MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

RICHARD W. ROBERTS, District Judge.

Defendant Winston McCallum went to trial charged in a two-count superseding indictment with unlawful possession with intent to distribute 28 grams or more of cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(B)(iii), and unlawful possession with intent to distribute 28 grams or more of cocaine base within 1000 feet of a school, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 860(a). McCallum successfully moved for a mistrial when he discovered that the government failed to disclose certain statements of government witnesses before the defense cross-examined those witnesses. McCallum now moves to dismiss the indictment on the ground that the Double Jeopardy Clause bars retrial or, in the alternative, moves for reconsideration of the pre-trial order denying his motion to suppress evidence. Because McCallum has not established that the government's series of disclosure violations was intended to provoke McCallum into seeking a mistrial, double jeopardy does not bar retrial. In addition, the belatedly disclosed evidence does not change the determination to deny the motion to suppress, thus McCallum's motion will be denied.

The government moves in limine to preclude McCallum from introducing at retrial evidence of complaints against the police officer witnesses and also moves in limine to preclude McCallum from introducing opinion and reputation evidence about those witnesses. Because the complaints lacked probative or impeachment value, and the circumstances surrounding the complaints do not support a reasonable belief that the allegations in the complaints are true, McCallum will not be permitted to elicit on cross-examination the fact that complaints were filed or what the complaints alleged. Finally, in the absence of a specific proffer by McCallum of a foundation for potential character witnesses, a ruling on the admissibility of opinion and reputation evidence will be deferred.1

BACKGROUND

On July 28, 2010, Officers Alphonso Matos and Ismael Chapa of the Metropolitan Police Department ("MPD") were driving in a squad car shortly after midnight in an area known for having a high incidence of narcotics trafficking and intoxicated people. According to the officers' pre-trial testimony, which was credited during hearings on February 11, 2011 and June 6, 2011, the officers saw McCallum on a ledge at the front entrance of an apartment building, and he was leaning forward, as if he were asleep or intoxicated. The officers got out of their car to check on McCallum, and Chapa positioned himself between McCallum and the building, at the top of a series of steps of the landing in front of the apartment building. McCallum became aware of the officers' presence, and began to run toward the door of the building. McCallum took between one and three steps, and then Matos called out for him to stop. Once McCallum stopped, the officers attempted to corral him, and he began to move his arms and shift his shoulders from one side to another. The officers handcuffed McCallum using two sets of interlocking handcuffs. When McCallum was secured in the handcuffs, Matos asked him if he had anything illegal on him, and McCallum answered that he had cocaine. Because the two interlocking sets of handcuffs permitted McCallum some limited mobility, he was able to move his hand to his right front pants pocket, and a zip bag containing crack cocaine fell from his pocket. McCallum was arrested and charged with unlawful possession with intent to distribute crack cocaine.

McCallum moved to suppress statements and tangible evidence. At the evidentiary hearing on the motion in February 2011, Matos was the government's only witness. The government failed to provide the defense, before defense counsel's cross-examination of Matos, with a transcript of Matos's previous grand jury testimony regarding the events leading to McCallum's arrest.2 During a recess at the hearing and while conferring with government counsel, defense counsel noticed the transcript on government counsel's desk and government counsel then provided it to the defense. Defense counsel was then permitted additional cross-examination of Matos based on potential inconsistencies between his testimony at the suppression hearing and his previous testimony before the grand jury. McCallum's motion to suppress was granted as conceded as to evidence recovered from a search of his apartment conducted following his arrest, but the motion to suppress as to evidence seized from the defendant's person and the motion to suppress the defendant's statements at the scene were denied.

Thereafter, defense counsel contacted government counsel to inquire whether the grand jury testimony of Chapa, who had not testified at the February 2011 suppression hearing, contained exculpatory material. Government counsel in turn disclosed to McCallum a transcript of Chapa's grand jury testimony. McCallum then filed a motion to reopen the suppression hearing, arguing that the government had violated its Brady obligations in not disclosing Chapa's grand jury testimony earlier and that the testimony presented an account of defendant's arrest that was inconsistent with Matos's account, undercutting the conclusion that the officers possessed reasonable suspicion for stopping McCallum.3 The motion to reopen the suppression hearing was granted, and at a hearing in June 2011, McCallum's counsel cross-examined Officer Chapa regarding the newly disclosed information. The court reaffirmed its denial of the motion to suppress, as to evidence seized from defendant's person and as to defendant's statements on the scene.

