FILED
                                                           United States Court of Appeals
                                PUBLISH                            Tenth Circuit

               UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                     March 23, 2018

                                                              Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                      FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                       Clerk of Court
                      _________________________________

AUTO-OWNERS INSURANCE
COMPANY, a Michigan
corporation,

     Plaintiff Counter Defendant-
     Appellee,                                      No. 16-1352

v.

SUMMIT PARK TOWNHOME
ASSOCIATION, a Colorado
corporation,

     Defendant Counterclaimant-
     Appellant.
                    _________________________________

             Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the District of Colorado
                   (D.C. No. 1:14-CV-03417-LTB)
                     _________________________________

Bradley A. Levin (Jeremy A. Sitcoff, and Nelson A. Waneka, with him on
the briefs), Levin Sitcoff PC, Denver, Colorado, for Defendant
Counterclaimant-Appellant.

Evan Bennett Stephenson (Michael L. O’Donnell, Terence M. Ridley, and
Cedric D. Logan, with him on the brief), Wheeler Trigg O’Donnell LLP,
Denver, Colorado, for Plaintiff Counter Defendant-Appellee.
                      _________________________________

Before TYMKOVICH, Chief Judge, BRISCOE, and BACHARACH,
Circuit Judges.
                 _________________________________

BACHARACH, Circuit Judge.
                       _________________________________

      This appeal grew out of a dispute between an insured (Summit Park

Townhome Association) and its insurer (Auto-Owners Insurance Company)

over the value of property damaged in a hail storm. To determine the

value, the district court ordered an appraisal and established procedural

requirements governing the selection of impartial appraisers. After the

appraisal was completed, Auto-Owners paid the appraised amount to

Summit Park. But the court found that Summit Park had failed to make

required disclosures and had selected a biased appraiser. In light of this

finding, the court vacated the appraisal award, dismissed Summit Park’s

counterclaims with prejudice, and awarded interest to Auto-Owners on the

amount earlier paid to Summit Park.

      Summit Park appeals, making six arguments:

      1.   The district court lacked authority to issue the procedural
           requirements.

      2.   Summit Park and its counsel did not violate the procedural
           requirements.

      3.   The district court erred by vacating the appraisal award.

      4.   The district court erred by using its inherent powers to sanction
           Summit Park.

      5.   The sanction (dismissal of Summit Park’s counterclaims)
           constituted an abuse of discretion.

      6.   The award of interest based on the amount paid to Summit Park
           constituted a deprivation of due process.


                                      2
      We affirm. In the absence of a successful appellate challenge to the

disclosure order, Summit Park was obligated to comply and did not. The

court was thus justified in dismissing Summit Park’s counterclaims. In

addition, Summit Park’s failure to select an impartial appraiser compelled

vacatur of the appraisal award under the insurance policy. Finally, Summit

Park obtained due process through the opportunity to object to the award of

interest.

I.    Summit Park was sanctioned for violating the district court’s
      order.

      The parties agreed that damage had occurred from a hail storm, but

they disagreed on the value of the damage. Auto-Owners sued for a

declaratory judgment to decide the value, and Summit Park filed

counterclaims.

      Summit Park retained Merlin Law Group attorneys Mr. William

Harris and Mr. David Pettinato, who successfully moved to obtain an

appraisal based on the insurance policy. In the event of an appraisal, the

insurance policy required:

      [E]ach party will select a competent and impartial appraiser.
      The two appraisers will select an umpire. If they cannot agree,
      either may request that selection be made by a judge of a court
      having jurisdiction. The appraisers will state separately the
      value of the property and amount of loss. If they fail to agree,
      they will submit their differences to the umpire. A decision
      agreed to by any two will be binding.

Appellee’s Supp. App’x, vol. 1 at 123.


