FILED
                                                                         United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                             Tenth Circuit

                                       TENTH CIRCUIT                              July 18, 2018

                                                                             Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                                 Clerk of Court
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

               Plaintiff - Appellee,
                                                             No. 18-3086
v.                                                  (D.C. Nos. 2:16-CV-02724-CM
                                                      and 2:09-CR-20046-CM-8)
 VERDALE HANDY,                                              (D. Kansas)

               Defendant - Appellant.


                             ORDER DENYING
                      CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY *


Before LUCERO, HARTZ, and McHUGH, Circuit Judges.



       Verdale Handy, a federal prisoner appearing pro se,1 seeks a certificate of

appealability (“COA”) to challenge the district court’s denial of his motion seeking relief

from a final judgment under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b)(4). Because

Mr. Handy has failed to make “a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional

right,” see 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2), we deny his request and dismiss the appeal.




       *
        This order is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case,
res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value
consistent with Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32.1 and 10th Circuit Rule 32.1.
       1
         Because Mr. Handy is pro se, “we liberally construe his filings, but we will not
act as his advocate.” James v. Wadas, 

, 1315 (10th Cir. 2013).
                                          BACKGROUND

       Mr. Handy is serving a life sentence in federal prison. He was convicted in 2010

of multiple drug trafficking offenses, attempted murder, and possession and use of a

firearm during a crime of violence. We affirmed his convictions and sentence on direct

appeal. United States v. Handy, 505 F. App’x 682 (10th Cir. 2012) (“Handy I”). After

unsuccessfully petitioning the Supreme Court for a writ of certiorari, see Handy v. United

States, 

(2013), Mr. Handy has since filed a succession of pro se motions

and appeals seeking to reopen his case.

       First, he brought a 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion claiming that his counsel provided

ineffective assistance of counsel on direct appeal for failing to argue that certain co-

conspirator statements should not have been admitted at trial. He asserted that evidence

presented at his James hearing2 did not establish the existence of a conspiracy, and he

faulted his counsel for failing to argue that Pamela Bennett, a Kansas City police

detective, lied when testifying at that hearing. The district court denied relief and

declined to issue a COA. Mr. Handy renewed his request for a COA in this court, but we

too denied a COA, concluding reasonable jurists would not debate the district court’s

conclusion and dismissing Mr. Handy’s appeal. United States v. Handy, 614 F. App’x

379 (10th Cir. 2015) (“Handy II”).



       2
        As we explained when disposing of one of Mr. Handy’s prior appeals, “[a] James
hearing is conducted outside the presence of the jury to make the factual determinations
necessary to admit the statements of a defendant’s co-conspirators as non-hearsay.”
United States v. Handy, 703 F. App’x 685, 686 n.1 (10th Cir. 2017) (“Handy IV”) (citing
United States v. Owens, 

, 1123 (10th Cir. 1995)).
                                                  2
       Second, he filed a motion under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b) claiming

that his due process rights were violated when the government failed to respond to his

§ 2255 argument that Detective Bennett testified falsely at his James hearing. The district

court denied Mr. Handy’s motion on the merits. He appealed again. We concluded that

Mr. Handy’s motion was “not a true Rule 60(b) motion” but rather a “second or

successive attempt at post-conviction relief based upon arguments already rejected.”

United States v. Handy, 646 F. App’x 635, 637 (10th Cir. 2016) (“Handy III”). We

vacated the district court’s disposition on the merits for lack of jurisdiction and construed

Mr. Handy’s Rule 60(b) motion as an application to file a second or successive motion

under 28 U.S.C. § 2244, which we denied. 

       Third, he filed a motion under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15 to amend his

original § 2255 motion to add a claim that the court failed to rule on his claim of

fabricated testimony at the James hearing and for ineffective assistance of counsel. The

district court construed Mr. Handy’s motion to amend as an unauthorized successive

§ 2255 motion and dismissed it for lack of jurisdiction. Mr. Handy again sought to

appeal. But we again denied a COA, concluding that the claims Mr. Handy wanted to

pursue were the same claims presented in a prior § 2255 application and therefore were

subject to dismissal. United States v. Handy, 703 F. App’x 685, 687 (10th Cir. 2017)

(“Handy IV”).

       A few weeks after our 2017 ruling, Mr. Handy filed two more motions in the

district court. First, he filed a motion under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b)(4)

asserting that the district court failed to rule on his § 2255 claim for fabricated false

                                                  3
testimony and that this failure amounted to a procedural defect in his § 2255 proceedings.

Second, he filed a motion under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(c)(2) once again

seeking to amend his original § 2255 motion. Mr. Handy described his Rule 15(c)(2)

motion as “contingent and permeated on the success of” his Rule 60(b)(4) motion. R.

465.

       The district court again denied relief. It explained that it would consider

Mr. Handy’s Rule 60(b)(4) motion only to the extent it sought to correct a procedural

error in the disposition of his original § 2255 motion. 