Before trial, McCallum subpoenaed from the Metropolitan Police Department information regarding complaints against the officers who had arrested him. The government moved to quash the subpoena. At a hearing on the government's motion, and in response to the government's representation that no relevant or exculpatory information existed, the court directed the government to inquire further with the entities that maintain police complaints regarding the existence of potentially responsive material. The government then disclosed certain information to the court for in camera review,4 including written summaries of statements concerning McCallum's arrest made to MPD Internal Affairs by Chapa on August 15, 2011 and by Matos on August 17, 2011. The court ordered the government to disclose those summaries to the defense. The government provided them to the defense on the morning of trial.5 Also on the morning of trial, the government disclosed to the defense a "property book" completed by Matos detailing the evidence recovered from the scene of defendant's arrest.6

Trial began in December 2011. While defense counsel cross-examined Matos about inconsistencies between Matos's trial testimony and his prior statements to Internal Affairs, the officer asserted that the written summaries inaccurately conveyed what he had told Internal Affairs and that recordings made of the statements would confirm his account. The government had not disclosed to the defense the recordings of the officers' statements to Internal Affairs nor disclosed that they existed. Since the government had promised to provide all Jencks7 material 10 days before trial, McCallum moved to strike the testimony of both officers or, in the alternative, for a mistrial.8 Over the government's opposition, the court declared a mistrial but found that the government's misconduct was not willful or intentional.

In February 2012, shortly before retrial was set to begin, the government submitted to the court for in camera inspection seventeen complaints filed with the independent9 Office of Police Complaints ("OPC") against Matos and Chapa.10 Seven against Matos were in open status and the rest had been closed. The court reviewed all of the complaints and found that fourteen complaints bore no allegations that the officers planted narcotics evidence, had no probative value as other act evidence under Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b) or as to truthfulness under Rule 608(b), and otherwise were not material to preparing the defense, see Fed.R.Crim.P. 16(a)(1)(E)(i), or to McCallum's guilt. Nor were most of the open allegations, even if proven, of the type that would likely risk generating a criminal prosecution or any internal MPD discipline that could cause Matos to want to curry favor with prosecutors. The court did order three complaints against the officers for allegedly falsely accusing individuals of possessing drugs disclosed to the defense.11 In closed Complaint 10-0146, H.B. alleged that he was falsely arrested after police, including Chapa, claimed to find in H.B.'s car drugs that were not there. H.B. alleged that he had gotten out of the car and was threatened by police with a citation for leaving the windows down when he returned, that the police asked for permission to search his car, and that they searched it anyway when he refused. H.B. alleged that he did not have drugs in the car. The government produced a D.C. Superior Court record reflecting that H.B. was charged with possessing a controlled substance based on the arrest and ultimately pled guilty to the offense. (Govt.'s Mot. in Limine to Preclude Evidence Concerning Police Complaints, Ex. 1.) In closed Complaint 10-0385, D.G. alleged that he was sitting on his porch when Chapa approached and said that D.G. fit the description of a suspect and that Chapa then arrested him, took drugs off another person, and put the drugs on D.G. The government produced a D.C. Superior Court record reflecting that D.G. was charged with possessing cocaine, marijuana, and drug paraphernalia as a result of the arrest and ultimately pled guilty to the offenses. (Id., Ex. 2.) In open Complaint 12-0034, E.S. alleged that he called emergency services when his brother tried to assault him, and that when police, including Matos, arrived on the scene, they arrested him instead of his brother for assault and possession of marijuana. He asserted that he did not have marijuana on his person. The government represented that "the case was `No Papered' when reviewed for prosecution by the screening attorney because, among other things, the police could not determine who was the initial aggressor and the suspect had a good defense." (Id. at 4.)12

