FILED
                                                                      United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                          Tenth Circuit

                             FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                         February 28, 2019
                         _________________________________
                                                                          Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                              Clerk of Court
 ANDREW DAVIS, a Colorado Resident,

       Plaintiff - Appellant,

 v.                                                          No. 18-1065
                                                 (D.C. No. 1:17-CV-00322-LTB-STV)
 BAE SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY                                       (D. Colo.)
 SOLUTIONS & SERVICES INC.,
 a foreign corporation,

       Defendant - Appellee.
                      _________________________________

                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                         _________________________________

Before McHUGH, BALDOCK, and O’BRIEN, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

      Andrew Davis sued his former employer, BAE Systems Technology Solutions

& Services Inc., claiming BAE’s refusal to rehire him was in retaliation for reporting

sexual harassment. BAE filed a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 12(b)(6). The district court granted that motion and dismissed Davis’s

action with prejudice, ruling that Davis failed to plead facts supporting a plausible



      *
        After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent,
except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It
may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
inference that BAE’s refusal to hire him was causally connected to his report of

sexual harassment. Davis appeals. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291,

we affirm.

                                  BACKGROUND1

      Davis began working at BAE in 2011 “as a Field Service Representative and

Senior Desk Side Support Analyst, providing crucial IT support for the Department

of Defense.” Aplt. App. at 9–10. Davis alleged that his performance was “strong,”

and that his supervisor, Daniel Perez, and two co-workers recognized his work as

being of “high quality.” 

He attached to his First Amended Complaint

several documents in support of these allegations regarding his performance.

      In February 2013, a BAE employee complained to Davis that she was sexually

harassed by her supervisor. Upon learning that BAE had “zero tolerance and

mandatory reporting policies for sexual harassment,” Davis reported the sexual



      1
         Because this appeal involves a Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal, we draw the facts
from the allegations in the operative pleading, which is Davis’s First Amended
Complaint; from exhibits submitted with it or incorporated by reference; and from
“documents referred to in the complaint if the documents are central to the plaintiff’s
claim and the parties do not dispute the documents’ authenticity.” Smith v. United
States, 

, 1098 (10th Cir. 2009). BAE attached two documents to its
Rule 12(b)(6) motion: a discrimination charge Davis filed with the Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission and the Colorado Civil Rights Division, and
BAE’s position statement in response to that charge. The parties do not dispute the
authenticity of those documents, and they are central to Davis’s claims because
(1) Davis drew many of the allegations in the First Amended Complaint from them,
sometimes verbatim and often without identifying the source; and (2) as we discuss
later in this decision, some of those allegations rest on a misreading of BAE’s
explanation for its refusal to rehire him, which is a pivotal issue in this case. We
therefore consider those documents in resolving this appeal.
                                           2
harassment to BAE’s department of human resources. 

marks

omitted). After this report, the victim was allegedly “pressured to recant her

allegations,” but nothing further was done, and she left BAE soon thereafter. 

of BAE’s supervisors, Elizabeth Schley, found out Davis had reported the

harassment, she said she would make Davis’s “life a living hell.” 

(internal

quotation marks omitted).

      A year after reporting the harassment, in February 2014, “BAE laid . . . Davis

off, citing budgetary cuts.” 

time, Davis was allegedly “in a vital

leadership role and excelling at his position.” 

2015, thirty-three months after reporting the sexual harassment,

“Davis was recruited for a position working for BAE as a System and Server

Administrator.” 

the position “matched his work experience and skills

perfectly.” 

an offer letter that he signed and returned, expecting to

start work immediately, but soon thereafter, “the recruiter . . . told him that BAE had

rescinded the offer due to a ‘personality conflict.’” 

former

supervisor, then contacted Davis and told him that “BAE’s manager in charge of

hiring,” Robert Hermann, “asked if he should ‘cringe’ upon hearing Mr. Davis’[s]

name.” 

filed a charge of discrimination with the Equal Employment

Opportunity Commission (EEOC) and the Colorado Civil Rights Division, BAE

allegedly “changed its justification for not re-hiring him and claimed that it was not

because of a personality conflict, but because he allegedly lacked experience working

                                           3
with servers.” 

–12. Davis claimed this justification was “patently false”

because he had “extensive server experience, including performing significant

amounts of server work for BAE,” and he had listed that experience near the top of

the resume he submitted to BAE. 

(emphasis omitted). He opined that the

“demonstrably false justifications for not re-hiring [him],” combined with BAE’s

“explicit threat to make his life a ‘living hell’ for reporting sexual harassment,”

demonstrate that the refusal to rehire him was in retaliation for reporting sexual

harassment nearly three years earlier. 

these allegations, Davis asserted claims against BAE under the

retaliation provisions of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C.