The district court then

rejected Mr. Handy’s contention that it had failed to rule on his fabricated-testimony

claim. In the district court’s view, it “ha[d] already addressed this issue numerous times.”

The district court then identified two prior instances in the record. First, it cited

its order denying Mr. Handy’s original § 2255 motion, in which the district court stated in

a footnote that Mr. Handy “called Detective Bennett a liar, using various pejorative

terms, more than 110 times in his forty-two pages of briefing.” 

306 n.2).

Second, it cited its (vacated) order denying Mr. Handy’s so-called Rule 60(b) motion

(which we later construed as an unauthorized second or successive § 2255 motion, see

Handy III, 646 F. App’x at 637), in which the district court stated that it was “well aware

that defendant alleged Detective Bennett fabricated her testimony, and the court

considered that argument in rejecting defendant’s habeas petition.” 

358).

       The district court entered an order denying Mr. Handy’s Rule 60(b)(4) motion on

the merits “to the extent that there is no procedural error under Rule 60(b)” and

dismissing that same motion “to the extent it is a successive § 2255 petition.” R. 494. The

                                                   4
district court also dismissed Mr. Handy’s contingent Rule 15(c)(2) motion as moot and

denied a COA.

         Mr. Handy now applies for a COA from this court so that he may appeal the

district court’s denial of his Rule 60(b)(4) motion and dismissal of his Rule 15(c)(2)

motion.

                                            ANALYSIS

         We must first determine whether Mr. Handy’s Rule 60(b)(4) motion is a “true”

Rule 60(b) motion or whether it is in reality a misnamed second or successive § 2255

motion. See Spitznas v. Boone, 

, 1217–19 (10th Cir. 2006) (describing the

procedures to be followed on appeal from the denial of a Rule 60(b) motion in a habeas

case). “It is the relief sought, not [the] pleading’s title, that determines whether the

pleading is a § 2255 motion.” United States v. Nelson, 

, 1149 (10th Cir.

2006).

         Rule 60(b)(4) provides relief from void judgments, Orner v. Shalala, 

, 1310 (10th Cir. 1994), which are “legal nullit[ies],” United Student Air Funds, Inc.

v. Espinosa, 

, 270 (2010). “[A] void judgment is one so affected by a

fundamental infirmity that the infirmity may be raised even after the judgment becomes

final.” 

of such infirmities is exceedingly short; otherwise, Rule 60(b)(4)’s

exception to finality would swallow the rule.” 

Rule 60(b)(4) is applicable,

“relief is not a discretionary matter; it is mandatory.” 

(quotation

omitted). And the rule “is not subject to any time limitation.” 

The

district court construed Mr. Handy’s motion as a “true” Rule 60(b)(4) motion—at least in

                                                   5
part—and denied relief on the merits. “If the district court correctly treated the motion (or

any portion thereof) as a ‘true’ Rule 60(b) motion and denied it,” then Mr. Handy must

obtain a COA before proceeding with his appeal.3 

–18.

       On the other hand, if Mr. Handy’s Rule 60(b)(4) motion is in reality a second or

successive § 2255 motion, then “the district court d[id] not even have jurisdiction to deny

the relief sought in the pleading.” 

; see 28 U.S.C.

§§ 2244, 2255(h). That is because “a second or successive § 2255 motion cannot be filed

in district court without approval by a panel of this court,” 

,

which approval we have not given. A COA is also required to appeal from the dismissal

of an unauthorized § 2255 petition. United States v. Harper, 

, 1233 (10th

Cir. 2008).

       To distinguish between a “true” prisoner Rule 60(b) motion and a second or

successive § 2255 motion, we focus on the nature of the relief sought. If the motion “in

substance or effect asserts or reasserts a . . . basis for relief from the petitioner’s

underlying conviction,” then it is a second or successive § 2255 motion. 

. But if the motion “does not challenge the merits of the district court’s

resolution of his [original] § 2255 motion, but only an alleged defect in the integrity of

       3
         The necessity of a COA in this context has been the subject of some debate. See
Williams v. Warrior, 631 F. App’x 587, 589 & n.1 (10th Cir. 2015) (noting a tension
between our COA requirement and the Supreme Court’s “strict reading of the language in
28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(A) that limits the COA requirement to ‘final orders that dispose
of the merits of a habeas corpus proceeding’” (citing Harbison v. Bell, 

, 183
(2009)); see also Buck v. Davis, 

, 772 n.* (2017) (noting an apparent circuit
split over whether a COA is needed to appeal the denial of a Rule 60(b) motion and
assuming without deciding that a COA is needed). Mr. Handy concedes that a COA is
needed. We accept his concession.
                                                    6
the earlier § 2255 proceedings,” then it presents “a ‘true’ Rule 60(b) claim and should not

[be] construed as a second or successive § 2255 motion.” Peach v. United States, 

, 1271 (10th Cir. 2006).

