FILED
                                                                     United States Court of Appeals
                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                     Tenth Circuit

                                FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                    December 19, 2018
                            _________________________________
                                                                         Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                             Clerk of Court
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

        Plaintiff - Appellee,

 v.                                                         No. 18-8025
                                                   (D.C. No. 2:17-CV-00019-ABJ)
 109 DERR AVENUE, LARAMIE                                     (D. Wyo.)
 COUNTY, CHEYENNE, WYOMING;
 508 WEST 9TH STREET, LARAMIE
 COUNTY, CHEYENNE, WYOMING;
 1000 WEST LEISHER ROAD, LARAMIE
 COUNTY, CHEYENNE, WYOMING;
 717 SOUTH 4TH STREET, ADAMS
 COUNTY, BRIGHTON, COLORADO,

        Defendants.

 ------------------------------

 DARREN MICHAEL GONZALES,

        Movant - Appellant.
                       _________________________________

                                ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                            _________________________________

Before BACHARACH, MURPHY, and MORITZ, Circuit Judges.
                 _________________________________


       *
         After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument wouldn’t materially assist in the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment isn’t binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral
estoppel. But it may be cited for its persuasive value. See Fed. R. App. P. 32.1; 10th
Cir. R. 32.1.
       Proceeding pro se, Darren Gonzales appeals the district court’s order denying

his postjudgment motion to stay a civil forfeiture judgment.1 For the reasons

discussed below, we affirm.

                                       Background

       This appeal arises from the government’s decision to seek an order “forfeiting

to the United States all right, title, and interest in and to” several pieces of real

property belonging to Gonzales. E.g., R. vol. 1, 9. According to the government, the

property at issue was subject to forfeiture because it was (1) involved in money-

laundering transactions and (2) traceable to unlawful sales of controlled substances.

See 21 U.S.C. § 881(a); 18 U.S.C. § 981(a)(1)(A), (C).

       After the government filed its complaint in the underlying civil forfeiture

proceedings, Gonzales pleaded guilty in a related criminal case to various federal

offenses, including unlawfully distributing a controlled substance and money

laundering.2 As part of Gonzales’s plea agreement in the related criminal case,

Gonzales (1) admitted that the real property at issue in this appeal was subject to

forfeiture; (2) relinquished any interest in or title to that property; and (3) waived his

right to notice of any subsequent forfeiture proceedings.

       After Gonzales entered his plea in the related criminal case, the government

moved for judgment in the underlying civil forfeiture proceedings. The district court


       1
        We liberally construe pro se pleadings. But we won’t act as Gonzales’s
advocate. See James v. Wadas, 

, 1315 (10th Cir. 2013).
      2
        Gonzales’s direct appeal in the related criminal case is currently pending
before this court.
                                             2
granted the government’s motion and, on December 7, 2017, entered judgment of

forfeiture ordering that the real property at issue be “condemned, forfeited[,] and

vested in the United States of America.” R. vol. 1, 44.

      More than three months later, in March 2018, Gonzales filed a motion to stay

the district court’s civil forfeiture judgment pending resolution of his direct appeal in

the related criminal case.3 On March 26, 2018, the district court denied Gonzales’s

motion to stay the civil forfeiture judgment, concluding that Gonzales failed to

present any “explanation or authority” that might justify such a stay. 

Eight

days later, on April 3, 2018, Gonzales filed a notice of appeal designating the district

court’s March 26, 2018 order.

                                        Analysis

I.    The Scope of Our Review

      Before turning to the merits of Gonzales’s arguments on appeal, we must

assure ourselves that we have jurisdiction to consider those arguments. See KCOM,




      3
         On the same date, Gonzales also filed a request for bill of particulars and a
motion to release transcripts in the civil forfeiture proceedings. Although the district
court indeed denied similar motions that Gonzales filed in the related criminal case,
Gonzales’s opening brief fails to provide a citation to the record demonstrating the
district court ruled on the motions he filed in the civil forfeiture proceedings that are
the subject of this appeal. And we see no indication that it did. Accordingly, to the
extent we could construe Gonzales’s brief as challenging the district court’s
purported rulings on these motions, we decline to address his arguments. See 10th
Cir. R. 28.2(C)(2) (“For each issue raised on appeal, all briefs must cite the precise
reference in the record where the issue was raised and ruled on.”); Singleton v. Wulff,

, 120 (1976) (“It is the general rule, of course, that a federal appellate
court does not consider an issue not passed upon below.”).
                                            3
Inc. v. Emp’rs Mut. Cas. Co., 

, 1196 (10th Cir. 2016) (noting our

“obligation to examine our own subject matter jurisdiction”).

      “This court has jurisdiction only to review district court judgments from which

a timely notice of appeal has been filed.” Lebahn v. Owens, 

, 1304

(10th Cir. 2016). In most civil cases, the appealing party must file a notice of appeal

“within 30 days after entry of the judgment or order appealed from.” Fed. R. App. P.

4(a)(1)(A). But when the United States is a party to the action, the deadline for filing

a notice of appeal is 60 days instead. See Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(1)(B). Further, Rule

4(a)(4) provides that certain timely filed postjudgment motions will toll that 60-day

period. See Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(4) (stating that if party timely files one of several

enumerated motions, “the time to file an appeal runs for all parties from the entry of

the order disposing of the last such remaining motion”).

      Here, the district court entered its civil forfeiture judgment on December 7,

2017. Gonzales didn’t appeal that order. Instead, more than three months later,

Gonzales filed his March 2018 motion to stay. The district court appropriately

construed that motion as arising under Rule 60 of the Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure. See United States v. Rodriguez-Aguirre, 

, 1182 (10th Cir.

