SPATT, District Judge.
On July 13, 2012, the plaintiff Dr. Maria-Lucia Anghel filed this action against various New York State entities, senior state officials, and United HealthCare. The complaint asserts numerous causes of action, including violations of due process and equal protection, fraud, and conversion. Presently pending before the Court are three motions: (1) a motion by the defendants the New York State Department of Health, Governor Andrew Cuomo, Attorney General Eric T. Schneiderman, and related parties to dismiss the amended complaint as against them pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (Fed.R.Civ.P.) for lack of subject matter jurisdiction; and pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted; (2) a motion by several individual defendants, most of whom are DOH employees, to dismiss the amended complaint as against one of them pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(5) for insufficient service of process and as against all of them pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b) (6) for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted; and (3) a motion by defendants United HealthCare and one of its employees to dismiss the amended complaint as against them pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.
Before delving into the facts of this case, the Court will describe the procedural process in New York State for investigation of professional misconduct by physicians. The Department of Health Office of Professional Medical Conduct (OPMC) initially conducts investigations and makes the decision to bring disciplinary proceedings. Once charges are brought, OPMC's role is over. At that point, the matter is turned over to the Bureau of Professional Medical Conduct (BPMC), a bureau within the Division of Legal Affairs of the Department of Health. Bureau attorneys prepare charges and prosecute those charges before an Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) and Hearing Committee of the Board of Professional Medical Conduct. The ALJ is not entitled to vote. See Public Health Law § 230(10)(e). If any of the charges are sustained by the Hearing Committee, it imposes a penalty. See Id. § 230(10)(i). The physician may then seek administrative review or commence litigation pursuant to Article 78 of the Civil Practice Law and Rules (CPLR).
Relevant here, the Plaintiff is a physician board-certified in anesthesiology and pain management and licensed to practice medicine in New York. On or about April 16, 2008, the Plaintiff was charged by the BPMC with 25 specifications of professional misconduct; including fraudulent practice; negligence on more than one occasion; incompetence on more than one occasion; gross negligence; willful failure to comply with federal law and regulations; excessive tests and treatment; and failure to maintain records. The charges related to the Plaintiffs treatment of seven patients and her operation of a laboratory at her offices. The ALJ and the Hearing Committee conducted a hearing over the course of 19 days. At the hearing, the Plaintiff was represented by an attorney and had the opportunity to present testimony and evidence. On July 15, 2009, following the hearing, the Hearing Committee sustained each specification except for the charge of incompetence. The Hearing Committee revoked the Plaintiffs
The Plaintiff subsequently challenged the revocation and fine by bringing a CPLR Article 78 proceeding in the Appellate Division, Third Department. The Appellate Division issued a detailed decision in July 2011, dismissing the petition. See Matter of Anghel v. Daines, 86 A.D.3d 869, 927 N.Y.S.2d 710 (3d Dept.2011). The Appellate Division determined that: (1) the Plaintiffs assertions that various evidentiary and procedural errors deprived her of her right to a fair hearing and due process were without merit; (2) substantial evidence supported the Committee's decision to sustain the specification alleging that the Plaintiff willfully failed to comply with federal law and regulations governing the practice of medicine; (3) the ample record supported the Committee's findings of fraudulent practice and excessive tests; (4) substantial evidence supported the Committee's finding of a failure to maintain adequate medical records; and (5) there was no reason to disturb the Committee's finding that the Plaintiff was "intentionally deceitful" and wholly lacking credibility. The Plaintiff's motion for leave to appeal to the New York Court of Appeals was denied.
On July 13, 2012, the Plaintiff filed this action against Department of Health and three of its subdivisions, namely the Laboratory Investigative Unit: Wadsworth Center (LIU), the Office of Professional Misconduct (OPMC), and the BPMC (collectively DOH); the Commissioner of DOH Nirav Shah, MD.; Governor Cuomo; and Attorney General Schneiderman (collectively the Senior State Officials); Claudia Morales Bloch, Kathryn Leone, Harold Rosenthal, Eileen Heaphy, Colleen Flood, Michael Weinstein, Stephan Petranker, MD., Keith Servis, and Roy Nemerson (collectively the Individual Defendants); and United HealthCare and one of its employees, Michael Stephano (the United Defendants). The gravamen of the Plaintiff's allegations is that her medical license was wrongfully and unconstitutionally revoked.
On August 23, 2012, the Plaintiff filed a 78-page, 525-paragraph amended complaint against all the Defendants. According to the amended complaint, which is rambling and indecipherable in parts, Bloch acted as the associate counsel for the OPMC and investigated, administered, and prosecuted the charges brought against the Plaintiff. (Am. Compl. ¶ 6.)
Leone acted as the Assistant Attorney General in 2009 and represented DOH in the Article 78 proceeding. (Id. ¶ 7.)
Rosenthal was an attorney within the DOH Bureau of Litigation. (Id. ¶ 8.)
Heaphy was the Senior Investigator for LIU who investigated the Plaintiff's office and testified as a fact witness at the administrative hearing (Id. ¶ 10.).
Flood was the director of the Physician Office Laboratory Evaluation Program (POLEP), which reviews physician-owned laboratories pursuant to a federal grant (Id. ¶ 11.).
Weinstein was a LIU attorney who issued a subpoena for laboratory records from the Plaintiff's office (Id. ¶ 12).
Petranker is a physician who testified as an expert witness at the administrative hearing on behalf of the DOH (Id. ¶ 13.)
Servis was the Director of the OPMC and had the responsibility of choosing those cases to be presented to an investigation committee (Id. ¶ 15).
Nemerson was Deputy Counsel of the Bureau of Litigation and Bloch's supervisor (Id. ¶ 16).
