Gert Theron appeals the district court's denial of his pre-sentence motion to withdraw his guilty plea. For the following reasons, we reverse.

Theron was indicted along with eleven co-conspirators for mail fraud and conspiracy. While both sides were preparing their cases, Theron learned that a co-defendant had pled guilty. Theron alleges that he believed the plea agreement guaranteed his co-defendant probation. As a consequence, he sought and received a similar arrangement.1 In fact, neither agreement guaranteed probation. The prosecution agreed only to advise the court that Theron and his co-defendant were appropriate candidates for probation. Under Fed.R.Crim.P. 11(e)(1)(B), this recommendation was not binding upon the court.

At Theron's plea hearing, the judge advised him that the court could disregard the Government's recommendation of probation and sentence him to a prison term up to the statutory maximum of five years. Rec., vol. 8, at 5, 7. In violation of the mandatory requirement of Rule 11(e)(2), however, the court failed to "advise the defendant that if the court does not accept the recommendation or request the defendant nevertheless has no right to withdraw the plea." Fed.R.Crim.P. 11(e)(2).

Prior to sentencing, Theron moved to withdraw his plea on several grounds. The relevant ground for our consideration here is his alleged lack of understanding at the time he entered his plea that he could be sentenced to a prison term.2 The court denied Theron's motion and sentenced him to eighteen months imprisonment. Theron then brought this appeal.

In United States v. Blackner, 721 F.2d 703 (10th Cir.1983), we vacated the defendant's guilty plea in part because the trial court failed to advise him that he had no right to withdraw the plea if the court did not accept the prosecutor's sentence recommendation. Accord United States v. Iaquinta, 719 F.2d 83, 85 (4th Cir.1983). The court stated in Iaquinta:

"While the district court need not recite verbatim the advice required by Rule 11(e)(2), it must substantially inform the defendant of and determine that the defendant understands the admonition contained therein. The district court here merely informed Iaquinta and Shine that it was not bound by any recommendations, and we decline to hold that such an instruction substantially informs a defendant that he or she has no right to withdraw his or her plea if the district court does not accept the sentencing recommendation. Furthermore, the district court never attempted to ascertain whether the defendants understood that they were without that right."

719 F.2d at 85 (emphasis added). The Government concedes, as it must, that the district court violated Rule 11(e)(2), but contends that reversal is nonetheless inappropriate.

The Government first argues that Theron did not raise the Rule 11 claim before the district court. Theron disputes this contention by claiming that he raised the substance of the issue. He argued below that he misunderstood the nature and the extent of the plea agreement with respect to what sentence would be imposed, asserting that he believed he was guaranteed probation. Although neither he nor his counsel recognized the trial court's rule 11(e)(2) error, the harm alleged below was the type that the Rule was designed to alleviate. Theron also points out that his counsel was finally permitted to withdraw from the case, after almost a year of trying, just prior to the sentencing hearing. Appointed counsel had to prepare the motion to withdraw the plea in a short period of time. In addition, the Government attorney told the court at the sentencing hearing that "[t]he plea transcript has been reviewed by me and it's unequivocal that the Court properly instructed this gentleman as to the consequences of entering a plea under Rule 11." Rec., vol. IX, at 132. Under these circumstances, we decline to penalize Theron for failing to recognize that the court's error contributed to the misunderstanding that he clearly alleged. See Blackner, 721 F.2d at 705 (sufficient that facts about issue in question were developed below although specific claim on appeal not made; in any event, Rule 11 violation constitutes plain error). This case typifies the importance of full compliance with Rule 11. Had the court fulfilled its duties, the Government would have had a strong defense on the record with which to counter Theron's claimed confusion, and a subsequent effort to withdraw the plea would have been much less likely to be successful.

The Government's second argument is that the error was harmless under Rule 11(h), which provides: "Any variance from the procedures required by this rule which does not affect substantial rights shall be disregarded."3 The Government speculates that Theron is a very sophisticated defendant who has adopted "vacillating positions" motivated by "the opportunity [he] perceived [to] take advantage ... at different stages of the case." Appellee's Responsive Brief at 7. The Government urges us to conclude that Theron's failure to specifically present his Rule 11 argument below indicates that the error did not affect his substantial rights. Essentially, the Government contends that if Theron were prejudiced by the trial court's Rule 11 error, he would have said so in his motion to withdraw his plea. In our view, while Theron and his counsel failed to recognize the trial judge's error, Theron may nevertheless have been affected by the oversight. Rather than speculating, we prefer to ground our decision in the record, which indicates a number of instances suggesting that Theron was confused about the nature of his plea.

