtor in seeking Chapter 13 relief; and

(11) the burden which the plan's administration would place upon the trustee."

Id. at 317. This list is not exhaustive, and the weight given each factor will necessarily vary with the facts and circumstances of each case.

In its determination that the Flygares' plan was not in good faith, the bankruptcy court made no findings but only cited its earlier decision in In re Iacovoni.3 The record contains no evidence that the court considered any factor other than the small percentage of payment to unsecured creditors. The court's summary treatment of the Flygares' petition indicates that it was applying a per se rule. We agree with the Eighth Circuit that "[a] per se minimum payment requirement to unsecured creditors as an element of good faith would infringe on the desired flexibility of Chapter 13 and is unwarranted."4 In re Estus, 695 F.2d at 316 (footnotes omitted).

Accordingly, we reverse and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.