The Plaintiff interposed thirteen causes of action against the varying parties sounding in (1) unreasonable search and seizure; (2) abuse of process; (3) first amendment retaliation; (4) perjury; (5) subornation; (6) fraud upon a court; (7) state law trespass; (8) fraud pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b) and CPLR 3016; (9) due process and equal protection violations in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983; (10) substantive due process; (11) stigma-plus; (12) interference with her rights in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1985; and (13) state law conversion. The Plaintiff also seeks a declaratory judgment rendering null and void BPMC's revocation order. Finally, the Plaintiff also sought a preliminary injunction and temporary restraining order ("TRO"), essentially requesting the reinstatement of her medical license. The Court previously denied the motion for a preliminary injunction and a TRO.
DOH and the Senior Official Defendants then moved to dismiss the amended complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. The Individual Defendants moved to dismiss the amended complaint as against Heaphy for insufficient service of process and as against all of them for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Lastly, the United Defendants moved to dismiss the amended complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. The Plaintiff filed separate oppositions papers as to each motion, all of which the Defendants contend violate the Court's individual rule IV(b)(i) because the Plaintiff's memoranda of law, including the Table of Contents and Table of Authorities, exceeds 25 pages. However, because this 25-page limit does not include the Table of Contents and Table of Authorities, the Court finds that the Plaintiff's Opposition to the Individual Defendants' Motion to Dismiss and the United Defendants Motion to Dismiss complies with this Court's individual rules. While the Court finds that Plaintiff's Opposition to the State Entity and Senior State Official Defendants exceeds the aforementioned 25-page limit, the Court has discretion to consider documents filed in violation of procedural rules." Church & Dwight Co. v. Kaloti Enters. of Mich., L.L.C., 07 Civ. 0612(BMC), 2011 WL 4529605, at *1 n. 1 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 27, 2011) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Therefore, with regard to this situation only, the Court will consider all of the Plaintiff's Opposition papers.
The Plaintiff also seeks permission to file sur-reply papers in opposition to the Defendants' reply papers. "Motions for leave to file sur-reply information [] are subject to the sound discretion of the court." De Pedrero v. Schweizer Aircraft Corp., 635 F.Supp.2d 251, 258 (W.D.N.Y. 2009). In that regard, the Court notes that the Defendants raise at least one new argument in its reply, namely, that the Plaintiff's opposition papers are procedurally improper. The Plaintiff's response to this argument in its proposed sur-reply memoranda provides relevant information to the disposition of this case. Therefore, the Plaintiff's request for permission to file a sur-reply is granted. The Defendants' request for permission to file a response to the Plaintiff's sur-reply memoranda is denied. The Court will now address the Defendants' motions to dismiss in turn.
Although not urged by DOH and the Senior State Officials, the Court finds that it lacks subject matter jurisdiction over the claims asserted against them by virtue of the Rooker-Feldman Doctrine, which mandates that a federal district court may not review collateral attacks upon a state court determination. See District of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman, 460 U.S. 462, 476, 103 S.Ct. 1303, 75 L.Ed.2d 206 (1983) (explaining that review of a final determination by a state court can be obtained only by the United States Supreme Court). "The precise demarcations of the Rooker-Feldman doctrine on the one hand, and the preclusive effect of common law res judicata and collateral estoppel on the other, remain obscure. Some courts hold them effectively synonymous, interchangeable or at least co-extensive." Harris v. New York Dept. of Health, 202 F.Supp.2d 143, 158 (S.D.N.Y.2002); see also Hachamovitch v. DeBuono, 159 F.3d 687, 696 (2d Cir.1998) (noting that "[w]hether the Rooker-Feldman doctrine is coextensive with preclusion or extends beyond preclusionary rules is a question that has perplexed courts and commentators.").
However, the doctrines differ in fundamental ways that may materially affect how a case may be decided. In Feldman, the Supreme Court expressly declared as a ground for its holding that to the extent plaintiffs had sought appellate review in federal district court of a determination by a state court, "the District Court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over the complaints." Feldman, 460 U.S. at 482, 103 S.Ct. 1303. A dismissal so grounded is not a judgment on the merits of the underlying case and does not of itself preclude a subsequent suit on the same issues. See Fed. R. Civ. p. 41(b); St. Pierre v. Dyer, 208 F.3d 394, 399-401 (2d Cir.2000); 18 James Wm. Moore et al, Moore's Federal Practice (3d ed. 1997) ("Moore's Federal Practice") § 131.30[3][b]. By contrast, res judicata and collateral estoppel, resting on common law principles, presupposes that the substance of the issues or claims deemed precluded was addressed in the prior litigation and embodied in a corresponding final judgment that constitutes a ruling on the merits. See G. & C. Merriam Co. v. Saalfield, 241 U.S. 22, 28, 36 S.Ct. 477, 60 L.Ed. 868 (1916); Shamley v. ITT Corp., 869 F.2d 167, 170 (2d Cir.1989).
Whether viewed under the doctrine of Rooker-Feldman or preclusion principles, the Plaintiff's claims against DOH and the Senior State Officials cannot go forward. In the prayer for relief, the Plaintiff's complaint demands, as equitable remedies, that DOH be ordered to (1) restore the Plaintiffs license to practice medicine; (2) expunge "all denigrating references" to the Plaintiff in DOH's records; and (3) issue a public apology to the Plaintiff. This relief goes to the crux of the state court's judgment.
The State Appellate Division ruled unequivocally that DOH's determination was supported by the record and that the DOH decision was not arbitrary and capricious. Moreover, to redress the claimed injury, the equitable remedy the Plaintiff seeks represents a retrospective challenge demanding injunctive relief to undo the license revocation judgment rendered by the Hearing Committee. The rule was stated in Harris:
Harris, 202 F.Supp.2d at 165.