                                      3
      Based on continuing disputes between the parties, Auto-Owners

moved for an order compelling an “appraisal agreement” that would set the

procedural requirements for the appraisal. The court granted the motion

and set requirements, which included disclosure of facts potentially

bearing on the appraisers’ impartiality:

      An individual who has a known, direct, and material interest in
      the outcome of the appraisal proceeding or a known, existing,
      and substantial relationship with a party may not serve as an
      appraiser. Each appraiser must, after making a reasonable
      inquiry, disclose to all parties and any other appraiser any
      known facts that a reasonable person would consider likely to
      affect his or her impartiality, including (a) a financial or
      personal interest in the outcome of the appraisal; and (b) a
      current or previous relationship with any of the parties
      (including their counsel or representatives) or with any of the
      participants in the appraisal proceeding . . . Each appraiser
      shall have a continuing obligation to disclose to the parties
      and to any other appraiser any facts that he or she learns after
      accepting appointment that a reasonable person would consider
      likely to affect his or her impartiality.

Appellant’s App’x at 75-76. The court warned: “Notice is given that, if the

court finds that the parties and/or their counsel have not complied with this

order, the court will impose sanctions against the parties and/or their

counsel pursuant to the court’s inherent authority.” 

(capitalization

removed).

      Summit Park selected Mr. George Keys as its appraiser, but Auto-

Owners expressed doubt about Mr. Keys’s impartiality. These concerns

escalated when Mr. Keys and the court-appointed umpire agreed upon an



                                      4
appraisal award exceeding $10 million, which was 47% higher than Summit

Park’s own public adjuster had determined.

       Following the appraisal award, Auto-Owners objected to Mr. Keys,

arguing that he was biased and that Summit Park had failed to disclose

evidence bearing on Mr. Keys’s impartiality. The district court agreed,

disqualifying Mr. Keys and vacating the appraisal order.

       Auto-Owners then moved for sanctions against Summit Park. The

district court granted the motion and dismissed with prejudice the

counterclaims against Auto-Owners. In addition, the court ordered Summit

Park to pay $97,797.53 in interest based on a Colorado statute governing

withholding of funds. Colo. Rev. Stat. § 5-12-102(1)(a).

II.    Summit Park was bound by the district court’s disclosure order.

       Summit Park challenges the district court’s authority to enter the

disclosure order. This argument fails for the reasons discussed in Auto-

Owners Insurance Co. v. Summit Park Townhome Ass’n, No. 16-1348, slip

op. at 5-6 (10th Cir. Mar. 23, 2018) (to be published). Regardless of

whether the court had authority to enter the order, Summit Park was

required to comply in the absence of a successful appellate challenge.

Thus, Summit Park could be sanctioned for noncompliance.

III.   The district court reasonably found that Summit Park had
       violated the disclosure order.




                                       5
       Summit Park denies violating the disclosure requirement, arguing

that

           the district court misinterpreted the term “impartial” as it
            applies to appraisers and

           Summit Park disclosed enough information about Mr. Keys.

We rejected both arguments in Auto-Owners Insurance Co. v. Summit Park

Townhome Ass’n, No. 16-1348, slip op. at 6-14 (10th Cir. Mar. 23, 2018)

(to be published). As we explained there, Summit Park’s counsel violated

the disclosure order. And this violation could be attributed to Summit Park

itself. See Link v. Wabash R.R. Co., 

, 633-34 (1962) (a party

cannot “avoid the consequences of the acts or omissions of [a] freely

selected agent”). 1 As a result, we cannot disturb the finding that Summit

Park violated the disclosure order.

IV.    The district court did not err in vacating the appraisal award.

       Summit Park challenges vacatur of the appraisal award, contending

that

           the district court exceeded its authority by entering the
            disclosure order and

           Summit Park did not violate the disclosure order.

We rejected these arguments in Parts II and III.




1
      As discussed below, Summit Park also committed its own violations
of the disclosure order. See pp. 11-12, below.
                                      6
      But even if Summit Park had not violated the disclosure requirement,

the insurance policy would have compelled vacatur of the appraisal award.

The insurance policy stated that an appraisal award is valid only if signed

by two impartial appraisers, and the district court reasonably concluded

that Mr. Keys was biased based on his past expressions of favoritism

toward policyholders and his extensive relationship with the Merlin law

firm. With Mr. Keys disqualified, the appraisal award had only one valid

signature (the umpire’s). The award was therefore invalid under the terms

of the insurance policy.

