FILED
                                                             United States Court of Appeals
                                     PUBLISH                         Tenth Circuit
                                                                   October 18, 2019
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                  Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                          FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                       Clerk of Court
                      _________________________________

 SANTOS RAUL ESCOBAR-
 HERNANDEZ,

       Petitioner,

 v.                                                        No. 18-9583

 WILLIAM BARR, Attorney General of
 the United States,

       Respondent.



                      _________________________________

            PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM AN ORDER OF THE
                  BOARD OF IMMIGRATION APPEALS
                   _________________________________

Submitted on the briefs:

Reza Athari of Reza Athari & Associates, Las Vegas, Nevada, for Petitioner.

Joseph H. Hunt, Assistant Attorney General, United States Department of Justice,
Civil Division; Carl McIntyre, Assistant Director, Office of Immigration Litigation;
and Nancy Ellen Friedman, Senior Litigation Counsel, Office of Immigration
Litigation, Civil Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for
Respondent.
                        _________________________________

Before MATHESON, McKAY, and BACHARACH, Circuit Judges.
                 _________________________________

McKAY, Circuit Judge.
                   _________________________________
      Petitioner Santos Raul Escobar-Hernandez has filed a petition for review of the

Board of Immigration Appeals’ decision affirming the immigration judge’s denial of

his application for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the United

Nations Convention Against Torture (CAT). After examining the briefs and the

appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously to honor the parties’ request

for a decision on the briefs without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th

Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.

      The petition’s underlying facts rest on Petitioner’s testimony, which the

immigration judge found to be credible. Petitioner is a native and citizen of El

Salvador and entered the United States without a valid entry document. He fled El

Salvador after he was assaulted by two men, resulting in injuries requiring medical

treatment. The assault occurred when the men noticed some graffiti critical of a

political party on a fence near Petitioner’s home. One of the men, whom Petitioner

knew as Nelson, was fanatically devoted to the party. Although Petitioner is not

politically active and told the men he did not paint the graffiti, Nelson said Petitioner

was responsible for it because it was on his house and demanded he remove it. When

Petitioner responded that he could not pay for removal, the men hit him and

threatened to kill him. Petitioner is unsure if the men assaulted him because of the

political graffiti or if they used it as an excuse to assault him merely because he was a

vulnerable youth.

      Petitioner later removed the graffiti, but Nelson attacked him twice more and

continued to threaten him. Petitioner reported the assaults to the police and was told

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that they were taking the matter seriously. Petitioner then fled El Salvador, arriving

in the United States less than two months after the initial assault. Petitioner is afraid

to return to El Salvador. He testified that violence is prevalent in El Salvador and is

used especially against youths to intimidate them. He fears returning to his home

town because of Nelson’s threats, and he fears relocating elsewhere in El Salvador

because other people could hurt him.

       The immigration judge denied Petitioner’s application, and the BIA affirmed.

In his petition for review, Petitioner contends the BIA should have granted him

asylum and withheld his removal because he suffered past persecution and has a well-

founded fear of suffering future persecution based on political opinions Nelson

imputed to him. Petitioner also argues the BIA should have granted him protection

under CAT because, if he returns to El Salvador, Nelson will likely torture him with

the acquiescence of law enforcement.

       Where, as here, the BIA affirms an immigration judge’s decision in a single

Board member’s brief order, the BIA’s affirmance is the final agency decision, and

we limit our review to the grounds for the BIA’s decision. Htun v. Lynch, 

, 1118 (10th Cir. 2016). However, we may consult the immigration judge’s

fuller explanation of those same grounds. 

asylum context, we review the

BIA’s legal conclusions de novo, and we review its factual findings only for

substantial evidence, viewing them as conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator

would be compelled to conclude to the contrary. Xue v. Lynch, 

, 1104



                                            -3-
(10th Cir. 2017); see also 

(noting substantial-evidence

standard applies to factual determinations made in the CAT context as well).

       With respect to Petitioner’s application for asylum, the Attorney General has

discretion to grant asylum to an applicant whom he determines is a refugee. 8 U.S.C.

§ 1158(b)(1)(A). In this context, a refugee is one who is “unable or unwilling to

return to” his country “because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution

on account of . . . political opinion.” 8 U.S.C § 1101(a)(42)(A). The applicant bears

the burden of proof to establish that he is a refugee, including, as relevant here, that

his “political opinion was or will be at least one central reason” for persecution.