Even though monetary damages could not be recovered in the article 78 proceeding, "the central issue [the Plaintiff] alleges as the basis of his federal constitutional claim[s] we[re] actually and necessarily decided against him in the Article 78 proceeding by the Appellate Division's ruling that the State's revocation of [the plaintiff]'s medical license was not arbitrary or capricious, was not contrary to law and was supported by a rational and substantial basis in fact." Id. at 172. Accordingly, the Court concludes that by application of the Rooker-Feldman doctrine, the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over the causes of action against DOH and the Senior State Officials.
Furthermore, the Plaintiff's causes of action against these defendants are barred by collateral estoppel. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1738, federal courts "must give to a state-court judgment the same preclusive effect as would be given that judgment under the law of the State in which the judgment was rendered." Migra v. Warren City School Dist. Bd. of Educ., 465 U.S. 75, 81, 104 S.Ct. 892, 79 L.Ed.2d 56 (1984). In New York, collateral estoppel, or issue preclusion, precludes a party from re-litigating in a subsequent action or proceeding an issue clearly raised in a prior action or proceeding and decided against that party, whether or not the tribunals or causes of action are the same. See Ryan v. New York Tel. Co., 62 N.Y.2d 494, 500, 478 N.Y.S.2d 823, 467 N.E.2d 487 (1984); Davis v. Halpern, 813 F.2d 37, 39 (2d Cir.1987) (while res judicata does not apply to requests for monetary damages on civil rights claims by reason of a prior judgment in an Article 78 proceeding, collateral estoppel applies).
The Court finds that the Plaintiff's vague and conclusory due process and evidentiary arguments were fully and fairly litigated on the merits in the article 78 proceeding. In particular, the State Appellate Division concluded as follows:
Matter of Anghel, 86 A.D.3d at 869-871, 927 N.Y.S.2d at 713-715.
An appellate court's review of a BPMC determination is properly accorded estoppel effect under New York law. See Damino v. O'Neill, 702 F.Supp. 949, 954 n. 1 (E.D.N.Y.1987) (plaintiff physician whose license was revoked after a disciplinary hearing was collaterally estopped from claiming in federal court that he was denied a fair hearing and procedural due process where those claims were raised before and decided by the Appellate Division). In light of the extensive treatment the Appellate Division afforded the plaintiff's procedural and evidentiary challenges to the hearing, the Court finds that the Plaintiff's claims against DOH and the Senior State Officials are barred by collateral estoppel.
The Plaintiff's claims against these defendants are also barred by the Eleventh Amendment and the principles of sovereign immunity. The Second Circuit has declined to decide whether a motion to dismiss made on sovereign immunity grounds is properly reviewed as a challenge to the Court's subject matter jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(1) or whether it is more appropriately addressed in the context of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion. See State Emps. Bargaining Agent Coal. v. Rowland, 494 F.3d 71, 77 n. 4 (2d Cir.2007) (citing Wise. Dep't of Corr. v. Schacht, 524 U.S. 381, 391, 118 S.Ct. 2047, 141 L.Ed.2d 364 (1998) (stating "we have not decided" whether "Eleventh Amendment immunity is a matter of subject matter jurisdiction")).
Id. (internal citations omitted).
Given this ambiguity, the Court will follow the lead of several other district courts within this Circuit and apply the Rule 12(b)(6) standard in analyzing the Defendants' sovereign immunity arguments. See McMillan v. N.Y. State Bd. of Elections, 2010 WL 4065434, at *3 (E.D.N.Y. Oct. 15, 2010) (looking "only to the pleadings and to state and federal law" to resolve questions regarding sovereign immunity); Jude v. New York, 2009 WL 928134, at *1 n. 2 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 30, 2009) (applying the Rule 12(b)(6) standard to sovereign immunity analysis).
The Supreme Court has clarified the pleading standards applicable in evaluating a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6). First, in Bell Atlantic Corporation v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007), the Court disavowed the well-known statement in Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46, 78 S.Ct. 99, 2 L.Ed.2d 80 (1957) that "a complaint should not be dismissed for failure to state a claim unless it appears beyond doubt that the
Id. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).
"The Eleventh Amendment bars suits in federal court by citizens against a state and its agencies, absent waiver of immunity and consent to suit by the state or abrogation of constitutional immunity by Congress." Miller v. Carpinello, No. 06 Civ. 12940(LAP), 2007 WL 4207282, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 20, 2007). Furthermore, "the doctrine of sovereign immunity applies not only to a state but to a state agency such as the DOH." Cmty. Healthcare Assoc. of New York v. New York State Dep't of Health, 10 CIV. 8258 TPG, 2011 WL 2162983 at *3 (S.D.N.Y. May 26, 2011); see also Figueras v. Walker, 95-CV-0931, 1996 WL 77440, at *2, 1996 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 2098, at *4 (N.D.N.Y. Feb. 15, 1996) (holding that the Eleventh Amendment barred plaintiffs civil rights claims against the BPMC); DiBlasio v. Novello, 01 Civ. 4498, 2002 WL 31190139, at *8-9, 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 18424, at *26 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 30, 2002) (DOH is an arm of the state for purposes of the Eleventh Amendment), vacated, in part, on other grounds, 344 F.3d 292 (2d Cir.2003), cert. denied, 541 U.S. 988, 124 S.Ct. 2018, 158 L.Ed.2d 492 (2004); Lee v. New York State Dep't of Health, 2001 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 11287, at *22-23 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 26, 2001) (same).
The Senior State Officials are also entitled to invoke the Eleventh Amendment as a bar to the Plaintiffs claims against them in their official capacities for retrospective relief. A suit for damages against a state official in his or her official capacity "is deemed to be a suit against the state, and the official is entitled to invoke the Eleventh Amendment immunity belonging to the state." Ying Jing Gan v. City of New York, 996 F.2d 522, 529 (2d Cir.1993); see also Will v. Mich. Dep't of State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 71, 109 S.Ct. 2304, 105 L.Ed.2d 45 (1989); Ford v. Reynolds, 316 F.3d 351, 354 (2d Cir.2003).