      Accordingly, we conclude that the district court did not err in

vacating the appraisal award.

V.    The district court had the authority to dismiss Summit Park’s
      counterclaims under the court’s inherent power and Fed. R. Civ.
      P. 41(b).

      We review the imposition of sanctions for abuse of discretion. Link

v. Wabash R.R., 

, 633 (1962). Summit Park argues that the

district court abused its discretion by exercising the court’s inherent

powers rather than applying Fed. R. Civ. P. 11. This argument is based on

Chambers v. NASCO, Inc., 

(1991), which Summit Park

interprets as requiring application of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure

(rather than the court’s inherent powers) when sanctioning a party for acts

taken in bad faith.

      Summit Park’s argument fails for two reasons:

                                      7
      1.    Chambers does not require consideration of Rule 11 before a
            court can use its inherent powers.

      2.    The district court dismissed Summit Park’s counterclaims under
            Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(b) as well as the court’s inherent powers.

      First, Summit Park misreads Chambers; it does not require a court to

consider the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure before applying the court’s

inherent powers. Chambers states that “when there is bad-faith conduct in

the course of litigation that could be adequately sanctioned under the

Rules, the court ordinarily should rely on the Rules rather than the inherent

power.” 

, 50 (1991). But Chambers adds that a court may

impose sanctions “by means of the inherent power” even if the “conduct

could also be sanctioned under the . . . Rules.” 

does

not require the district court to consider Rule 11 sanctions before invoking

the court’s inherent powers. See Courtesy Inns, Ltd. v. Bank of Santa Fe,

, 1089 (10th Cir. 1994) (stating that Chambers rejected

arguments that “the various sanctioning provisions of the federal rules

reflect legislative intent to displace the court’s inherent powers”); accord

Nat. Gas Pipeline Co. of Am. v. Energy Gathering, Inc., 

, 1407

(5th Cir. 1993) (“In Chambers . . . the Court held that the inherent power

to impose sanctions for bad-faith conduct during litigation was not

displaced by, and went beyond, such sanctioning mechanisms as Rule 11

and 28 U.S.C. § 1927.”).



                                      8
      Even if Chambers had required consideration of sanctions under the

federal rules, the district court could reasonably conclude that Rule 11

would not have covered Summit Park’s misconduct. Rule 11 does not

generally apply to a party’s out of court conduct. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 11

advisory committee note to 1993 amendment. And five of Summit Park’s

acts took place outside of court:

      1.    Summit Park made misrepresentations about Mr. Keys.

      2.    Summit Park retained Mr. Keys after investigating his
            background.

      3.    Summit Park failed to disclose Mr. Keys’s original contract,
            which had contained a contingent-cap fee.

      4.    A Summit Park executive gave false testimony about the
            contract previously containing the contingent-cap fee.

      5.    Summit Park failed to correct the inaccurate testimony until
            after the appraisal was completed.

      Chambers does not require consideration of sanctions under the

federal rules before a court invokes its inherent powers. But even if

Chambers had imposed such a requirement, Rule 11 would not have

applied to much of Summit Park’s conduct.

      Second, even under Summit Park’s reading of Chambers, the court

would not have abused its discretion. The district court did consider and

choose to issue a sanction under the rules: Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(b).

      When imposing sanctions, the district court relied not only on its

inherent powers but also on Rule 41(b). Rule 41(b) provides that if a party

                                      9
violates “a court order, a defendant may move to dismiss the action.” Fed.

R. Civ. P. 41(b). The district court invoked this rule, stating that it

“recognizes that the Court may dismiss a claim or action where a ‘plaintiff

fails to . . . comply with these rules or a court order.’” Appellant’s App’x

at 395 (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(b)).

      The court could apply its inherent powers or Rule 41(b). Here, the

court invoked both and, in doing so, did not run afoul of Chambers.