McCallum now moves to dismiss the indictment, arguing that a retrial is barred by the Double Jeopardy Clause. Defendant argues that the government has violated its obligations to timely disclose exculpatory materials, prior witness statements and documents. McCallum contends that the violations constitute a pattern of intentional government misconduct and that the misconduct has prejudiced his ability to litigate the case. In the alternative, McCallum asks the court to reconsider and grant his motion to suppress the tangible evidence taken from his person. McCallum argues that reconsideration is warranted because subsequently produced evidence, particularly the recording of Matos's statements to Internal Affairs, casts doubt on Matos's testimony at the February 11, 2011 suppression hearing that McCallum reached into his pocket, despite the fact that his hands were handcuffed behind his back, and that a ziplock of crack cocaine fell out. McCallum also contends that additional evidence reflecting inconsistencies in Chapa's testimony about how the officers handcuffed McCallum casts doubt on Chapa's testimony at the motions hearing in June 2011. Finally, McCallum argues that the MPD property book, disclosed to the defense after the suppression ruling, reveals that the crack cocaine allegedly recovered from McCallum's person was actually recovered from McCallum's apartment. The government argues that it did not intentionally provoke McCallum into seeking a mistrial and contests the defendant's interpretation of the subsequently disclosed evidence, maintaining that reconsideration of the suppression ruling is not warranted.

The government filed a motion in limine to preclude evidence concerning complaints against Chapa and Matos. The government argues that the information is not probative of the officers' character for truthfulness and that use of the complaints would be unduly prejudicial. McCallum opposes and argues that the fact that there are several open complaints against Matos is a proper subject of cross-examination in order to demonstrate Matos's motive to shape his testimony against McCallum in order to curry favor with the government.13 Defendant further represents that "[defense] [c]ounsel also has spoken to a fourth individual who submits that Officer Matos arrested him and falsely accused him of possessing drugs." (Def.'s Opp'n to Govt.'s Mot. in Limine to Preclude Evidence Concerning Police Complaints at 2.) Finally, the government has filed a motion in limine to preclude opinion and reputation evidence concerning government witnesses Matos and Chapa.

DISCUSSION

I. DOUBLE JEOPARDY BAR TO RETRIAL AFTER MISTRIAL

When an initial trial terminates after jeopardy has attached but before judgment, the reasons for the premature termination determine whether retrial is barred. Retrial is generally permitted only where the government establishes "manifest necessity." Arizona v. Washington, 434 U.S. 497, 505, 98 S.Ct. 824, 54 L.Ed.2d 717 (1978). The manifest necessity standard, however, is not applied in circumstances where a mistrial is declared on defendant's own motion. In the D.C. Circuit, "[t]he rule that a mistrial on defendant's motion generally does not bar retrial is firmly established." United States v. Jamison, 505 F.2d 407, 411 (D.C.Cir.1974). "Such a motion by the defendant is deemed to be a deliberate election on his part to forgo his valued right to have his guilt or innocence determined before the first trier of fact." United States v. Scott, 437 U.S. 82, 93, 98 S.Ct. 2187, 57 L.Ed.2d 65 (1978); see also Jamison, 505 F.2d at 410 (describing mistrials on defendants' motions as "that category which has most consistently been held not to bar further proceedings"). "[T]he policy of the Double Jeopardy Clause, weighed as it always must be against the interest of the state in pursuing criminal prosecutions to their conclusions, is simply not thought to require that a defendant be free of further prosecutions when it was he, and not the judge or the prosecutor, who sought to have the original prosecution discontinued." Jamison, 505 F.2d at 412.