Nor can the Plaintiff circumvent the Eleventh Amendment through the doctrine of Ex Parte Young, which "allows a suit for injunctive [or declaratory] relief challenging the constitutionality of a state official's actions in enforcing state law." CSX Transp., Inc. v. New York State Office of Real Prop. Servs., 306 F.3d 87, 98 (2d Cir.2002) (internal quotation marks and alteration omitted); see also Arthur v. Nyquist, 573 F.2d 134, 138 (2d Cir.1978). While the Plaintiff seeks affirmative injunctive relief in the form of reinstatement of her medical license, "[b]ecause an injunction is merely a remedy and [] not a cause of action, a cause of action must exist before injunctive relief may be granted." Lopez v. Wash. Mut. Bank, F.A., No. 1:09-CV-1838, 2010 WL 1558938, at *9 (E.D.Cal. Apr. 19, 2010). Here, the Plaintiff has not plead a cause of action as
Finally, although the Eleventh Amendment bars suit against state officials in their official capacities, it does not bar "a suit against a state officer in his [or her] individual capacity for unconstitutional or wrongful conduct fairly attributable to the officer himself [or herself], so long as the relief is sought not from the state treasury but from the officer personally." Alden v. Maine, 527 U.S. 706, 757, 119 S.Ct. 2240, 2267-68, 144 L.Ed.2d 636 (1999). However, to the extent the Senior State Officials were sued in their individual capacities, the claims fail for lack of an allegation of personal involvement. See Al-Jundi v. Estate of Rockefeller, 885 F.2d 1060, 1065 (2d Cir.1989). Indeed, the amended complaint is totally devoid of facts establishing the personal involvement of any of the Senior State Officials.
For the reasons that Rooker-Feldman, collateral estoppel, and the Eleventh Amendment bar relitigation of the Plaintiff's claims against DOH and the Senior State Officials, allowing an amendment of the complaint to enable the Plaintiff to replead her claims would be futile. See Acito v. IMCERA Group, Inc., 47 F.3d 47, 54-55 (2d Cir.1995) (amendment of the complaint is futile where it would fail to cure the deficiencies of the original complaint); see also Milanese v. Rust-Oleum Corp., 244 F.3d 104, 110 (2d Cir.2001) (amendment futile where it would not survive a subsequent motion to dismiss); In re American Express Co. Shareholder Litig., 39 F.3d 395, 402 (2d Cir.1994). Accordingly, the Court grants the motion by dismiss the amended complaint by the DHO and the Senior State Officials and the amended complaint is dismissed as to them with prejudice.
It is not clear if the Individual Defendants were parties to the Article 78 proceeding and, if so, whether the Rooker-Feldman doctrine deprives the Court of subject matter jurisdiction as to the claims against them. In any event, to the extent the Plaintiff seeks monetary recovery against those Individual Defendants-state employees in their official capacities, the Plaintiff's claims are barred by the Eleventh Amendment for the reasons explained above.
Furthermore, the Plaintiff's claims against the individual defendants in their personal capacities are barred by the doctrine of absolute immunity. The absolute immunity of the common law still exists today and "[i]n enacting § 1983, Congress did not intend to override well-established immunities or defenses under the common law." Will v. Michigan Dep't of State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 67, 109 S.Ct. 2304, 105 L.Ed.2d 45 (1989). Undoubtedly, administrative law proceedings function in a comparable atmosphere and adjudicate similar issues to those settled in judicial proceedings. See Butz v. Economou, 438 U.S. 478, 508, 98 S.Ct. 2894, 57 L.Ed.2d 895 (1978) ("We think that adjudication within a federal administrative agency shares enough of the characteristics of the judicial process that those who participate in such adjudication should also be immune from suits for damages."). Indeed, administrative proceedings, like the BPMC disciplinary proceedings, are similar to judicial proceedings in that "the disappointment occasioned by an adverse decision, often finds vent in imputations of [malice]." Id. at 513, 98 S.Ct. 2894 (quoting Bradley v. Fisher, 13 Wall. 335, 348, 20 L.Ed. 646 (1872)). "Therefore, this Court recognizes that absolute immunity extends to certain state officials who take
As with administrative law judges, the common law precedents also extend absolute immunity to prosecutors participating in the administrative process. See Butz, 438 U.S. at 509-10, 98 S.Ct. 2894 (citing Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409, 96 S.Ct. 984, 47 L.Ed.2d 128 (1976) (holding that a state prosecutor was absolutely immune from Section 1983 liability)). If absolute immunity were not afforded prosecutors, there could be "an adverse effect on the functioning of the criminal justice system, not only by discouraging the initiation of prosecutions, ... but also by affecting the prosecutor's conduct of the trial." Id. at 510, 98 S.Ct. 2894 (citations omitted).
Butz also extended this prosecutorial immunity to officials who perform analogous functions to those of a prosecutor. See Id. at 515, 98 S.Ct. 2894 ("[A]gency officials performing certain functions analogous to those of a prosecutor should be able to claim absolute immunity"). Hence, here, this immunity protects the Individual Defendant-state employees for their role in presenting evidence and taking action against the Plaintiff. See Id. at 516, 98 S.Ct. 2894 ("We can see no substantial difference between the function of the agency attorney in presenting evidence in an agency hearing and the function of the prosecutor who brings evidence before the court.").