§ 2000e-3(a), and the Colorado Anti-Discrimination Act, Colo. Rev. Stat.

§ 24-34-402(1)(e)(IV). BAE moved to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), arguing that

retaliation could not be inferred due to the thirty-three-month gap between Davis’s

report of sexual harassment and BAE’s refusal to rehire him, and that Davis’s

additional factual allegations were insufficient to bridge that gap and establish

causation. The district court granted the motion, dismissing the action with

prejudice.

      Davis filed a motion for reconsideration under Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 59(e), arguing that the district court erred in dismissing the action with

prejudice without making a finding that amendment would be futile and without

providing an opportunity for amendment (although Davis never sought leave to

amend). In support, Davis pointed to evidence he submitted with his response to the

                                             4
Rule 12(b)(6) motion suggesting that prior to BAE’s decision not to rehire Davis,

Hermann may have consulted with the supervisor who was the perpetrator of the

alleged sexual harassment Davis had reported. The district court denied the motion.

Davis then filed a notice of appeal, designating the order granting the Rule 12(b)(6)

motion, the final judgment, and the denial of his Rule 59(e) motion. But in his

opening appellate brief, he argues only that the district court erred in granting the

Rule 12(b)(6) motion, and in his reply brief, the posits that “[t]his appeal does not

turn on” the district court’s denial of his Rule 59(e) motion or its failure to permit

amendment, Aplt. Reply Br. at 14–15. Accordingly, this appeal is confined to the

district court’s ruling on the Rule 12(b)(6) motion. See Thomas v. IBM, 

,

482 n.2 (10th Cir. 1995) (noting that “failure to argue an issue in the appellate

brief . . . constitutes waiver, even when the appellant lists the issue in the notice of

appeal”).

                                     DISCUSSION

       We review a Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal de novo. Khalik v. United Air Lines,

, 1190 (10th Cir. 2012). “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint

must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that

is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 

, 678 (2009) (internal

quotation marks omitted). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads

factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the

defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” 

standard is not



                                             5
akin to a probability requirement, but it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a

defendant has acted unlawfully.” 

marks omitted).

      In our Rule 12(b)(6) analysis, we “disregard conclusory statements and look

only to whether the remaining, factual allegations plausibly suggest the defendant is

liable.” 

. If “the allegations . . . are so general that they

encompass a wide swath of conduct, much of it innocent, then the plaintiff[] ha[s] not

nudged [his] claims across the line from conceivable to plausible.” 

marks omitted). Our ultimate duty is to “determine whether the complaint

sufficiently alleges facts supporting all the elements necessary to establish an

entitlement to relief under the legal theory proposed.” Forest Guardians v. Forsgren,

, 1160 (10th Cir. 2007).

      To survive a motion to dismiss, a plaintiff does not have to establish a prima

facie case of retaliation in his or her complaint, but “the elements of each alleged

cause of action help to determine whether [the] [p]laintiff has set forth a plausible

claim.” 

. The elements of a prima facie case of retaliation

under Title VII are (1) that the plaintiff “engaged in protected opposition to

discrimination, (2) that a reasonable employee would have found the challenged

action materially adverse, and (3) that a causal connection existed between the

protected activity and the materially adverse action.” 

93 (internal quotation




                                            6
marks omitted).2 Only the third element, a causal connection, is relevant to this

appeal.

      A “causal connection may be demonstrated by evidence of circumstances that

justify an inference of retaliatory motive, such as protected conduct closely followed

by adverse action.” Burrus v. United Tel. Co. of Kan., Inc., 

, 343

(10th Cir. 1982). But “[u]nless there is very close temporal proximity between the

protected activity and the retaliatory conduct, the plaintiff must offer additional

evidence to establish causation.” O’Neal v. Ferguson Constr. Co., 

,

1253 (10th Cir. 2001). The temporal proximity in this case—thirty-three months—is

insufficient to establish causation by itself. See 

“a three-month

period, standing alone, is insufficient to establish causation,” but a one-and-a-half

month gap could be sufficient). That thirty-three month gap does not foreclose a

causal connection. See Piercy v. Maketa, 

, 1198–99 (10th Cir. 2007)

(“[T]he passage of time does not necessarily bar a plaintiff’s retaliation claim if

additional evidence establishes the retaliatory motive. . . . [T]emporal remoteness is

not necessarily dispositive.” (emphasis omitted)). But “our ability to draw such a

causal inference from an employer’s adverse action diminishes over time because we

may reasonably expect (as a matter of common sense) that the embers of anger or



      2
        Because the same analysis applies to retaliation claims under Title VII and
the Colorado Anti-Discrimination Act, our disposition of Davis’s Title VII claim
“will necessarily also determine [his] state law claim[].” 

n.3.