The rule is not categorical. The D.C. Circuit recognized that "a judge or prosecutor should not be free to have one trial disbanded and another convened by intentionally committing errors so prejudicial to the defendant that he is forced to seek a mistrial; and, indeed, the Supreme Court has made it clear that in such a case of `judicial or prosecutorial overreaching,' reprosecution might well be barred." Id. at 411 (quoting United States v. Jorn, 400 U.S. 470, 485 & n. 12, 91 S.Ct. 547, 27 L.Ed.2d 543 (1971)). The Supreme Court articulated the controlling standard governing retrial following mistrial on defendant's motion in Oregon v. Kennedy, where it held that "[o]nly where the governmental conduct in question is intended to `goad' the defendant into moving for a mistrial may a defendant raise the bar of double jeopardy to a second trial after having succeeded in aborting the first on his motion." Oregon v. Kennedy, 456 U.S. 667, 676, 102 S.Ct. 2083, 72 L.Ed.2d 416 (1982) (emphasis added); see also United States v. Dinitz, 424 U.S. 600, 611, 96 S.Ct. 1075, 47 L.Ed.2d 267 (1976) ("The Double Jeopardy Clause does protect a defendant against governmental actions intended to provoke mistrial requests and thereby to subject defendants to the substantial burdens imposed by multiple prosecutions.") (emphasis added). Mere negligence on the part of the government is not enough. See, e.g., United States v. DiSilvio, 520 F.2d 247, 250 (3rd Cir.1975) (stating that retrial was not barred where defendant successfully moved for mistrial because indictment was defective due to government's negligence). Indeed, "[p]rosecutorial conduct that might be viewed as harassment or overreaching, even if sufficient to justify a mistrial on defendant's motion ... does not bar retrial absent intent on the part of the prosecutor to subvert the protections afforded by the Double Jeopardy Clause." Oregon v. Kennedy, 456 U.S. at 675-76, 102 S.Ct. 2083 (emphasis added).14

McCallum argues that the court should use the "manifest necessity" standard, placing the burden on the government to justify retrial, rather than the prosecutorial intent standard. In particular, McCallum argues that because it was the government's misconduct that caused the defense to request the mistrial, this case should be viewed as one in which the mistrial was at the government's behest. But Oregon v. Kennedy, a case in which the prosecutor's misconduct did precisely that, see 456 U.S. at 669, 102 S.Ct. 2083 (discussing facts of case, where prosecutor on redirect of expert witness had described the defendant as "a crook," prompting defendant to successfully move for mistrial) squarely provides the controlling precedent in such circumstances. Defendant argues that retrial is nonetheless barred because, having been deprived of relevant exculpatory evidence, he did not knowingly waive his double jeopardy rights when he moved for a mistrial.

The D.C. Circuit, however, has rejected the theory that a defendant-initiated mistrial should be judged according the principles of waiver. In Jamison, 505 F.2d at 413, the court reasoned that were it to "treat mistrial motions as waivers of double jeopardy protection ... [d]efendant would ... be protected from multiple prosecutions brought about not by the government but by the errors or misjudgments of his own counsel[,]" and concluded that "this goes too far, and hence we decline to decide the double jeopardy effect of mistrials by reference to the rules of waiver." Defense counsel's arguments regarding her reasons for seeking mistrial, albeit as an alternative remedy to striking the officers' testimony, show that counsel was engaged in a careful weighing of the pros and cons of the option. Counsel explained that her determination to move for a mistrial was informed by her belief that "she had exposed every weakness she could find in the government's case," and "knew that if a retrial was held, the government would have the advantage of knowing the defense and these weaknesses." (Def.'s Mot. to Dis. Indmt. at 17.) Counsel nonetheless concluded that mistrial was the better alternative. Counsel argues that had she had the information regarding the prior complaints against the officers, she would have moved forward with cross-examination on the officers' character for truthfulness and would not have requested a mistrial. (Id.) For reasons that are explained below, evidence regarding the complaints will be precluded on retrial. In any event, considerations of the type recounted regarding the benefits of proceeding with the same jury or seeking retrial are quintessential strategic judgments of counsel and, even where those judgments are colored by the conduct or misconduct of government counsel, they remain the defendant's own determinations absent a showing that the prosecutor intended his conduct to provoke the determination to seek a mistrial.