Similarly, this absolute immunity extends to witnesses, such as Heaphy and non-state employee Petranker, who testified at the administrative hearing. Rolon v. Henneman, 517 F.3d 140, 145 (2d Cir. 2008) ("The Supreme Court has extended absolute immunity to police officers testifying at judicial proceedings on the ground that this type of immunity existed at common law for citizen-witnesses."). The Supreme Court has "reasoned that without such immunity, "[a] witness's apprehension of subsequent damages liability might induce... self-censorship," either by making witnesses reluctant to come forward in the first place or by distorting their testimony." Briscoe v. LaHue, 460 U.S. 325, 333, 103 S.Ct. 1108, 75 L.Ed.2d 96 (1983). Such self-censorship may "deprive the finder of fact of candid, objective, and undistorted evidence." Id.
Having determined that BPMC disciplinary proceedings are analogous to judicial proceedings, this Court finds that defendants Heaphy and Petranker are entitled to absolute immunity relative to the testimony provided in connection with the Plaintiffs hearing. See Yoonessi v. New York State Bd. for Prof'l Med. Conduct, 03-CV-8715, 2005 WL 645223, at *14 (W.D.N.Y. Mar. 21, 2005) affd, 162 Fed.Appx. 63 (2d Cir.2006). Having found that the Plaintiff's claims against Heaphy are barred by the Eleventh Amendment and the doctrine of absolute immunity, the Court need not address the contention of the Individual Defendants that the Plaintiff failed to properly serve Heaphy. Accordingly, the Court grants the motion by the Individual Defendants and dismisses the amended complaint as against them with prejudice.
The Plaintiff alleges that the United Defendants (1) violated her Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment rights against unreasonable searches; (2) engaged in abuse of process in violation of her Fourth, Fifth, and Fourteenth Amendment rights and New York State law; (3) committed fraud pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b); (4) deprived Plaintiff of her rights without due
It does not appear the United Defendants were parties to the article 78 proceeding and to the extent the Plaintiff seeks monetary damages against the United Defendants, the Court finds that the Rooker-Feldman doctrine does not deprive the Court of subject matter jurisdiction as to the claims against them. Furthermore, the Eleventh Amendment does not apply to private parties like the United Defendants.
Nonetheless, some of the Plaintiff's causes of action against the United Defendants are invalid on their face. First, no cause of action lies under Fed. R. Civ. P 9(b), which simply imposes a heightened pleading standard for fraud claims. Second, the Plaintiff's causes of action for perjury and subornation of perjury fail because "in the absence of statute, no action lies to recover damages caused by perjury or subornation of perjury, whether committed in the course of, or in connection with, a civil action or suit, a criminal prosecution, or other proceeding, and whether the perjurer was a party to or a witness in the action or proceeding." Liddell v. Smith, 345 F.2d 491, 494 (7th Cir.1965).
Moreover, the Plaintiff is collaterally estopped from challenging the evidentiary admission of the Stephano CD at the administrative hearing because this issue was fully and fairly litigated before the State Appellate Division. Lastly, the allegations concerning Stephano's testimony at the administrative hearing are barred by virtue of absolute immunity, which as explained above, protects testifying witnesses from civil liability arising out of their testimony.
The Plaintiff's remaining causes of action against the United Defendants fail to survive scrutiny in the Rule 12(b)(6) context. For a private party to be subject to Section 1983, a two part test must be performed to determine if there is "fair attribution" to the State of the alleged conduct, i.e. "the conduct causing the deprivation of a federal right [must] be fairly attributable to the State." Lugar v. Edmondson Oil Co., 457 U.S. 922, 937, 102 S.Ct. 2744, 73 L.Ed.2d 482 (1982). To find "fair attribution:" (1) "the deprivation must be caused by the exercise of some right or privilege created by the State or by a rule of conduct imposed by the State or by person for whom the State is responsible"; and (2) "the party charged with the deprivation must be a person who may fairly be said to be a state actor," meaning a state official or a person who has conspired with a state official. Id. Indeed, "section 1983 actions against private individuals must be limited, lest private parties [] face constitutional litigation whenever they seek to rely on some state rule governing their interactions with the community surrounding them." Bloom, 573 F.Supp.2d at 738 (citation and quotation marks omitted).
That said, a private actor may be considered to be acting under the color
The plaintiff is correct in stating that a private party may act under color of state law when the private party "conspires with a state official to violate the plaintiffs constitutional rights ..." Fisk v. Letterman, 401 F.Supp.2d 362, 378 (S.D.N.Y.2005), Report and Recommendation adopted in relevant part, 401 F.Supp.2d 362 (S.D.N.Y.2005). To establish a § 1983 conspiracy, a plaintiff must produce evidence of (1) an agreement between the private party and state actors, (2) concerted acts to inflict an unconstitutional injury, and (3) an overt act in furtherance of the goal. See Carmody v. City of N.Y., No. 05-CV-8084 (HB), 2006 WL 1283125, at *5, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 25308, at *16 (S.D.N.Y. May 11, 2006) (citing Ciambriello v. County of Nassau, 292 F.3d 307, 324-25 (2d Cir.2002)). Here, as a matter of law, there is no allegation that the United Defendants were willful participants in a joint activity or that they acted under color of state law as part of a § 1983 conspiracy.
Finally, the plaintiff's reliance on the "state-created danger" doctrine is misplaced. The "state-created danger" doctrine holds government officials liable for private harms if their "affirmative conduct... communicates, explicitly or implicitly, official sanction of private violence." Okin v. Vill. of Cornwall-On-Hudson Police Dep't, 577 F.3d 415, 429 (2d Cir.2009); see also Lombardi v. Whitman, 485 F.3d 73, 80 (2d Cir.2007) (noting potential liability for a government official whose "affirmative act ... creates an opportunity for" a third party to harm a victim). This doctrine is wholly inapplicable where, as here, the Plaintiff merely alleges that the United Defendants acted under the color of law by summoning the aid of the State to investigate the Plaintiff for committing improper acts and provided the State with information in support of the State's independent investigation of the Plaintiff.