       Mr. Handy’s Rule 60(b)(4) motion asserts that the district court “failed to rule on

his 28 U.S.C. [§] 2255 bri[ef]ed claim for fabricated false testimony.” R. 461. We have

previously held that an alleged failure to rule represents a true Rule 60(b) claim because

it asserts a defect in the integrity of the earlier proceedings. See 

;

. Because the district court correctly construed Mr. Handy’s

motion as a true Rule 60(b)(4) claim, we now consider whether Mr. Handy is entitled to a

COA to appeal the district court’s denial of relief under Rule 60(b)(4).

       A COA may issue “only if the applicant has made a substantial showing of the

denial of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). “At the COA stage, the only

question is whether the applicant has shown that ‘jurists of reason could disagree with the

district court’s resolution of his constitutional claims or that jurists could conclude the

issues presented are adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed further.’” Buck v.

Davis, 

, 773 (2017) (quoting Miller-El v. Cockrell, 

, 327

(2003)). In Buck, the Court discussed the two-part COA inquiry to be applied on review

of the denial of a Rule 60(b)(6) motion. First, there is a substantive question: whether

reasonable jurists could debate the merits of the prisoner’s underlying constitutional

claim. 

Second, there is a procedural question: whether reasonable jurists could

debate the district court’s procedural holding that the prisoner had not made the necessary

showing to reopen his case under Rule 60(b)(6). 

case, the substantive question

                                                  7
is whether reasonable jurists could debate the merits of Mr. Handy’s claim that appellate

counsel was ineffective for failing to argue that Detective Bennett lied during his James

hearing. And the procedural question is whether reasonable jurists could debate the

district court’s procedural holding that Mr. Handy had not made the necessary showing

that the § 2255 judgment was void because the district court had not ruled on that

underlying constitutional claim. To obtain a COA, Mr. Handy must make both showings.

. We base our decision on the substantive question and conclude

that Mr. Handy has failed to demonstrate “that jurists of reasons would find it debatable

whether the [§ 2255 motion] states a valid claim of the denial of a constitutional right.”

       Mr. Handy alleges a “violation of Due Process (fabricated testimony).” R. 319. In

his initial § 2255 briefing, Mr. Handy cited Napue v. Illinois, 

(1959), and

his argument appears to be that his constitutional right to due process was violated

because the United States obtained his conviction through use of false evidence. “A

Napue violation occurs when (1) a government witness committed perjury, (2) the

prosecution knew the testimony to be false, and (3) the testimony was material.” United

States v. Garcia, 

, 1207 (10th Cir. 2015). Appellate counsel did not pursue

a Napue claim on direct appeal. And so the precise underlying constitutional claim now

before us is that Mr. Handy’s appellate counsel provided ineffective assistance in failing

to pursue a Napue claim based on Detective Bennett’s testimony.

       We review claims of ineffective assistance of counsel according to the two-

pronged test in Strickland v. Washington, 

(1984). “First, a movant must

                                                 8
show that counsel’s performance was deficient, meaning it fell below an objective

standard of reasonableness as measured by prevailing professional norms.” United States

v. Barrett, 

, 1213 (10th Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks omitted).

“This is a demanding standard, requiring a showing that the performance was outside the

wide range of professionally competent assistance.” 

marks

omitted). “The performance must have been completely unreasonable, not merely

wrong.” 

(internal quotation marks omitted). “Next, a movant must show

prejudice, meaning there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional

errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” 

marks omitted). “A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine

confidence in the outcome of the trial.” 

“Courts are free to

address these two prongs in any order, and failure under either is dispositive.” 

       We conclude Mr. Handy has failed to demonstrate that jurists of reason would find

it debatable whether Mr. Handy’s counsel was deficient in failing to pursue a Napue

claim based on Detective Bennett’s testimony. Indeed, Mr. Handy’s combined opening

brief and application for a COA does not even attempt to make such a showing. He

instead focuses exclusively on the procedural question—that is, whether the footnote in

the district court’s order disposing of Mr. Handy’s original § 2255 motion was sufficient

to overcome his Rule 60(b)(4) due-process claim that the district court failed to rule on

the merits of his underlying ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim. But Mr. Handy

offers no argument as to why his counsel was ineffective in failing to bring a Napue

                                                 9
claim. Nor does he identify what testimony from Detective Bennett was untruthful. Thus,

we have no inkling from Mr. Handy’s appellate brief why he believes Detective Bennett

lied on the stand, and it would be inappropriate for this court to scour the record in an

attempt to discern what pieces of testimony may have been untruthful and why counsel’s

failure to attack that testimony might have been constitutionally ineffective. See Eldridge

v. Berkebile, 

, 1243 n.4 (10th Cir. 2015) (“[W]e will not serve as [a

litigant’s] attorney in constructing arguments and searching the record.”). In short,

Mr. Handy has failed to demonstrate that “jurists could conclude the issues presented are

adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed further,” see 

(quoting 

), and we are compelled to deny a COA.

                                         CONCLUSION

       For the reasons stated, we deny Mr. Handy a COA and dismiss this appeal.

                                              Entered for the Court


                                              Carolyn B. McHugh
                                              Circuit Judge




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