2005) (“[A]n attack on the sufficiency of [a] prior forfeiture complaint[] and

judgment[] . . . must be brought in a Rule 60(b) motion.”). And a Rule 60 motion will

toll the time for filing an appeal—but only if that motion “is filed no later than 28

days after the judgment is entered.” Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(4)(A)(vi).



                                            4
      Because Gonzales filed his March 2018 motion more than 28 days after the

district court entered its December 7, 2017 civil forfeiture judgment, the former came

too late to toll the time for appealing the latter.4 See Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(4)(A)(vi);

. And that means Gonzales’s April 3, 2018 notice of appeal

is timely only as to the district court’s March 26, 2018 order denying his motion to

stay; that notice of appeal isn’t timely as to the district court’s December 7, 2017

civil forfeiture judgment.5 Thus, to the extent that Gonzales’s opening brief attempts

to challenge the district court’s December 7, 2017 civil forfeiture judgment, we lack

jurisdiction to consider his arguments. Instead, our review is limited to the district

court’s March 26, 2018 order denying Gonzales’s motion to stay. See 

–05. We turn next to that order.

II.   The District Court’s March 26, 2018 Order

      We review the district court’s order denying Gonzales’s Rule 60(b) motion for

abuse of discretion, “keeping in mind that Rule 60(b) relief is extraordinary and may



      4
        Because Gonzales doesn’t suggest that his request for a bill of particulars or
his motion to release transcripts tolled the time for filing his notice of appeal under
Rule 4(a)(4)(A), we decline to address that possibility. See supra note 3; Raley v.
Hyundai Motor Co., 

, 1275 (10th Cir. 2011) (“It is the appellant’s
burden, not ours, to conjure up possible theories to invoke our legal authority to hear
her appeal.”).
      5
         In his reply brief, Gonzales suggests that we should equitably toll the 60-day
deadline because—according to Gonzales—he didn’t receive timely notice of the
district court’s December 7, 2017 civil forfeiture judgment. But “the timely filing of
a notice of appeal in a civil case is a jurisdictional requirement.” Bowles v. Russell,

, 214 (2007). Because we have “no authority to create equitable
exceptions to jurisdictional requirements,” we must reject this argument. 

be granted in exceptional circumstances.” 

(quoting ClearOne

Commc’ns, Inc. v. Bowers, 

, 754 (10th Cir. 2011)). For instance, a court

may grant a Rule 60(b) motion (1) in light of “mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or

excusable neglect”; (2) based on “newly discovered evidence that, with reasonable

diligence, could not have been discovered in time to move for a new trial under Rule

59(b)”; or (3) on the basis of “fraud . . . , misrepresentation, or misconduct by an

opposing party.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(1)–(3). Notably, because a Rule 60(b) motion

isn’t “a substitute for an appeal,” our review of an order denying such a motion “is

meaningfully narrower than review of the merits of a direct appeal.” Zurich N. Am. v.

Matrix Serv., Inc., 

, 1289 (10th Cir. 2005) (first quoting Cummings v.

Gen. Motors Corp., 

, 955 (10th Cir. 2004); then quoting Amoco Oil Co.

v. EPA, 

, 697 (10th Cir. 2000)).

      Here, Gonzales argued below that the district court should stay the forfeiture

order because (1) Gonzales didn’t have an attorney and lacked notice of the civil

forfeiture proceedings; (2) the related criminal case “did not address” the property at

issue in the civil forfeiture proceedings; (3) he received ineffective assistance of

counsel in the related criminal case; and (4) the government failed to prove the

property at issue in the civil forfeiture proceedings was “traceable to the criminal

behavior” that gave rise to the related criminal case. R. vol. 1, 45.

      But as the district court pointed out in denying Gonzales’s motion to stay,

Gonzales “admitted as part of his plea agreement” in the related criminal case that the

property at issue in the civil forfeiture proceedings was “involved in money

                                            6
laundering.” 

Further, the record demonstrates that Gonzales was

represented by counsel when he entered his plea in the related criminal case. And

Gonzales had no constitutional right to counsel in the underlying civil forfeiture

action. See Johnson v. Johnson, 

, 1217 (10th Cir. 2006). Moreover,

even assuming that Gonzales received ineffective assistance of counsel in the related

criminal case, he failed to direct the district court’s attention to any “authority” that

might “support[]” granting a stay on this basis in the civil forfeiture proceedings. R.

vol. 1, 67. Notably, Gonzales likewise fails to identify any such authority on appeal.

Cf. Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(8)(A). Finally, to the extent that Gonzales argues he

received inadequate notice of the government’s December 5, 2017 motion for

judgment and the district court’s December 7, 2017 civil forfeiture judgment, he

overlooks the fact that he waived his right to such notice as part of his plea

agreement in the related criminal case.

       Under these circumstances, we conclude the district court didn’t abuse its

discretion in denying Gonzales’s motion to stay. See 

(explaining that district court abuses its discretion only if its decision is “arbitrary,

capricious, whimsical, or manifestly unreasonable” (quoting Weitz v. Lovelace Health

Sys., Inc., 

, 1181 (10th Cir. 2000))).

                                       Conclusion

       Because Gonzales’s untimely postjudgment motion to stay didn’t toll the

deadline for appealing the district court’s judgment of forfeiture, we lack jurisdiction

to entertain Gonzales’s challenges to that judgment. Moreover, the district court

                                             7
didn’t abuse its discretion in denying Gonzales’s postjudgment motion to stay the

civil forfeiture proceedings, which the court properly construed as a Rule 60(b)

motion. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s order denying that motion.


                                           Entered for the Court


                                           Nancy L. Moritz
                                           Circuit Judge




                                          8