The Plaintiff similarly fails to state a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1985, which requires pleading of (1) a conspiracy (2) for the purpose of depriving a person or class of persons of the equal protection of the laws, or the equal privileges and immunities under the laws; (3) an overt
Here, the Plaintiff has not stated her race, and does not allege that the United Defendants discriminated against her on the basis of race or that she is a member of a protected class. Moreover, even if the Plaintiff was a member of a protected class, she alleges no facts that suggest that this was the basis for the alleged violation of her rights. The Court therefore dismisses the Plaintiff's Section 1985 claim.
Having dismissed the Plaintiffs federal 1983 and 1985 claims, the only remaining cause of action against the United Defendants sounds in state law conversion.
To state a claim for conversion under New York law, a plaintiff must show that "someone, intentionally and without authority, assume[d] or exercise[d] control over personal property belonging to someone else, interfering with that person's right of possession." Colavito v. N.Y. Organ Donor Network, Inc., 8 N.Y.3d 43, 49-50, 827 N.Y.S.2d 96, 860 N.E.2d 713 (2006) (citation omitted). Put in other terms, a plaintiff must show (1) a "possessory right or interest in the property and (2) defendant's dominion over the property or interference with it, in derogation of plaintiffs rights." Id. at 50, 827 N.Y.S.2d 96, 860 N.E.2d 713 (citations omitted). Interference with a plaintiffs right to possession may be "by a wrongful: (i) taking; (ii) detention; or (iii) disposal." Corporacion Fruticola De Chincha v. Watermelon Depot, Inc., 2008 WL 2986276, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. July 31, 2008) (citing Pierpoint v. Hoyt, 260 N.Y. 26, 29, 182 N.E. 235 (1932)). "Some affirmative act — asportation by the defendant or another person, denial of access to the rightful owner or assertion to the owner of a claim on the goods, sale or other commercial exploitation of the goods by the defendant — has always been an element of conversion." State v. Seventh Regiment Fund, Inc., 98 N.Y.2d 249, 260, 746 N.Y.S.2d 637, 774 N.E.2d 702 (2002) (citations omitted).
In this case, the Plaintiff fails to adequately allege that it that it possessed legal ownership or a superior right of possession to a "specific identifiable thing" over which the United Defendants exercised unauthorized dominion. Law Offices of K.C. Okoli, P.C. v. BNB Bank, N.A., 481 Fed.Appx. 622, 627 (2d Cir.2012) (citation omitted). Indeed, the Plaintiff cites no authority suggesting that a medical practice could suffice as a "specific identifiable thing," the unauthorized dominion of which, provides a basis for a conversion claim. Thus, the Court dismisses the Plaintiff's claim for conversion against the United Defendants.
In sum, the Court finds that the Plaintiff failed to properly plead any cause of action. Thus, it is hereby
On July 13, 2012, the Plaintiff Dr. Maria-Lucia Anghel filed this action against various New York State entities, senior state officials, and United HealthCare. The complaint asserts numerous causes of action, including violations of due process and equal protection, fraud, and conversion. On May 29, 2013, the Court granted the respective motions to dismiss by three groups of defendants and dismissed the amended complaint with prejudice. On May 30, 2013, judgment was entered in favor of the Defendants.
Presently pending before the Court is (1) a motion by the Plaintiff to reconsider the motion to dismiss the amended complaint; (2) a motion by the Plaintiff for leave to file an amended motion for reconsideration of the motion to dismiss the amended complaint; and (3) a request, not formalized in a motion, by the Defendants United HealthCare and Michael Stephano for attorneys' fees in connection with litigating the motions for reconsideration. For the following reasons, the Court (1) grants the Plaintiff leave to file an amended motion for reconsideration; (2) denies the original motion for reconsideration as moot; (3) denies the amended motion for reconsideration; and (4) denies the request for attorneys' fees.
The parties' familiarity with the relevant facts and procedural history is assumed and need not be recounted at length here. On July 13, 2012, the Plaintiff filed this action against the Department of Health and three of its subdivisions, namely the Laboratory Investigative Unit: Wadsworth Center (LIU), the Office of Professional Misconduct (OPMC), and the Bureau of Professional Medical Conduct (BPMC) (collectively the DOH); the Commissioner of the DOH Nirav Shah, M.D.; Governor Cuomo; and Attorney General Schneiderman (collectively the Senior State Officials); Claudia Morales Bloch, Kathryn Leone, Harold Rosenthal, Eileen Heaphy, Colleen Flood, Michael Weinstein, Stephan Petranker, MD., Keith Servis, and Roy Nemerson (collectively the Individual Defendants); and United HealthCare and one of its employees, Michael Stephano (the United Defendants). The gravamen of the Plaintiffs allegations is that her medical license was wrongfully and unconstitutionally revoked.
