FILED
                                                                    United States Court of Appeals
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                         Tenth Circuit

                           FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                           April 18, 2019
                       _________________________________
                                                                        Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                            Clerk of Court
 NIKOS HECHT,

       Plaintiff Counterdefendant -
       Appellant,

 v.                                                         No. 18-1244
                                                (D.C. No. 1:17-CV-02364-RM-KLM)
 GREAT NORTHERN INSURANCE                                    (D. Colo.)
 COMPANY, d/b/a Chubb,

       Defendant Counterclaimant -
       Appellee.
                      _________________________________

                           ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                       _________________________________

Before McHUGH, BALDOCK, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

      Nikos Hecht appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of

his insurer, Great Northern Insurance Company (Chubb), which denied Hecht’s

claims based on policy exclusions for intentional acts and abuse committed by its

insured. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm the district

court’s judgment.


      *
        After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral
estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
                                            I

      This case stems from a civil suit brought against Hecht by his ex-girlfriend,

Brooke Warfel. See Warfel v. Hecht, No. 1:16-cv-686-MSK-KLM (D. Colo. filed

Mar. 23, 2016). According to the Warfel complaint, Hecht was physically and

emotionally abusive, exhibiting behavior “indicative of the typical patterns of

domestic violence and abuse.” Aplt. App., Vol. 1 at 102. Although Warfel generally

averred that Hecht was controlling and “used his wealth time and again to hurt and

manipulate her,” 

her allegations principally focused on two factual events

in which he coerced her to have an abortion against her physician’s advice and

falsely imprisoned her in a remote cabin.

      Regarding the abortion, Warfel alleged that after the couple became pregnant,

Hecht subjected her to “constant and unrelenting pressure” to terminate the

pregnancy. 

She discussed the procedure with her physician in Aspen,

Colorado, but was advised to wait because it was “too early,” the pregnancy might be

ectopic, and proceeding with the abortion could have “devastating effects.” 

Hecht that she would go forward with the abortion in three to four weeks,

but because they had plans to travel to Mexico, “[h]e insisted that she allow a

‘doctor’ he knew in Mexico to terminate the pregnancy.” 

promised

to marry her but threatened “that if she did not go through with the procedure on his

schedule, he would have all her stuff packed in garbage bags, taken out of his house,

dumped at her door, and that would be the end of their relationship.” 

allegedly agreed to have the abortion in Mexico by the individual

known to Hecht, though this person turned out to be “closer to a nurse practitioner,

. . . not an ob/gyn as promised by Hecht”; the individual “also happened to be

Hecht’s source of controlled substances in Mexico.” 

provider gave

Warfel drugs to terminate the pregnancy, causing “excruciating abdominal pain,” the

procedure resulted in a failed abortion. 

Consequently, when Warfel

returned to Aspen, she “had to undergo a second chemical termination to complete

the one initiated in Mexico a month earlier.” 

“suffered excessive

bleeding, more pain, and the psychological trauma of undergoing a botched

abortion.” 

cabin incident, the Warfel complaint alleges that in July 2015,

while Warfel recovered from a second abortion that she underwent at Hecht’s

insistence, the couple spent three nights in a remote cabin. On the last night, Hecht

allegedly lost his temper, prompting her to start packing her clothes. He “became

irate,” threw her clothes all over the room, refused to let her leave, and “threatened to

punch her in the face.” 

As the situation escalated, Hecht allegedly

threatened to kill her mother and “to get[] a big black n***er to cut off [her] ring on

her finger and knock her teeth out.” 

(brackets and internal quotation marks

omitted). Warfel attempted to diffuse the situation by apologizing, but Hecht began

asking how many past sexual partners she had and what types of sexual activities she

had engaged in. Warfel managed to call 911, but Hecht allegedly lied to law

enforcement about why she called. He then choked her as he demanded to know how

                                            3
many sexual partners she had. He also “pushed her so hard that she fell and hit her

head on the concrete floor” and physically prevented her from leaving the cabin until

the next day. 