                                            7
resentment that may have been inflamed by the employee’s protected activity—

emotions that would underlie any retaliatory adverse action—would cool over time.”

Conroy v. Vilsack, 

, 1182 (10th Cir. 2013).

      Davis argues that the district court erred in not accepting as true his allegations

that after he filed his EEOC charge, BAE changed the reason why it decided not to

rehire him from personality conflict to lack of experience working with servers, and

that both reasons are false.3 He bases this argument on case law explaining that a

plaintiff may establish causation by alleging either that an employer changed its

reason for an adverse action after an employee filed an EEOC charge, thus showing

pretext, or that its reason is false. See Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc.,

, 147 (2000) (“In appropriate circumstances, the trier of fact can

reasonably infer from the falsity of the explanation that the employer is dissembling

to cover up a discriminatory purpose.”); Jaramillo v. Colo. Judicial Dep’t, 

, 1311 (10th Cir. 2005) (per curiam) (“The timing of the change has been found

to support the inference of pretext when it occurs after significant legal proceedings

have occurred.”); Wells v. Colo. Dep’t of Transp., 

, 1218 (10th Cir.


      3
        Davis raises no argument in his opening brief concerning either Schley’s
alleged comment that she would make his life a “living hell,” his layoff in 2014, or
Hermann’s alleged query whether he should “cringe” at hearing Davis’s name. He
has therefore waived any challenge to the district court’s conclusion that no
reasonable inference of retaliatory motive can be drawn from those alleged
comments. See State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. Mhoon, 

, 984 n.7
(10th Cir. 1994) (explaining that issue not raised in opening brief is waived). In his
reply brief, Davis confirms our view by stating “[w]hether or not the ‘living hell’ and
‘cringe’ comments are themselves sufficient to establish causation is not at issue.”
Aplt. Reply at 14.
                                           8
2003) (“If the employee can show that the employer’s proffered reason for taking

adverse action is false, the factfinder could infer that the employer was lying to

conceal its retaliatory motive.”).

      While Davis’s understanding of the law is correct, he is mistaken in applying it

to his allegations regarding BAE’s explanation for its refusal to rehire him. Take

first his allegation that after he filed his EEOC charge, “BAE changed its justification

for not re-hiring him and claimed that it was not because of a personality conflict, but

because he allegedly lacked experience working with servers.” Aplt. App. at 11–12.

This allegation rests on a misreading of BAE’s response to the charge.4 In that

response, BAE presented Robert Hermann’s opinion that Davis “was . . . an average

performer who did not perform well with Hermann’s team.” Aplt. App. at 49.5

Stating that an employee did not perform well with a team is not meaningfully

different from, or inconsistent with, stating there was a personality conflict. Because

BAE’s response contradicts Davis’s factual allegation that BAE denied that a

personality conflict was not why it refused to rehire him, we need not take Davis’s

allegation as true. See GFF Corp. v. Associated Wholesale Grocers, Inc., 

, 1385 (10th Cir. 1997) (“Mere legal conclusions and factual allegations that



      4
        Although the First Amended Complaint did not expressly mention BAE’s
position statement in response to his EEOC charge, Davis has not identified any other
source of his allegation that BAE changed its explanation after he filed the charge.
      5
        Hermann was “BAE’s manager in charge of hiring” who made the “cringe”
comment to Davis’s former supervisor. Aplt. App. at 11; see 

(EEOC charge
identifying Hermann the manager who made the “cringe” comment).
                                           9
contradict . . . a properly considered document are not well-pleaded facts that the

court must accept as true.”).

      To be sure, BAE’s response to the EEOC charge added a reason for the refusal

to rehire Davis—lack of server experience. But no reasonable inference of pretext

can be drawn from any of his allegations that either of the reasons is false. Davis

alleged he was never disciplined or coached regarding a personality conflict during

his two-and-one-half years at BAE, but that does not plausibly suggest Hermann was

being untruthful in an effort to cover up a retaliatory motive. See Selenke v. Med.

Imaging of Colo., 

, 1261 (10th Cir. 2001) (“When assessing a

contention of pretext, we examine the facts as they appear to the person making the

[employment] decision . . . .” (internal quotation marks omitted)). Davis also alleged

his former supervisor, Perez, said Davis was “respectful and open to the views and

ideas of others.” Aplt. App. at 11 (internal quotation marks omitted). But that

opinion is not inconsistent with BAE’s view that there was a personality conflict or

that Davis did not perform well with Hermann’s team. Davis further alleged that two

other coworkers expressed favorable opinions of his abilities, and he provided those

opinions in writing as exhibits to the First Amended Complaint. But nothing

indicates that either of those employees was part of Hermann’s team, and nothing in

their opinions is inconsistent with a personality conflict or an inability to work well

with Hermann’s team.