The Plaintiff interposed thirteen causes of action against the varying parties sounding in (1) unreasonable search and seizure; (2) abuse of process; (3) first amendment retaliation; (4) perjury; (5) subornation; (6) fraud upon a court; (7) state law trespass; (8) fraud pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b) and CPLR 3016; (9) due process and equal protection violations in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983; (10) substantive due process; (11) stigma-plus;
On May 29, 2013, the Court granted the respective motions to dismiss and dismissed the amended complaint with prejudice, finding that "the Plaintiff had failed to properly plead any cause of action." (Mem. and Order, at 24.) With respect to the motion by DOH and the Senior State Officials, the Court found that it "lack[ed] subject matter jurisdiction over the claims asserted against them by virtue of the Rooker-Feldman Doctrine." (Id. at 8.) In this regard, the Court held that "the central issue [the Plaintiff] alleges as the basis of h[er] federal constitutional claim[s] we[re] actually and necessarily decided against h[er] in the [New York Civil Practice Law and Rules] Article 78 proceeding by the Appellate Division's ruling that the State's revocation of [the plaintiff]'s medical license was not arbitrary or capricious, was not contrary to law and was supported by a rational and substantial basis in fact." (Id. at 10, citing Harris v. New York Dept. of Health, 202 F.Supp.2d 143, 165 (S.D.N.Y.2002))
The Court also held that the Plaintiff was collaterally estopped from asserting her claims against the DOH and Individual State Defendants. Citing the extensive Appellate Division decision, Matter of Anghel v. Dairies, 86 A.D.3d 869, 927 N.Y.S.2d 710 (3d Dept.2011), the Court determined that the Plaintiff's due process and arguments regarding the admission of certain evidence at the BPMC hearing were fully and fairly litigated on the merits in the state court Article 78 proceeding. In addition, the Court held that the Plaintiff's claims against the DOH and the Senior State Officials, at least in their official capacities, were barred by the Eleventh Amendment and principles of sovereign immunity. The Court further held that "to the extent the Senior State Officials were sued in their individual capacities, the claims fail for lack of an allegation of personal involvement" on the part of those officials. (Id. at 16.)
Turning to the motion to dismiss by the Individual State Defendants, the Court held that inasmuch as the Plaintiff sought monetary recovery against them in their official capacities, those claims were barred by the Eleventh Amendment. Further, the Court reasoned that "the Plaintiff's claims against the individual defendants in their personal capacities [we]re barred by the doctrine of absolute immunity." (Id. at 17.) The Court observed that absolute immunity applies to (1) administrative proceedings like that before the BPMC; (2) prosecutorial-type litigators such as the Individual State Defendants; and (3) testifying witnesses, such as Heaphy and non-state employee Petranker.
Finally, with respect to the motion to dismiss by the United Defendants, the Court determined that certain claims against them were "invalid on their face" or collaterally estopped as a matter of law. The Court determined that the Plaintiff's remaining claims — including her federal 42 §§ 1983 and 1985 claims and her state law conversion claim — failed to state a cause of action.
On May 30, 2013, judgment was entered in favor of all the Defendants.
On June 13, 2013, the Plaintiff, represented by new counsel, moved for reconsideration of the judgment. On June 19, 2013, before any of the Defendants responded to that motion, the Plaintiff moved for leave to file an amended motion for reconsideration of the judgment, providing additional facts and arguments.
The Plaintiff's motion for leave to file an amended motion for reconsideration of the May 30, 2013 judgment is granted as unopposed and the original motion for reconsideration is denied as moot. Therefore, the Court will now consider the merits of the Plaintiff's amended motion for reconsideration.
A motion for reconsideration in the Eastern District of New York is governed by Local Rule 6.3. "The standard for granting such a motion is strict, and reconsideration will generally be denied unless the moving party can point to controlling decisions or data that the court overlooked — matters, in other words, that might reasonably be expected to alter the conclusion reached by the court." Shrader v. CSX Transp., Inc., 70 F.3d 255, 257 (2d Cir.1995). "The major grounds justifying reconsideration are an intervening change of controlling law, the availability of new evidence, or the need to correct a clear error or prevent manifest injustice." Virgin Atl. Airways, Ltd. v. Nat'l Mediation Bd., 956 F.2d 1245, 1255 (2d Cir.1992) (internal quotation marks omitted).
The Plaintiff argues that the Court did not expressly address her outstanding motion to expedite discovery and pretrial proceedings or her request for a three-Judge Panel and an expedited trial. However, on February 27, 2013, United States Magistrate Judge William D. Wall issued an electronic order "denying [the] [m]otion to [e]xpedite to renewal after the motions to dismiss are decided. To the extent that the plaintiff seeks other relief, those issues will be addressed by the trial judge." Insofar as the Plaintiff seeks a three judge panel, the Court denies that motion as moot in light its prior decision, adhered to here, dismissing the complaint.
On the merits, the Plaintiff asserts that the Court erred in applying the Rooker-Feldman doctrine. Because the Court previously addressed the Rooker-Feldman doctrine sua sponte, the Court will, on reconsideration, again address this argument. Although not directly referenced by the Plaintiff, it has come to the Court's attention that the Court's reliance on Harris is undercut by the more recent decision of Hoblock v. Albany Cty. Bd. of Elecs., 422 F.3d 77, 84 (2d Cir.2005).
In Hoblock, the Second Circuit rigorously re-examined the Rooker-Feldman doctrine in light of the Supreme Court's decision in Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Indus. Corp., 544 U.S. 280, 125 S.Ct. 1517, 161 L.Ed.2d 454 (2005). The Second Circuit noted that Exxon Mobil had reduced the expanse of the Rooker-Feldman doctrine, "holding that it `is confined to cases of the kind from which the doctrine acquired its name: cases brought by state-court losers complaining of injuries caused by state-court judgments rendered before the district court proceedings commenced and inviting district court review and rejection of those judgments.'" Hoblock, 422 F.3d at 85 (quoting Exxon Mobil, 544 U.S. at 284, 125 S.Ct. 1517). Thus, the Second Circuit delineated four requirements for the application of Rooker-Feldman: (1) "the federal-court
A plaintiff's injuries are not "caused by a state court judgment" when the state court "simply ratified, acquiesced in, or left unpunished" the actions of a third party. Id. at 88. In addition, "a party is not complaining of an injury `caused by' a state-court judgment when the exact injury of which the party complains in federal court existed prior in time to the state-court proceedings, and so could not have been `caused by' those proceedings." McKithen v. Brown, 481 F.3d 89, 98 (2d Cir.2007); see also Swiatkowski v. Citibank, 745 F.Supp.2d 150, 164 (E.D.N.Y.2010), affd., 446 Fed.Appx. 360 (2d Cir.2011).