Applying the Oregon v. Kennedy test then, the question is whether the prosecutor goaded McCallum into requesting a mistrial. In considering this inquiry, the case law that is discussed above focuses on the prosecutor's actions at trial, rather than over the course of the entire litigation. In addition, "[b]ecause `subjective' intent often may be unknowable," reliance on "the objective facts and circumstances of the particular case" may guide the analysis. Oregon v. Kennedy, 456 U.S. at 679-80, 102 S.Ct. 2083 (Powell, J., concurring).

Here, the first two instances of misconduct relate to Brady violations with respect to defendant's presentation of evidence at the suppression hearing. The second two instances fault the government for providing potentially exculpatory Jencks material on the morning before trial began. It is the fifth incident — the government's failure to produce before trial the oral recordings of Matos's and Chapa's written statements to Internal Affairs — that could most closely qualify as misconduct that provoked McCallum to move for a mistrial. Upon consideration of the parties' representations regarding the government's late discovery of the recordings and prompt efforts thereafter to produce the recordings to the defendant, however, the court did not find that there was any intentional withholding of Jencks material by the government, and did not find any willful conduct on the part of the prosecutor. Rather, the court characterized the Jencks violation as unintentional and unfortunate. The government, moreover, expressly, and apparently genuinely, objected to the motion for mistrial and proposed reopening cross-examination of the officers instead. The defendant does not explain why the prosecution would have wanted a mistrial in the circumstances. Given McCallum's arguments that the third, fourth, and fifth misconduct incidents (and the post-trial sixth and seventh incidents, as well) had prejudiced the defendant's ability to mount a successful defense at trial, it is entirely unclear why the government would have wanted to terminate a trial in which it enjoyed the presumptive advantage resulting from the asserted cumulative prejudice to McCallum. Arguably, the four pre-trial instances of misconduct might provide a basis for inferring that the failure to provide the recorded statements was intentional. But the Oregon v. Kennedy standard focuses not, or at least not only, on whether the misconduct was intentional, but on whether the prosecutor intended the misconduct to goad the defendant into seeking a mistrial. Because the facts here indicate that the prosecutor's conduct was neither intentional nor intended to provoke a mistrial, retrial of McCallum is permitted.

II. RECONSIDERATION OF RULING DENYING MOTION TO SUPPRESS

Courts in this district have uniformly assumed their authority to entertain motions for reconsideration in criminal cases. See, e.g., United States v. Coughlin, 821 F.Supp.2d 8, 17-18 (D.D.C.2011) (collecting cases). One line of cases applies the standard applicable to motions to alter or amend a final judgment under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e), see, e.g., United States v. Libby, 429 F.Supp.2d 46, 46-47 (D.D.C.2006), under which a movant may prevail by identifying an intervening change of controlling law, the availability of new evidence, or the need to correct a clear error or prevent manifest injustice. Other cases apply the "as justice requires" standard for reconsideration of interlocutory orders. Coughlin, 821 F.Supp.2d at 18 (internal quotation marks omitted). That standard asks whether reconsideration is warranted under the totality of the circumstances, including such factors as "whether the court has patently misunderstood a party, has made a decision outside the adversarial issues presented to the court by the parties, has made an error not of reasoning, but of apprehension, or where a controlling or significant change in the law or facts has occurred since the submission of the issue to the court." Ficken v. Golden, 696 F.Supp.2d 21, 35 (D.D.C.2010) (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted).