The Government also argues that the Rule 11 violation should be deemed harmless because the court in effect told Theron that he could not withdraw his plea. The Government compares portions of the plea colloquy in this case with the colloquy in United States v. Thibodeaux, 811 F.2d 847 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 107 S. Ct. 3236, 97 L. Ed. 2d 741 (1987). In each case, the district court failed to advise the defendant that he would not be permitted to withdraw his plea if the court did not agree with the Government's sentencing recommendation; however, each judge did advise the defendant that the court was not bound by the recommendation. The Government argues that since the Thibodeaux court held the Rule 11(e)(2) error in that case harmless, we should find the error harmless here. But this case is distinguishable from Thibodeaux. There the defendant did "not contend that he was under the impression that he could withdraw his plea if the judge did not follow the government's recommendation. Nor [did] he allege that he would have withdrawn his plea had the district judge given the Rule 11(e)(2) warning." Thibodeaux, 811 F.2d at 848. Thus, the violation of Rule 11 was a mere technical error without any effect on substantial rights.4

The Government's attempt to portray the error in this case as similarly technical is unpersuasive. Theron argues that he believed he could withdraw his plea if he did not receive probation. The record shows that as soon as he realized he might not be so sentenced, he attempted to withdraw the plea. Rec., vol. X, at 12. In addition, Theron's form "Petition to Enter Plea of Guilty" reads:

"I fully understand that the Court is not bound by the terms of the plea agreement, and may accept or reject said agreement. If the Court rejects the agreement, I also understand the Court will give me the opportunity to withdraw my plea of guilty."Rec., vol. 1, doc. 508, at 4.5 This statement is obviously confusing. The Government says it means that if the court rejected the entire plea agreement, the defendant would be given the opportunity to withdraw his plea of guilty. Theron says he believed it meant that if the court accepted the plea but disregarded the recommended sentence, he could withdraw the plea. Theron, a South African citizen, was not familiar with American criminal procedure, and his counsel was in the process of unsuccessfully attempting to withdraw from the case.6 Theron also points to both his counsel's and his own statements to the court that he thought (or may have thought) that he was guaranteed probation "because of the language barrier and the difference in customs." Rec., vol. IX, at 131; see Rec., vol. IX, at 123-31. Perhaps most importantly, Theron points out that he sought to withdraw his plea prior to sentencing. The timing of his motion, he argues, supports his position that he was confused by the nature of the plea agreement rather than merely disappointed by the outcome of his sentencing.

The advisory committee note on the harmless error addition to Rule 11 states: "Rule 11 violations which might be found to constitute harmless error upon direct appeal are fairly limited...." Fed.R.Crim.P. 11 Advisory Committee Note (1983 Amendment). In light of the record before us, we conclude that this is not one of those limited situations. There is a reasonable possibility that Theron was confused in a way that compliance with Rule 11 could have remedied. Cf. United States v. de le Puente, 755 F.2d 313, 315 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 1005, 106 S. Ct. 524, 88 L. Ed. 2d 456 (1985) (Rule 11(e)(2) violation held harmless where "there [was no] realistic likelihood that [defendant] labored under the misapprehension that his plea could be withdrawn"). The district court's advice to Theron that it was not bound by the Government's recommendation is insufficient to render the error harmless. The proposition that the court is not bound by the Government's recommendations is distinct from the proposition that the defendant is bound if the court chooses not to follow the recommendation. Informing the defendant of the former does not relieve the court of its responsibility to inform him of the latter. Blackner, 721 F.2d at 709; Iaquinta, 719 F.2d at 85.

The district court violated Rule 11, and on the record before us the error was not harmless. We therefore vacate Theron's conviction and sentence, reverse the denial of his motion to withdraw his plea, and remand for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.

REVERSED AND REMANDED.