(brackets and internal quotation marks omitted).

      After Warfel was able to leave the cabin, her injuries were documented at a

hospital; Hecht eventually pleaded guilty in Colorado state court to a domestic

violence charge. According to the Warfel complaint, the state court judge in Hecht’s

criminal proceeding characterized the events at the cabin as “a night of terror,”

telling Hecht the court recognized “the obsessive nature of . . . the power and control

and the abuse that [he] exhibited.” 

marks omitted). Based on

these and other allegations, Warfel asserted claims for assault, battery, negligent and

intentional infliction of emotional distress, false imprisonment, and negligence.

      Hecht, who was insured by Chubb under two policies providing personal and

excess liability coverage, submitted the Warfel complaint to Chubb for defense. In a

letter denying coverage, Chubb acknowledged that, under the terms of the policies,

“the injuries alleged by Warfel do qualify as personal injury, caused by an

occurrence, as defined.” 

However, Chubb concluded there was no duty

to defend or indemnify because the Warfel allegations fell within policy exclusions

for “Intentional Acts” and “Molestation, misconduct or abuse.” 

      Hecht settled his lawsuit with Warfel and subsequently commenced this

litigation against Chubb. In a four-count complaint, Hecht asserted claims for

1) breach of contract for refusing to provide defense coverage; 2) breach of contract

for refusing to indemnify settlement costs; 3) unreasonable delay and/or denial of

                                           4
payment under state law; and 4) bad faith breach of insurance contract. Chubb

answered the complaint and sought a declaratory judgment that it owed no coverage

to Hecht because the Warfel complaint included allegations of criminal and

intentionally tortious conduct for which there was no duty to defend or indemnify.

Hecht moved for partial summary judgment on the duty-to-defend and unreasonable-

delay/denial-of-payment claims, but the district court denied his motion, ruling there

was no duty to defend and thus no basis for claiming an unreasonable delay or denial

of payment. The court also directed Hecht to show cause why judgment should not

enter in Chubb’s favor under Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(f) on all remaining claims, given its

conclusion that there was no duty to defend. In response, Hecht acknowledged, in

light of the court’s determination that there was no duty to defend, that judgment

should enter on the remaining claims. The court thus granted summary judgment to

Chubb on the outstanding claims, and Hecht appealed.

                                           II

      “We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, using the

same legal standard applied by the district court.” Apartment Inv. & Mgmt. Co.

(AIMCO) v. Nutmeg Ins. Co., 

, 1192 (10th Cir. 2010). Summary

judgment is appropriate “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to

any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”

Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). In a diversity suit such as this, we apply the substantive law of

the forum state, here, Colorado. See Blackhawk-Cent. City Sanitation Dist. v. Am.

Guar. & Liab. Ins. Co., 

, 1188 (10th Cir. 2000).

                                           5
      Our threshold—and dispositive—inquiry is whether Chubb had a duty to

defend, because absent a duty to defend, Hecht cannot prevail on any other claim.

See Zurich Am. Ins. Co. v. O’Hara Reg’l Ctr. for Rehab., 

, 920-21

(10th Cir. 2008) (“Under Colorado law, an insurer’s duty to defend is broader than

the duty to indemnify. If there is no duty to defend, then there is no duty to

indemnify.”). The existence of an insurer’s duty to defend is a legal question that we

review de novo. 

. We determine whether there is a

duty to defend by evaluating the underlying complaint for any factual allegations

“‘that might fall within the coverage of the policy.’” 

Mining Co.

v. N.H. Ins. Co., 

, 1089 (Colo. 1991)). “In the duty to defend context,

the ‘complaint rule’ operates to cast a broad net, such that when the underlying

complaint alleges any facts or claims that might fall within the ambit of the policy,

the insurer must tender a defense.” Cyprus Amax Minerals Co. v. Lexington Ins. Co.,

, 301 (Colo. 2003). “[I]f the underlying complaint asserts more than one

claim, a duty to defend against all claims asserted arises if any one of them is

arguably a risk covered by the pertinent policy.” Blackhawk-Cent. 