VI.   The district court did not abuse its discretion in dismissing
      Summit Park’s counterclaims.

      Summit Park contends that the district court committed two errors in

dismissing the counterclaims:

      1.    The dismissal was unwarranted because Summit Park had not
            acted in bad faith.

      2.    The district court misapplied the factors from Ehrenhaus v.
            Reynolds, 

(10th Cir. 1992).

Both arguments fail.

      A.    Standard of Review

      In reviewing the sanction of dismissal, we apply the abuse-of-

discretion standard. Archibeque v. Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry., 

, 1174 (10th Cir. 1995).

      B.    The district court made a finding of bad faith.

      Summit Park contends that the court could dismiss the counterclaims

only upon a showing of bad faith. For the sake of argument, we may


                                       10
assume that Summit Park is right. Even with this assumption, Summit

Park’s argument would fail because the district court did find bad faith in

that

       1.   Summit Park had concealed the existence of Mr. Keys’s prior
            contingent-cap fee,

       2.   Summit Park had selected Mr. Keys as an appraiser with
            apparent knowledge of his bias, and

       3.   Summit Park had violated the disclosure order.

       The district court found that Summit Park had acted in bad faith

partly by concealing the existence of Mr. Keys’s initial agreement, which

had capped his fee based on the amount of his appraisal. Under this

agreement, the fee cap would increase as the amount of the appraisal award

increased. This compensation agreement was replaced by one without a

contingent cap.

       But Summit Park was not immediately forthcoming about the earlier

version of the agreement. For example, Summit Park’s representative, Mr.

David Malucky, stated under oath that the final version (without the

contingent-fee cap) was the only one that had ever been used. This

testimony was not true.

       Summit Park corrected the misstatement but only after the appraisal

had been completed. Mr. Malucky testified that his mistake had been

innocent. Perhaps it was. But Mr. Malucky’s credibility presented a factual

matter for the district court, and it found Mr. Malucky’s explanation not

                                     11
“entirely credible.” Appellant’s App’x at 397. We will defer to the district

court’s finding on Mr. Malucky’s credibility. See United States v. Jordan,

, 1252 (10th Cir. 2015).

      The district court also relied in part on Summit Park’s hiring of Mr.

Keys as an appraiser after investigating his background. The court could

reasonably infer that Summit Park had known that Mr. Keys was biased

and that hiring him would violate the district court’s order requiring

impartiality of each appraiser.

      In addition, the district court relied on Summit Park’s role in

violating the disclosure order. Summit Park’s investigation of Mr. Keys

suggested awareness of facts bearing on his impartiality. Nonetheless,

Summit Park did not make the required disclosures or correct Mr. Keys’s

inadequate and misleading disclosures. As a result, the district court could

reasonably infer Summit Park’s bad faith in violating the disclosure order.

                                    * * *

      Even if the district court had to find bad faith before dismissing

Summit Park’s counterclaims, the court made the required finding and it

was supported by the record.

      C.    The district court properly applied the pertinent factors.

      Summit Park also asserts an abuse of discretion based on the

pertinent factors. Under Ehrenhaus v. Reynolds, 

(10th Cir.



                                     12
1992), a court should consider five factors before dismissing claims under

Rule 41(b):

      1.      “the degree of actual prejudice to the defendant,”

      2.      “the amount of interference with the judicial process,”

      3.      “the culpability of the litigant,”

      4.      “whether the court warned the party in advance that dismissal
              of the action would be a likely sanction for noncompliance,”
              and

      5.      “the efficacy of lesser sanctions.”

Mobley v. McCormick, 

, 340 (10th Cir. 1994) (internal

quotation marks omitted). The district court did not abuse its discretion in

applying the five factors.

      First, the district court concluded that Auto-Owners had incurred

substantial prejudice. Summit Park’s violation of the disclosure order

             sparked months of litigation over Mr. Keys’s eligibility as an
              appraiser and the justification for sanctions and

             wasted eight months of litigation preceding the appraisal
              process.

The additional months of litigation not only resulted in additional expenses

for Auto-Owners but also delayed resolution of its claim for a declaratory

judgment.