Under either standard, the availability of new evidence bearing on the reliability of the testimony given by government witnesses at the suppression hearing — particularly the officers' statements to internal affairs — entitles McCallum to reconsideration of the ruling on his motion to suppress. However, the alleged inconsistencies brought to light by the recordings of Matos's and Chapa's statements (Def.'s Notice of Filing Add'l Exs. to Def.'s Mot. to Dis. Indmt. ("Def.'s Add'l Exs."), Ex. C; Def.'s Reply, Ex. E) do not alter the determination to credit the officers' account of how they retrieved narcotics from McCallum's person. Defendant details the series of allegedly inconsistent statements in his reply brief. (Def.'s Reply to Govt.'s Resp. Mem. in Opp'n to Def.'s Mot. to Dis. Indmt. at 13-14.) Given that the statements are drawn from three different proceedings over a period of several months, the statements appear to reflect differences in word choice and emphasis rather than any obvious inconsistency. The strongest argument for inconsistency is Matos's recorded statement, to MPD internal affairs, that the officers put McCallum in two pairs of handcuffs "because he say he has something with his hip and he couldn't get in the car, we said, we make you comfortable because he's a big guy." (Def.'s Add'l Exs., Ex. C at 21:08.) Defendant maintains that this statement demonstrates that "Mr. McCallum was not placed into two pairs of handcuffs until the officers tried to put him in the police car — long after Mr. McCallum supposedly reached into his pocket [and the zip locks of cocaine fell out]." (Def.'s Reply to Govt.'s Resp. Mem. in Opp'n to Def.'s Mot. to Dis. Indmt. at 14-15.) Although Matos's statement might be read as defendant suggests, it may also be read to state general reasons for why two handcuffs were employed rather than to indicate the exact moment in time McCallum was handcuffed in the manner described. The internal affairs investigator asked Matos only why the officers used two handcuffs. (Def.'s Add'l Exs., Ex. C at 21:06.) She did not ask precisely when the officers put them on. The government also noted, and McCallum does not appear to contest, that the officers removed and re-handcuffed McCallum at least once to enable him to sign a consent form, indicating that the officers' prior statements about handcuffing McCallum may have referred to different points in time.

Neither does the subsequently disclosed property book filled out by Matos (Def.'s Add'l Exs., Ex. B) call into question the determination to credit the officers' testimony. McCallum attaches significance to the fact that the first property book entry, reflecting that cash was recovered from defendant's person as a result of the search outside the building, states the cash was "taken from" McCallum and lists an address of "1414 Upshur Street NW," while the subsequent entries, reflecting recovery of narcotics, state the narcotics were "taken from" McCallum but list an address of "1414 Upshur Street NW 105" (emphasis added). McCallum maintains that the inclusion of the apartment number (105) in the latter entries indicates that the narcotics were recovered from the apartment. (Def.'s Add'l Exs. at 1.) The slight inconsistency in the address entries does not discredit the testimony offered by both Matos and Chapa that narcotics were recovered from defendant's person when defendant was seated outside the apartment building.15 The difference between the entries is insufficient to outweigh the largely consistent testimony of the two officers regarding the recovery of narcotics from defendant's person.16

III. ADMISSIBILITY OF EVIDENCE OF POLICE COMPLAINTS

The D.C. Circuit has recognized repeatedly that "bias is always a relevant subject for cross-examination." United States v. Lin, 101 F.3d 760, 768 (D.C.Cir. 1996). The Circuit has acknowledged that "defense counsel cannot have a foundation in fact for all questions asked on cross examination and ... a well reasoned suspicion that a circumstance might be true is sufficient." United States v. Fowler, 465 F.2d 664, 666 (D.C.Cir.1972) (citing United States v. Pugh, 436 F.2d 222, 224 (D.C.Cir. 1970)). Cross-examining counsel, however, "must have a reasonable basis for asking questions on cross-examination which tend to incriminate or degrade the witness and thereby create an unfounded bias which subsequent testimony cannot fully dispel." United States v. Sampol, 636 F.2d 621, 658 (D.C.Cir.1980). "[T]he questioner must be in possession of some facts which support a genuine belief that the witness committed the offense or the degrading act to which the question relates." Fowler, 465 F.2d at 666. Counsel therefore must demonstrate that "the proposed line of cross-examination follow[s] a lead reasonably suggested by other facts in evidence." Lin, 101 F.3d at 768.