(citing Fire Ins. Exch. v. Bentley, 

, 1300 (Colo. App. 1998)).

      The policies here, styled “Masterpiece” policies, have different loss

requirements and coverage amounts, but their relevant language regarding coverage

is substantially the same:

      We cover damages a covered person is legally obligated to pay for
      personal injury or property damage . . . caused by an occurrence, unless
      stated otherwise or an exclusion applies.

                                           6
Aplt. App., Vol. 1 at 63 (personal liability policy); see also 

(excess liability

coverage).1 An “occurrence” is defined as “an accident or offense to which this

insurance applies.” 

84. “Personal injury” is defined as “the following

injuries, and resulting death:”2

           bodily injury;
           shock, mental anguish, or mental injury;
           false arrest, false imprisonment, or wrongful detention;
           wrongful entry or eviction;
           malicious prosecution or humiliation; and
           libel, slander, defamation of character, or invasion of privacy.

85 (emphasis added). Additionally, the policies provide defense coverage,

stating, “We will defend a covered person against any suit seeking covered damages

for personal injury. . . .” 

89. Finally, the policies contain a list of

exclusions, including the two relied upon by Chubb to deny coverage:

       Intentional acts. We do not cover any damages arising out of a willful,
       malicious, fraudulent or dishonest act or any act intended by any
       covered person to cause personal injury or property damage, even if the

       1
           The excess liability policy states:

       We cover damages a covered person is legally obligated to pay for personal
       injury or property damage, caused by an occurrence:
            in excess of damages covered by the underlying insurance; or
            from the first dollar of damage where no underlying insurance is
              required under this policy and no underlying insurance exists; or
            from the first dollar of damage where underlying insurance is required
              under this policy but no coverage is provided by the underlying
              insurance for a particular occurrence,
       unless stated otherwise or an exclusion applies.

Aplt. App., Vol. 1 at 84.
       2
           The parties do not discuss the policy language, “and resulting death.”
                                                 7
       injury or damage is of a different degree or type than actually intended
       or expected. But we do cover such damages if the act was intended to
       protect people or property unless another exclusion applies. An
       intentional act is one whose consequences could have been foreseen by
       a reasonable person. . . .

       Molestation, misconduct or abuse. We do not cover any damages
       arising out of any actual, alleged or threatened:
        sexual molestation;
        sexual misconduct or harassment; or
        abuse.

92.

       The district court considered Warfel’s negligence and false imprisonment

claims as those most likely to trigger coverage but concluded that the factual

allegations underlying these claims fell within the exclusions.3 In particular, the

court determined the factual allegations relating to the abortion evinced intentional

conduct that fell under the exclusion for intentional acts, while the events at the cabin

qualified as abuse under the molestation, misconduct, or abuse exclusion. We agree

with the district court’s analysis and affirm for substantially the same reasons.

       A. The Allegations Relating to the Abortion Reflect Intentional Conduct

       The district court correctly determined that the factual allegations relating to

the abortion reflect Hecht’s intentional conduct. The Warfel complaint alleged that

he subjected her to “constant and unrelenting pressure” to have the abortion, and,

against her physician’s advice to wait, “insisted that she allow a ‘doctor’ he knew in



       3
        The court considered the claim for negligent infliction of emotional distress
in tandem with the negligence claim. Hecht follows this approach on appeal, so we
do as well.
                                            8
Mexico to terminate the pregnancy” during their planned trip. 

Although

Warfel expressed reservations and told him the abortion would have to wait “to

ensure her safety,” Hecht threatened to pack her belongings into garbage bags and

end their relationship “if she did not go through with the procedure on his schedule.”

depict intentional conduct excluded by the intentional-acts

exclusion.