8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i). An applicant can establish he is a refugee by showing

(1) “a well-founded fear of future persecution,” (2) “past persecution, which creates a

rebuttable presumption of a well-founded fear of future persecution,” or (3) “past

persecution so severe as to demonstrate compelling reasons for being unwilling or

unable to return, even without any danger of future persecution.” Karki v. Holder,

, 801 (10th Cir. 2013) (quotation marks omitted). An applicant

premising his claim on “a well-founded fear of future persecution must show both a

genuine, subjective fear of persecution, and an objective basis by credible, direct, and

specific evidence in the record, of facts that would support a reasonable fear of

persecution.” 

v. Ashcroft, 

, 1046 (10th

Cir. 2004)).

       The BIA found the assault Petitioner suffered did not amount to past

persecution because he failed to show the assault occurred on account of his political

                                            -4-
opinion. It instead found the assault resulted from a personal disagreement over who

was responsible for the graffiti and whether Petitioner, regardless of his political

opinion, should remove it. As for future persecution, the BIA likewise found any

threat of future harm from Nelson was not due to Petitioner’s imputed political

opinion. Further, although the BIA credited Petitioner’s subjective fear of returning

to El Salvador due to Nelson’s threat and the prevalence of violence in the country, it

found his fear was not objectively reasonable. It noted that the assault happened years

ago during an election campaign that is now over, that Nelson is not from Petitioner’s

home town and never threatened Petitioner’s family, and that there is no evidence

Nelson is connected to the Salvadoran government or would be able to follow

Petitioner to another part of the country. On the record before us, we cannot say that

any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to reach conclusions contrary to

these. We also agree with the BIA’s conclusion that, standing alone, pervasive

violence or civil unrest in an applicant’s country, without any indicia of connection to

a protected ground asserted by the applicant, is not a basis for asylum. See Maatougui

v. Holder, 

, 1241 (10th Cir. 2013) (“[G]reater lawlessness in general

does not show persecution of a protected class, as is required for asylum relief.”).

      Aside from asylum, “[t]he Attorney General may withhold removal if [he]

determines ‘the alien’s life or freedom would be threatened’ in the country to which

the alien would be removed ‘because of . . . political opinion.’” 

(quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A)). “‘The burden of proof for withholding of

removal is higher than for asylum’ and requires the applicant to prove a ‘clear

                                           -5-
probability of persecution on account of a protected ground.’” 

v. Holder, 

, 986–87 (10th Cir. 2015)). Here,

Petitioner’s failure to meet the standard of proof for his asylum application forecloses

his withholding-of-removal claim premised on the same facts. See 

.

       With respect to Petitioner’s application for CAT protection, an applicant has

“the burden to prove ‘it is more likely than not that he would be tortured if removed to

the proposed country of removal.’” 

(ellipsis omitted) (quoting

8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(2)). “Torture is defined as any act by which severe pain or

suffering . . . is intentionally inflicted on a person . . . when such pain or suffering is

inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public

official.” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.18(a)(1).

       The BIA found Petitioner had failed to show that any harm Nelson might inflict

on him upon returning to El Salvador would be inflicted with the consent or

acquiescence of the Salvadoran government, as no evidence suggested Nelson was

connected to the government and Petitioner acknowledged that the police appeared to

take his report of the assault seriously.1 Again, on the record before us, we cannot say


       1
        Although the BIA’s order is not pellucidly clear concerning its treatment of
Petitioner’s CAT argument, it appears to have affirmed the immigration judge’s
reasoning and determined that Petitioner did not offer a meaningful challenge to that
reasoning in his briefing before the BIA. The Attorney General does not contend that
Petitioner failed to exhaust the CAT arguments he raises in this petition for review.
We conclude that, for exhaustion purposes, Petitioner sufficiently raised them before
the BIA and that the BIA relied on the immigration judge’s reasoning in its
affirmance. We thus review the CAT issue on the merits.
                                             -6-
any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to reach a contrary conclusion. And,

again, we agree with the BIA’s conclusion that, by itself, pervasive violence in an

applicant’s country generally is insufficient to demonstrate the applicant is more

likely than not to be tortured upon returning there. See Flores-Vega v. Barr, 

, 887 (9th Cir. 2019); Herrera-Garcia v. Barr, 

, 562 (7th Cir. 2019).

      Accordingly, the petition for review is DENIED.




                                          -7-