      As for server experience, the sole allegations in the First Amended Complaint

were that the position Davis applied for “matched his work experience and skills

                                           10
perfectly,” 

he had listed on his resume “extensive server experience,”

including “significant amounts” for BAE, 

His resume, which was attached

to the First Amended Complaint, contained one statement under “Professional

Summary” related to server experience: “Previous experience with NT 4./ 2003

Server administration to include security patching.” 

Davis may have made

another reference to the security-patching component of that server experience when

he stated, in a section describing his “Professional Experience” at BAE: “Field

[d]irected security patching while overseas.” Id.6 But he alleged no details about the

qualifications necessary for the position. His allegation that his experience and skills

matched the position perfectly is therefore conclusory and not entitled to the

presumption of truth at the Rule 12(b)(6) stage. See 

(explaining that at the Rule 12(b)(6) stage, we “disregard conclusory statements”).

Furthermore, we can draw no plausible inference from his allegations regarding his

server experience that he possessed at least some of the objective qualifications

necessary for the position he sought. See Burnett v. Mortg. Elec. Registration Sys.,

Inc., 

, 1236 (10th Cir. 2013) (“Pleadings that do not allow for at least a

reasonable inference of the legally relevant facts are insufficient.” (internal quotation

marks omitted)); cf. EEOC v. Horizon/CMS Healthcare Corp., 

, 1193

(10th Cir. 2000) (“The relevant inquiry at the prima facie stage is not whether an

employee or potential employee is able to meet all the objective criteria adopted by


       6
        The opinions of Perez and the other two coworkers do not refer to any server
experience Davis might have had.
                                             11
the employer, but whether the employee has introduced some evidence that she

possesses the objective qualifications necessary to perform the job sought.”).

      More to the point, none of Davis’s allegations plausibly suggest BAE was

attempting to mask an unlawful retaliatory motive by falsely claiming that there was

a personality conflict, that he had not been a good fit with Hermann’s team, or that

his server experience was inadequate for the position he applied for. After all, Davis

continued to work at BAE for a year after he reported the sexual harassment. It is

precisely during that period one would expect Schley to make good on her alleged

promise to make his life a “living hell.” See 

(explaining

that “the time period shortly following [the] protected activity [is] the precise period

when we ordinarily would expect any anger or resentment that [his] activity

engendered in the [employer] to be at its apex”). Yet the First Amended Complaint

is devoid of any allegations that Schley (or anyone else at BAE, for that matter) did

anything retaliatory to Davis during that year, or of any allegation explaining “why

one might reasonably expect [BAE’s] purported retaliatory animus to have continued

to burn hot over” the thirty-three month period between Davis’s report of sexual

harassment and the decision not to rehire him. 

causation element of a prima facie case of retaliation requires

a plaintiff to “show that the individuals who took adverse action against him knew of

his protected opposition.” Zokari v. Gates, 

, 1081 (10th Cir. 2009).

Although a plaintiff is not required to establish a prima facie case in order to survive

a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the elements of a prima facie case assist in determining

                                           12
whether a plaintiff “has set forth a plausible claim.” 

. And

we have affirmed the Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal of an action where the plaintiff

“fail[ed] to aver any facts indicating [the defendant’s] knowledge of his [protected

activity].” Ostler v. Anderson, 200 F. App’x 750, 752 (10th Cir. 2006).7 Here, Davis

did not allege any facts plausibly suggesting Hermann knew that Davis had reported

sexual harassment.8 This shortcoming lends further support for our conclusion that

the First Amended Complaint does not “sufficiently allege[] facts supporting all the

elements necessary to establish an entitlement to relief under the legal theory

proposed,” Forest 

, and therefore Davis has not “nudged

[his] claims across the line from conceivable to plausible,” 

(internal quotation marks omitted). Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s

judgment.


                                            Entered for the Court


                                            Carolyn B. McHugh
                                            Circuit Judge




      7
        We cite this unpublished, nonprecedential case for its persuasive value
consistent with 10th Cir. R. 32.1(A).
      8
         As discussed in footnote 

, Davis has waived any challenge regarding
the only alleged fact potentially bearing on that knowledge—Hermann’s question to
Davis’s former supervisor whether he, Hermann, should “cringe” upon hearing
Davis’s name. But even if Davis had not waived that challenge, we would conclude
that this isolated comment lacks sufficient context to support a reasonable inference
that Hermann had the requisite knowledge.
                                          13