      Hecht contends the district court expanded the intentional-acts exclusion by

disregarding the allegations of negligence, but this contention misapprehends the

district court’s analysis.4 Although the Warfel complaint alleges Hecht was negligent

in subjecting her to an unqualified abortion provider, the district court recognized

“‘that damages from covered and excluded conduct may become so intertwined as to

render them inseparable, and beyond coverage based upon an exclusion.’” 

at 414 (quoting Cole v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 25 F. App’x 791, 796 (10th Cir.

2002) (unpublished)).5 Cole considered an insurer’s duty to defend based on

potential coverage for false imprisonment when the insured attempted to sexually

assault the claimant in his truck. 25 F. App’x at 793-94. Applying Colorado law, we

determined the false imprisonment and the sexual assault occurred in such close


      4
         Contrary to his position in this litigation, Hecht argued in the Warfel suit that
the factual allegations reflected only intentional conduct. See Aplt. App., Vol. 2 at
413 n.7 (“The [Warfel] Complaint does not contain any allegations to support a claim
of negligence or negligent infliction of emotional distress; instead, all of the
allegations assert intentional conduct.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
      5
        We may consider non-precedential, unpublished decisions for their
persuasive value. See Fed. R. App. P. 32.1; 10th Cir. R. 32.1(A).
                                            9
temporal and spatial proximity as to render them inseparable; thus, any potential

coverage under the insured’s policy for the false imprisonment was defeated by

exclusions for the sexual assault, which constituted a willful and malicious act. 

We further held that any potential coverage for negligence-based claims was

defeated by the sexual assault because “if any negligent conduct did occur it is

inseparably intertwined with the sexual assault and, therefore, barred by [the policy]

exclusions[.]” 

      So, too, here. As the district court aptly observed, “the single negligent choice

of selecting a medical provider was merely another link in the chain of otherwise

intentional actions [Hecht] took when he forced Warfel to get an abortion.” Aplt.

App., Vol. 2 at 416. Hecht would have us excise his negligence in choosing an

abortion provider from the rest of his intentional acts aimed at coercing Warfel to get

the abortion against her doctor’s advice, all of which—in the language of the

intentional-acts exclusion—was conduct “whose consequences could have been

foreseen by a reasonable person,” 

at 74, 92. But because the alleged

negligence was inseparably intertwined with his intentional conduct, he cannot

divorce his negligence from the rest of his conduct, and thus, the exclusion applies.

See Cole, 25 F. App’x at 797; Browning v. Am. Family Mut. Ins. Co., 396 F. App’x

496, 504 (10th Cir. 2010) (unpublished) (rejecting coverage under Colorado law for

negligence based on allegations of inseparable intentional conduct).

      Our conclusion is in accord with Bohrer v. Church Mutual Insurance

Company, 

(Colo. 1998). In Bohrer, the Colorado Supreme Court

                                          10
determined that coverage solely for a youth minister’s initial counseling activities,

which occurred over some twenty-one months, was not defeated by an exclusion for

sexual misconduct because the initial period of counseling did not occur in close

temporal and spatial proximity to the minister’s sexual misconduct. 

Yet once the counseling activities became inseparably intertwined with the minister’s

sexual misconduct, the exclusion for sexual misconduct defeated coverage for the

counseling activities during this latter period of time (even though coverage existed

for the initial twenty-one month period). See 

Hecht’s reliance on

Bohrer is misplaced because he does not identify a distinct period of time or point of

demarcation between his negligence in choosing an abortion provider and his

intentional acts to coerce Warfel to have the abortion against her doctor’s advice.