For example, "[c]ourts in this Circuit have consistently held that any attack on a judgment of foreclosure is clearly barred by the Rooker-Feldman doctrine." Feinstein v. The Chase Manhattan Bank, No. 06 CV 1512, 2006 WL 898076, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. Apr. 5, 2006); see also Webster v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., No. 08 Civ. 10145, 2009 WL 5178654, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 23, 2009). However, unlike a state foreclosure judgment, the state judgment in this case did not revoke the Plaintiff's medical license. Rather, the state Appellate Division merely "ratified" the Hearing Committee of the BPMC revocation of the Plaintiff's medical license. For this reason, the Court finds that the Plaintiffs' claims are not, indeed, barred by the Rooker-Feldman doctrine.
Nonetheless, the Court only applied the Rooker-Feldman doctrine to the claims asserted by the DOH and Senior State Officials, and the Court's decision as to those the Defendants rested on multiple grounds — namely collateral estoppel and sovereign immunity under the Eleventh Amendment. In the Court's view, the Plaintiff fails to raise a new argument nor did the Court overlook a fact that would warrant reconsideration of the May 30, 2013 judgment.
As to collateral estoppel,
Kosakow v. New Rochelle Radiology Associates, P.C., 274 F.3d 706, 734 (2d Cir. 2001), quoting Schwartz v. Public Adm'r, 24 N.Y.2d 65, 298 N.Y.S.2d 955, 246 N.E.2d 725 (1969). Again, the Court notes that the administrative hearing lasted 19 days before the Hearing Committee of the BPMC; the Plaintiff was represented by counsel; and the Plaintiff had the incentive to litigate her claims vigorously, given that her medical license was at stake.
Alternatively, the Court finds that the claims asserted against the DOH and Senior State Officials in their official capacities are barred by sovereign immunity, and in the case of the DOH, the Eleventh Amendment. Miller v. Carpinello, No. 06 Civ. 12940(LAP), 2007 WL 4207282, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 20, 2007).
Turning to the claims asserted against the United Defendants, the Plaintiff contends, among other things, that the Court's finding "as a matter of law, there is no allegation that the United Defendants were willful participants in a joint activity or that they acted under color or state law as part of a § 1983 conspiracy" contradicts its finding "that United Defendants acted under the color of law by summoning the aid of the State to investigate the Plaintiff for committing improper acts and provided the State with information in support of the State's independent investigation." (Id. at 22.) However, the Plaintiff fails to recognize that the Court held that "the fact that the United Defendants reported the Plaintiff to POLEP because of improper billing forms does not provide a basis for liability under Section 1983." (Id. at 21), Drayton v. Toys `R' Us Inc., 645 F.Supp.2d 149, 163 (S.D.N.Y.2009) ("`[F]urnishing information to the police does not by itself make someone a joint participant in state action under Section 1983.'") (quoting Valez v. City of N.Y., No. 08 Civ. 3875, 2008 WL 5329974, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 16, 2008)).
With respect to the Plaintiff's conversion claim, even if a medical license constituted "a specific identifiable thing," the unauthorized dominion of which provides a basis for a conversion claim, the United Defendants, as a private insurance company and one of its employees, have no authority to exercise such authority. As the Plaintiff acknowledges, the Hearing Committee of the BPMC rendered the decision to revoke her medical license. As to the Plaintiff's other claims — including for fraud — the Court adheres to its prior determination that they are either invalid on their face or fail to survive scrutiny in the Rule 12(b)(6) context.
In the United Defendants' opposition papers to the Plaintiff's motions to reconsider the May 30, 2013 judgment, they request attorneys' fees pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1927 for having to respond to, what they consider, a frivolous motion for reconsideration. The United Defendants did not "file[] a formal notice of motion so that an appropriate schedule for responsive papers could be established." Hay win Textile Products, Inc. v. Int'l Fin. Inv. & Commerce Bank Ltd., 00 CIV. 8633 RLC, 2001 WL 984721, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 24, 2001) affd., 38 Fed.Appx. 96 (2d Cir.2002). However, a court has discretion to consider documents filed in violation of procedural rules, see Ruggiero v. Warner-Lambert Co., 424 F.3d 249, 252 (2d Cir.2005), and here, the Plaintiff had the opportunity to and did respond to the request for attorney
Section 1927 states:
28 U.S.C. § 1927. "Courts in this circuit construe the statute `narrowly and with great caution, so as not to stifle the enthusiasm or chill the creativity that is the very lifeblood of the law.'" Romeo v. Sherry, 308 F.Supp.2d 128, 148 (E.D.N.Y.2004) (quoting Mone v. C.I.R., 774 F.2d 570, 574 (2d Cir.1985)). The purpose of the statute is to deter dilatory tactics, unnecessary delays in litigation, and bad faith conduct by attorneys. Id. (citing United States v. Int'l Bhd. of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen & Helpers of Am., AFL-CIO, 948 F.2d 1338, 1345 (2d Cir.1991); Hudson Motors P'ship v. Crest Leasing Enters., Inc., 845 F.Supp. 969, 978 (E.D.N.Y.1994); Herrera v. Scully, 143 F.R.D. 545, 551-552 (S.D.N.Y. 1992)). Applying this demanding standard, and in the absence of allegations of dilatory tactics or bad faith, the Court declines to award attorneys' fees to the United Defendants. Indeed, the Court notes, while it does not disturb the May 30, 2013 judgment, the Plaintiff persuaded the Court to depart from its prior reasoning regarding the Rooker-Feldman doctrine in the underlying Memorandum and Order.
Having reviewed the Plaintiffs motion and the Defendants' responsive submissions, the Court finds that the demanding standard for reconsideration has not been met by the Plaintiff. For the foregoing reasons, it is hereby
