LAWRENCE J. O'NEILL, District Judge.
This case concerns events that took place within the Tuolumne Fire Department ("TFD") in 2010. Plaintiffs Benjamin Oyarzo and Nicholas Hart, former employees of TFD, allege that certain of their superiors, both within TFD and on TFD's Board of Directors, retaliated against them for and took steps to deter them from exercising their First Amendment rights, retaliated against them for complaining about workplace safety issues, and violated their rights under the Firefighters Procedural Bill of Rights. (Second Amended Complaint ("SAC"), Doc. 25.)
Next, the Court addresses two motions for summary judgment filed by Defendant TFD, one against Plaintiff Oyarzo's claims (Doc. 72), the other against Plaintiff Hart's claims (Doc. 71). Plaintiffs filed a consolidated opposition to TFD's motions along with a consolidated response to TFD's Statement of Undisputed Fact. (Docs. 88 & 91.) TFD filed a consolidated reply, along with 56 pages of objections to evidence.
The motions were originally set for hearing in late May and early June 2013, but the hearings were vacated to permit extended filing deadlines; the matters were then submitted for decision on the papers pursuant to Local Rule 230(g). (Doc. 75.) The Court finds that the extensive briefing thoroughly addresses the relevant issues, obviating the need to re-set oral argument.
TFD is a public agency and fire district composed of approximately 1,200 acres in Tuolumne County, California. (Joint Statement of Undisputed Fact ("JSUF"), Doc. 67-2
Defendant Turner was elected Chair of TFD's board in December 2007 and served until his resignation on August 3, 2010.
On August 17, 2010, Defendant Hockett was appointed to TFD's Board. (MSUF #14.) He was appointed Chair of the Board on August 30, 2010, and served as Chair until November 8, 2011. (MSUF #13.)
Defendant Powers started as a Relief Engineer with TFD in August 2008; he was hired as a full time Engineer in November 2008. (Powers' Statement of Undisputed Fact ("PSUF"), reflected in Plaintiffs' response thereto at Doc. 78-1, ##5-6.) Throughout all of the relevant events in this case, Oyarzo was Powers' superior, while Powers was Hart's superior. (PSUF ##7-8.)
Plaintiff Oyarzo first began working for TFD in 2006. (MSUF #2.) He was promoted to Captain in 2007. (Oyarzo Decl. ¶ 3.) The TFD Board voted to appoint Oyarzo as TFD's Fire Chief in May 2008.
In 2009, Oyarzo, with the assistance of Plaintiff Hart, began working to annex land from the County of Tuolumne into the jurisdiction of the Tuolumne Fire District. (See MSUF #27; Oyarzo Decl. ¶ 9; JSUF #J.) The Parties dispute whether Oyarzo held himself out as a representative of TFD during his work on this annexation project and/or whether his work on annexation fell within his job description.
It is undisputed that, at first, Oyarzo's work on annexation was fully supported by the TFD Board. (MSUF #28.) It is also undisputed that, later, Tuolumne County and other fire protection organizations expressed displeasure with TFD's attempt to annex territory. (See MSUF ##28-29.) In February 2010, after a meeting with these other entities, TFD's annexation effort was placed on hold until June 2010. (MSUF #29.) The hold was put in place at the request of Tuolumne County, so that the County could complete a County-wide first responder study. (MSUF #30.) TFD stopped pursuing annexation in February 2010, and the effort never resumed during Oyarzo's employment with TFD. (MSUF #31.)
In March 2010, Oyarzo claims that he "discovered that two self-contained breathing apparatuses [] had not been properly tested by the firefighting staff and posed a safety risk to the firefighters." (Oyarzo TFD Decl., Doc. 89-4, ¶ 36.)
In mid-April 2010, Oyarzo claims that he visited Defendant Turner's house and spoke with Turner about annexation. During that conversation, Oyarzo expressed his intent to continue with annexation after June 30, 2010, in part because he had a personal interest in seeing the additional territory (which included his personal residence) annexed into TFD's jurisdiction. According to Oyarzo, Turner informed Oyarzo that he no longer supported annexation and became angry with Oyarzo when Oyarzo stated his intent to continue pursuing annexation. (See Oyarzo Decl. ¶¶ 12-13.)