Rather, the allegations here are analogous to the inseparable conduct that occurred

during the latter period in Bohrer, confirming our conclusion that the exclusion

applies.6


      6
         Hecht attempts to salvage his negligence argument by citing portions of the
magistrate judge’s report and recommendation issued in the Warfel litigation. See,
e.g., Aplt. Br. at 11-12, 30. But our analysis focuses on the factual allegations recited
in the Warfel complaint, not the magistrate judge’s analysis of its claims. See United
Fire & Cas. Co. v. Boulder Plaza Residential, LLC, 

, 960-61 (10th Cir.
2011) (recognizing that under Colorado law, “an insurer’s duty to defend arises
solely from the complaint in the underlying action” and that the Colorado Supreme
Court has not endorsed either of two narrow exceptions crafted by this court
permitting consideration of an insured’s criminal conviction and a set of factually
related complaints (internal quotation marks omitted)); KF 103-CV, LLC v. Am.
Family Mut. Ins. Co., 630 F. App’x 826, 830 (10th Cir. 2015) (unpublished)
(declining to consider state court rulings in related litigation because they fell outside
of the two likely exceptions to Colorado’s complaint rule and there was no indication
the Colorado Supreme Court would allow an exception for the state court rulings).
                                           11
      B. The Allegations Relating to the Cabin Reflect Abuse

      The district court also correctly determined that coverage for the allegations

relating to the cabin was defeated by the exclusion for molestation, misconduct, or

abuse. The Warfel complaint alleged Hecht falsely imprisoned Warfel at an isolated

cabin, where he lost his temper and threatened to kill her mother, cut off her finger,

and knock her teeth out. When Hecht’s threats turned to violence, he demanded to

know how many sexual partners she had, asking “at least fourteen times in the span

of a few minutes, while choking [her] and preventing her from getting clothes.”

Aplt. App., Vol. 1 at 118. She alleged “[t]hese questions were meant to harass,

shame, and belittle” her. 

Hecht also pushed her, causing her to fall and

hit her head on the concrete floor, and then he physically stopped her from leaving.

As a result, Hecht later pleaded guilty to domestic violence and admitted the factual

basis for his crime. The state court judge presiding over the criminal matter even

expressly said that Hecht exhibited abusive conduct. We agree.

      Nevertheless, undeterred, Hecht attempts to rewrite the policies. He says the

exclusion for abuse should be read to exclude not abuse in general, but sexual abuse

in particular. Pointing to the other provisions of the exclusion that refer to “sexual

molestation” and “sexual misconduct,” Hecht argues we should similarly interpret

“abuse” to mean “sex abuse,” which he points out the Warfel complaint does not

allege occurred at the cabin. See Aplt. Br. at 35. We reject this interpretation

because it ignores the plain language of the policies, which excludes “abuse,” not sex

abuse. And as the district court observed, Hecht’s interpretation also ignores the

                                           12
exclusion’s use of the disjunctive “or,” which signals separate and distinct grounds

for denying coverage.

      Hecht insists our interpretation renders the policies’ coverage for false

imprisonment illusory, because “abuse, when the issue is an intentional restraint of

another, necessarily, or at least virtually always, includes unwanted physical

restraint.” 

We need not dwell on the possibility of a false imprisonment

without abuse, however, because the Warfel complaint unmistakably alleges abuse.

See Cole, 25 F. App’x at 796 (“Merely because false imprisonment could

theoretically occur in the absence of the conduct forming the basis of [the exclusion]

does not trump the actual facts.”). Colorado law is clear: Exclusions eliminating

coverage for intentional acts or criminal conduct seek “to prevent extending to the

insured a license to commit harmful, wanton or malicious acts.” Am. Family Mut.

Ins. Co. v. Johnson, 

, 957 (Colo. 1991). We will not adopt a strained

reading of the policies or ignore the facts alleged to defeat this purpose. Hecht

pleaded guilty to domestic violence as a consequence of his abuse. The exclusion

plainly bars coverage for his conduct. To the extent Hecht suggests we should view

his false imprisonment separate from his abuse, we agree with the district court’s

conclusion that the conduct was inseparably intertwined. There was no duty to

defend in this case. Accordingly, the district court was correct to grant judgment in

favor of Chubb on all claims.




                                          13
                                   III

The judgment of the district court is affirmed.



                                                  Entered for the Court


                                                  Bobby R. Baldock
                                                  Circuit Judge




                                   14