In United States v. Wilson, 605 F.3d 985 (D.C.Cir.2010), the D.C. Circuit addressed defendants' appeal of their convictions of various narcotics crimes on the grounds that the government committed a Brady violation when it failed to disclose evidence about the internal investigation, and resulting suspension without pay, of a police officer who had been a government witness. The court, agreeing that disclosure was required, acknowledged that "based upon her suspension, [the officer] could have been motivated to testify falsely against appellants in order to curry favor with the government," and that this motive could be argued to the jury with regard to "the fact that she was being investigated at all," regardless of the subject matter of the investigation. Id. at 1006. The court, however, noted that a high risk of potential prejudice counseled against cross-examination regarding the specific nature of the investigation:

Id. (alterations in original). The court moreover reaffirmed that "`the mere filing of a complaint [against a witness] is not probative of truthfulness or untruthfulness.'" Id. at 1005 (D.C.Cir.2010) (quoting United States v. Morrison, 98 F.3d 619, 628 (D.C.Cir.1996) (emphasis in original) (finding no abuse of discretion where trial court sustained an objection to a cross-examination question put to a government witness asking if someone had earlier filed a court complaint against her)). In Wilson, the D.C. Circuit emphasized that cross-examination "[w]ithout additional evidence of wrongdoing beyond bald assertions" and "based on unproven allegations" is impermissible. Wilson, 605 F.3d at 1005. Cf. United States v. Whitmore, 359 F.3d 609, 614 (D.C.Cir.2004) (concluding that a defendant should have been allowed to cross-examine a police officer witness about a "D.C. Superior Court judge's finding that [the officer] had lied" in an unrelated criminal trial).

The Seventh and Eleventh Circuits have both considered specifically the propriety of cross-examination regarding complaints against police officers. See United States v. Holt, 486 F.3d 997, 1000-02 (7th Cir. 2007); United States v. Taylor, 417 F.3d 1176, 1178-81 (11th Cir.2005). In Holt, the defendant sought to cross-examine two police officer witnesses, one of whom had received a suspension for conduct occurring several years before the defendant's arrest and both of whom "[b]ased upon an unrelated complaint ... were ... reprimanded for neglect of duty." Holt, 486 F.3d at 1001. The Seventh Circuit affirmed the trial court's decision to allow the defense to ask the officer witness who had been suspended whether "he had ever engaged in a particular course of conduct," id. at 1001,17 but to prohibit asking about the discipline the officer had received, id. at 1002. With regard to the complaints, the Seventh Circuit reasoned that the key factor determining whether cross-examination regarding complaints was proper is its bearing on truthfulness. The circuit court accordingly affirmed the trial court's decision to exclude questioning regarding the complaints because "th[e] evidence [of police complaints] was not even relevant ... because it did not bear on the[] [officers'] characters for truthfulness". Id. In Taylor, the Eleventh Circuit addressed a case in which the defendant wanted to cross-examine a government witness regarding prior citizens' complaints against him for, among other things, allegedly planting evidence, even though the allegation of evidence fabrication had been determined to be unfounded by the internal affairs investigation. A separate complaint alleging brutality indicated that the officer was "under investigation." The defendant argued that the complaints were relevant to prove the officer was biased, had a tendency for being untruthful, and thus may have planted drugs on the defendant. Taylor, 417 F.3d at 1178-79.18 The Eleventh Circuit, however, upheld the district court's ruling to preclude cross-examination because the complaints were unproven and there was no evidence the officer had been disciplined for the conduct. Further, the court noted that the defendant "failed to proffer the testimony of any witness who might testify that [the officer] had engaged in any of the alleged acts but instead chose to simply refer to Internal Affairs documents to support his theory that [the officer] had a history of planting evidence on arrestees and had a character for untruthfulness and racial bias." Id. at 1180 (emphasis omitted). Both Taylor and Holt support the proposition that cross-examination about complaints or the conduct underlying them is improper unless there is some basis for inferring the soundness of the allegations against the officers (as, for example, in Holt where the alleged misconduct had led to the officer's suspension).