      Summit Park insists that Auto-Owners’ prejudice was self-inflicted

by its delay in objecting to Mr. Keys. As Summit Park observes, Auto-

Owners did not immediately launch a full investigation into Mr. Keys and
                                        13
the disclosures. But the district court could reasonably decline to find a

waiver. Before the appraisal, Auto-Owners had repeatedly expressed

concerns to Summit Park about Mr. Keys’s impartiality. Thus, the district

court could reasonably pin fault on Summit Park rather than Auto-Owners.

      Second, the district court found massive interference with the

judicial process. This finding was also reasonable, for the court could

justifiably consider Summit Park’s conduct as the reason for hundreds of

wasted hours by Auto-Owners, the court, and the appraisers.

      Summit Park argues that its misconduct was not as egregious as the

misconduct of the sanctioned party in Ehrenhaus. In Ehrenhaus, the

sanctioned party “simply and intentionally refused to appear, which the

Court [found] to be in bad faith and willful and intentional disobedience to

two court orders.” 

, 921 (10th Cir. 1992) (internal quotation

marks omitted).

      For the sake of argument, we may assume that Summit Park did not

act as badly as the sanctioned party in Ehrenhaus. But Ehrenhaus did not

establish a floor of culpability. See LaFleur v. Teen Help, 

,

1151-52 (10th Cir. 2003) (upholding dismissal when the plaintiffs failed to

produce discovery documents by the deadline in violation of a discovery

order). The district court could reasonably determine that Summit Park’s

misconduct was sufficiently culpable to merit dismissal of the

counterclaims. See Jones v. Thompson, 

, 265 (10th Cir. 1993)

                                     14
(“[I]t is enough to say the [sanctioned party] repeatedly ignored court

orders and thereby hindered the court’s management of its docket and its

efforts to avoid unnecessary burdens on the court and the opposing

party.”).

      Third, the court determined that Summit Park had some culpability.

As discussed above, Summit Park played a role in concealing the earlier

contingent-cap fee, selecting Mr. Keys, and failing to ensure the accuracy

of the disclosures. Summit Park argues that its behavior was not

sufficiently culpable for dismissal. But the district court gave only

moderate weight to this factor. Given the district court’s observation that

Summit Park’s actions “suggest[ed] bad faith,” the assignment of moderate

weight to this factor was reasonable. Appellant’s App’x at 399.

      Fourth, the district court warned Summit Park of the risk of

dismissal. The court cautioned the parties, in all capital letters, that

“notice is given that, if the court finds that the parties and/or their counsel

have not complied with this order, the court will impose sanctions against

the parties and/or their counsel pursuant to the court’s inherent authority.”

Appellant’s App’x at 78 (capitalization removed). The warning was early

and prominent, stating that Summit Park could be sanctioned if it violated

the disclosure order.

      Summit Park argues that the warning failed to clarify that dismissal

was a likely sanction. We have held that an express warning of dismissal is

                                       15
not required. Instead, we have regarded notice as sufficient even when it is

constructive, rather than express. Ecclesiastes 9:10–11–12, Inc. v. LMC

Holding, 

, 1149-50 (10th Cir. 2007). Here the court could

regard the warning as constructive notice that dismissal of the

counterclaims would be a likely sanction for noncompliance. See 

“Ehrenhaus’s notice prong was satisfied” despite the absence

of an express warning that the claim would be dismissed).

      Fifth, the district court concluded that lesser sanctions would be

inadequate, putting great weight on this factor. Summit Park denies

consideration of lesser sanctions. We disagree. The court stated that it had

“given serious consideration to the efficacy of lesser sanctions and [had]

determined that only dismissal” would suffice. Appellant’s App’x at 401.

For this statement, the court explained that a sanction of attorneys’ fees

and expenses alone would not adequately deter Summit Park, its counsel,

or other potential wrongdoers from similar conduct in the future. This

explanation was supported by the record, and the court acted reasonably in

considering the possibility of lesser sanctions.

                                    * * *

      The district court reasonably concluded that four of the factors

merited great weight and one of the factors merited moderate weight.