In early June 2010, certain TFD firefighters and interns submitted written complaints to the Board regarding Oyarzo. (PSUF #31.) Plaintiffs assert that Defendant Powers worked with Defendants Turner and Hutchins to solicit these complaints in retaliation for Oyarzo's First Amendment activities. Defendant Powers testified at his deposition that numerous interns had been complaining about Oyarzo. (Powers Depo. 59-7:9.) Powers informed Defendant Turner of the complaints. (Id. at 59:9-10.) First, Turner told Powers to inform Oyarzo of the complaints to "give him a chance to correct them." (Id. at 50:12-15.)
Meanwhile, in July 2010, Oyarzo filed a reverse validation action challenging several Board members, including Joe Turner. (JSF O; Pltf. Ex. A4.) The action also requested invalidation of all votes taken since on or about May 2008 in which Joe Turner participated as part of a three-person majority. (Id.) Joe Turner resigned from the Board on August 3, 2010. (JSF O; Turner Depo. 126:20-127:1.) On August 30, 2010, the TFD Board reconsidered all of the prior votes called into question by Oyarzo's validation action, including the previous vote "appointing Ben Oyarzo Fire Chief effective May 12, 2008." (Pltf. Ex. A2 (TFD 836).) Although many of the confirming votes passed, the motion to retroactively confirm Oyarzo's appointment to the position of "Chief" in May 2008 did not pass. (Id.)
On September 6, 2010, Oyarzo returned to work at the rank of Captain. (MSUF #9.)
On September 14, 2010, the Board appointed Hockett and fellow Board member Ben Orr to handle TFD's day-to-day operations, with some limitations as to their authority over employees. (MSUF #15.) Hockett served in this capacity until April 11, 2011. (Id.)
On September 27, 2010, Oyarzo went on medical leave. (MSUF #11.)
At the October 11, 2010 Board meeting, TFD was informed that it was approximately $50,000 "in the red," and that Tuolumne County was loaning TFD money. (MSUF #102.) The Board considered potential changes to staffing levels and employee hours to save money. (Id.) At the November 8, 2010 board meeting, staff-reorganization was again discussed. (MSUF #103.) Among many options, a motion was made to offer all employees the classification of Engineer at the rate of $12.00 per hour for the five paid staff. (Id.) The motion did not pass at that meeting. (Id.) However, at the December 13, 2010 meeting, the Board voted to lay off the least senior firefighter and offer the remaining firefighters Engineer positions at $12.00 per hour. (MSUF #104.) Oyarzo, who returned from medical leave on December 11, 2010 (MSUF #11), was offered continued employment at TFD as an Engineer at $12.00 per hour (JSUF #J). He refused the offer. (Id.) His last day of employment with TFD was December 31, 2010. (Id.)
A previous Order in Hart v. Fire District, 1:12-cv-01271 LJO DLB (Doc. 24), issued before that case was consolidated with Oyarzo's parallel action, found that the Individual Defendant Board Members were absolutely immune from claims arising out of their votes to reorganize TFD.
Plaintiff Nicholas Hart was hired as a full time employee of TFD in February 2009. (JSUF #H.) Hart claims that Defendant Powers approached Hart for assistance in Powers' "effort ... to force Mr. Oyarzo from his employment with the TFD." (Hart TFD Decl., Doc. 89-3, ¶ 3.) Hart claims that he refused to assist Powers and informed Powers of his belief that such activity was illegal. (Id. at ¶ 4.) Hart believed that Powers was retaliating against Oyarzo because Oyarzo disciplined and reported firefighters for safety violations. (Hart Depo. at 171:9-15.) The record
Hart claims that during the summer of 2010, Powers began to retaliate against him for supporting Oyarzo. Among other things, he asserts Powers removed Hart from positions of responsibility, transferred those positions to others, including interns, encouraged others in the firehouse to mock and ostracize Hart, and purposefully failed to communicate information about a public appearance Hart was supposed to make on behalf of TFD, knowing Hart would be disciplined for failing to make that appearance. (See Doc. 78 at 7-8.)