With regard to the three complaints disclosed to the defense, the circumstances thus far do not support a reasonable belief that the allegations in the complaints are true. Two of the three complainants subsequently pled guilty to possessing the substances that they had previously alleged had been planted. Although the third complainant, who alleged that marijuana had been planted on him, was not prosecuted, McCallum has not proffered evidence tending to establish the truth of the allegations made by that complainant or the others aside from the contention that each of the complainants "maintains that the charges against him were false." (Def.'s Opp'n to Govt.'s Mot. in Limine to Preclude Evidence Concerning Police Complaints at 2.) Without more, these are the type of "unproven allegations," Wilson, 605 F.3d at 1005, that are unsuited as evidence probative of the character for truthfulness of the witnesses.19

With regard to the seven open complaints against Matos, as well, the current record reflects "[no] additional evidence of wrongdoing beyond bald assertions." Wilson, 605 F.3d at 1005. Unlike in Wilson, where the officer was actually under investigation and indeed suspended for misconduct, and the district judge was found properly to have allowed the defendant to cross-examine the officer regarding her knowledge of the investigation in order to demonstrate a motive to curry favor, the current record does not reflect that Matos has been subject to disciplinary action.20 Arguably, where complaints have yet to be found proven or not proven, their open status might be construed as reflecting an investigation of the officer. While the OPC investigates the circumstances of filed complaints to determine whether they are founded, the probative value of inquiring into Matos's potential bias to testify favorably to the prosecution in order to avoid discipline is slight where, as here, the facts alleged in the open complaints do not demonstrate any credible threat of such discipline.21 For these reasons, McCallum may not elicit on cross-examination the fact that any of these complaints has been filed with the OPC against Matos or Chapa or what a complaint alleged. The government's motions to preclude evidence of police complaints will be granted subject to the government's update about the status of the seven open complaints.

IV. ADMISSIBILITY OF OPINION AND REPUTATION EVIDENCE

In order to offer reputation evidence under Federal Rule of Evidence 608(a), "a party must establish that the character witness is qualified by having an `acquaintance with [the witness],' his `community,' and `the circles in which he has moved, as to speak with authority of the terms in which generally [the witness] is regarded.'" Whitmore, 359 F.3d at 616 (quoting Michelson v. United States, 335 U.S. 469, 478, 69 S.Ct. 213, 93 L.Ed. 168 (1948)). Reputation testimony, however, need not be derived from the witness's residential community and a character witness need not physically reside in that community. Id. at 617 n. 3. "[T]he foundational requirement for opinion evidence regarding a witness's character for truthfulness is less stringent than that for reputation evidence." Id. at 617 (emphasis in original). A witness's opinion testimony must be based on underlying facts that demonstrate that the opinion is rationally based on the first-hand perception of the witness and would be helpful to the jury in evaluating the subject's truthfulness. Id. at 618.

The government asks the court to preclude character witness testimony unless and until McCallum proffers sufficient facts or evidence that establish that any potential character witness has a sufficient knowledge about an officer's reputation in the community for truthfulness or untruthfulness, or proffers a sufficient basis to offer an opinion about an officer's reputation for truthfulness. McCallum has acknowledged his obligation to present a foundation for such testimony. In the absence of any specific proffer to call character witnesses, ruling on the government's motion will be deferred. Upon a proffer, the relevant factors to assess will include the proximity in time of the witness's contact, the extent of the witness's contacts with the community, the extent of the witness's interaction with the officer whose character is being impeached, and the factual support for the testimony offered. Id. at 616-18.

CONCLUSION AND ORDER

Double jeopardy does not bar retrial in this case, and the denial of McCallum's motion to suppress is reaffirmed. Subject to the government's update about the status of the seven open complaints, cross-examination eliciting the fact that OPC complaints were filed or their contents will not be permitted at retrial. Accordingly, it is hereby

ORDERED that the defendant's motion [58] to dismiss the indictment be, and hereby is, DENIED. It is further

ORDERED that the government's motions [59, 63], insofar as they seek to preclude cross-examination eliciting the fact that the OPC complaints were filed or their contents, be, and hereby are, GRANTED subject to the government's notice updating the status of the seven open complaints against Matos. The government is directed to file that notice by September 4, 2012. It is further

ORDERED that a ruling on the government's motion [64] to preclude opinion and reputation evidence be, and hereby is, DEFERRED until the retrial. It is further

ORDERED that the parties appear for a scheduling conference on September 10, 2012 at 10:15 a.m. in order to set a date for the retrial.