Under Ehrenhaus, the decision to order dismissal with prejudice was not an

abuse of discretion. See Ehrenhaus v. Reynolds, 

, 922 (10th

                                      16
Cir. 1992) (affirming the dismissal when two of the factors merited great

weight and the other three factors had some support in the record); see also

Gripe v. City of Enid, 

, 1188-89 (10th Cir. 2002) (affirming

the dismissal when there was no evidence to support the third factor).

VII. The district court did not deprive Summit Park of due process in
     awarding interest on the overpayment to Summit Park.

       The district court awarded Auto-Owners $97,797.53 for interest. This

award was based on the amount that Auto-Owners had paid to Summit Park

upon completion of the appraisal. When the appraisal was vacated, Auto-

Owners obtained repayment of the amount overpaid and sought interest

based on a Colorado statute:

       When money or property has been wrongfully withheld,
       interest shall be an amount which fully recognizes the gain or
       benefit realized by the person withholding such money or
       property from the date of wrongful withholding to the date of
       payment or to the date judgment is entered . . . .

Colo. Rev. Stat. § 5-12-102(1)(a). Summit Park argues that the imposition

of interest resulted in a deprivation of due process. We disagree because

Summit Park had an opportunity to respond to Auto-Owners’ request for

interest. 2

       After the appraisal award was vacated, Auto-Owners amended its

complaint to recoup (1) payments based on the appraisal and (2) interest on

2
      Auto-Owners contends that Summit Park failed to preserve its due-
process challenge. For the sake of argument, we may assume that Summit
Park lacked an opportunity to raise a due-process challenge in district
court. Even with this assumption, the challenge would fail on the merits.
                                     17
the wrongfully obtained award. Summit Park moved to dismiss Auto-

Owners’ claim for recoupment. The district court issued an order granting

Auto-Owners’ request for interest and denying Summit Park’s motion to

dismiss as moot. Summit Park argues that the court’s ruling essentially

constituted a default judgment on Auto-Owners’ claim for interest,

depriving Summit Park of due process by denying an opportunity to

respond to Auto-Owners’ request.

      Summit Park is incorrect, for it had an opportunity to respond to

Auto-Owners’ request for statutory interest. This opportunity arose when

Auto-Owners requested statutory interest from Summit Park in a brief filed

in district court. Summit Park not only had the opportunity to respond but

also took advantage of that opportunity by objecting to the request for

interest. See Resolution Tr. v. Dabney, 

, 268 (10th Cir. 1995)

(“[T]he opportunity to fully brief the issue is sufficient to satisfy due

process requirements.”).

      Summit Park disagrees, pointing out that Auto-Owners’ request for

interest was contained in a motion for sanctions. In light of the nature of

the brief, Summit Park insists that it was on notice only as to Auto-

Owners’ request for interest as a sanction, not based on the Colorado

statute.

      This argument is not supported by the record. In requesting interest,

Auto-Owners invoked Colorado Revised Statutes § 5-12-102(1)(a) and case

                                      18
law applying this statute. See Appellant’s App’x at 234 (explaining that

under the Colorado statute, “wrongfully withheld money earns 8% interest

from the date the wrongful withholding commences until the date those

amounts are paid back”). With this authority, Auto-Owners asked the

district court for “statutory interest.” 

Park was fully

apprised of Auto-Owners’ reliance on the Colorado statute for an award of

interest.

                                    * * *

      In these circumstances, the district court did not deprive Summit

Park of due process because Summit Park had an opportunity to object to

the award of interest under the Colorado statute.

VIII. Conclusion

      The district court did not err in sanctioning Summit Park. Regardless

of the validity of the disclosure order, Summit Park had a duty to comply.

Summit Park violated the disclosure order by failing to disclose

information bearing on Mr. Keys’s impartiality. Based on the violation of

the disclosure order, the district court did not err by vacating the appraisal

award and sanctioning Summit Park with dismissal of its counterclaims.

Nor did the court deprive Summit Park of due process by awarding interest

to Auto-Owners. We affirm.




                                      19