Hart claims he informed Defendant Hockett of these retaliatory acts (Hart Decl. ¶ 8), but asserts Hockett did nothing to prevent further retaliation, and in fact committed additional retaliatory acts, including forcing Hart to work 48-hour shifts on his own, and disciplining Hart on two occasions (see Doc. 82 at 20-23).
The nature, severity, and motivation for these asserted acts of retaliation are hotly disputed. It is undisputed, however, that as a result of the November 8, 2010 reorganization vote, Hart (the least senior firefighter at TFD) was laid off; his last day was December 31, 2010. (MSUF #146.)
Summary judgment is proper if the movant shows "there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed.R.Civ.P. 56. The moving party bears the initial burden of "informing the district court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact." Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986) (internal quotation marks omitted). A fact is material if it could affect the outcome of the suit under the governing substantive law; "irrelevant" or "unnecessary" factual disputes will not be counted. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986).
If the moving party would bear the burden of proof on an issue at trial, that party must "affirmatively demonstrate that no reasonable trier of fact could find other than for the moving party." Soremekun v. Thrifty Payless, Inc., 509 F.3d 978, 984 (9th Cir.2007). In contrast, if the non-moving party bears the burden of proof on an issue, the moving party can prevail by "merely pointing out that there is an absence of evidence to support the non-moving party's case." Id. When the moving party meets its burden, the non-moving party must demonstrate that there are genuine disputes as to material facts by either:
Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c).
In ruling on a motion for summary judgment, a court does not make credibility determinations or weigh evidence. See Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505. Rather, "[t]he evidence of the non-movant is to be believed, and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in his favor." Id. Only admissible evidence may be considered in deciding a motion for summary judgment. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c)(2). "Conclusory, speculative testimony in affidavits and moving papers is insufficient to raise genuine issues of fact and defeat summary judgment." Soremekun, 509 F.3d at 984.
The SAC's Second and Third Causes of Action, brought by both Plaintiffs, allege First Amendment deterrence and retaliation, respectively, against all Defendants. (SAC ¶¶ 70-76 (deterrence); SAC ¶¶ 77-80 (retaliation).)
Defendant Powers moves for summary judgment on both First Amendment claims brought by Oyarzo against him. Oyarzo does not object, conceding that discovery has demonstrated that Powers' "animus toward Oyarzo stemmed not from Oyarzo's protected First Amendment activities but from Powers' anger with Oyarzo for citing and reporting safety violations in the workplace." (Doc. 78 at 12.) Defendant Powers' motion for summary judgment as to Oyarzo's Second and Third Causes of Action is GRANTED.
Defendant Hockett moves for summary judgment on both First Amendment claims brought by Oyarzo against him. (Doc. 67-1 at 9-14.) Hockett also argued that he was protected by qualified immunity. (Id. at 14.) Oyarzo's opposition offered no response to Hockett's motion. Accordingly, Hockett's motion for summary judgment on Oyarzo's First Amendment Claims (contained in the Second and Third Causes of action) is GRANTED.
The August 30, 2011 Order in Hart, 1:12-cv-01271 (Doc. 24), found TFD Board of Directors are entitled to absolute (legislative) immunity for voting to reorganize TFD. (See id. at 11-12.) Based upon this ruling, Defendants Hockett and Hutchins move for summary judgment on any First Amendment claim based upon their votes to reorganize TFD. (Doc. 67-1 at 8; Doc. 70-1 at 7.) Plaintiffs do not object. Hutchins and Hockett were members of TFD's Board at the time of their votes to reorganize TFD. For the reasons set forth in the August 30, 2011 Order, they are entitled to absolute immunity for this act. Nor can they be held liable for any damages flowing from that act. Their motions for summary judgment as to any First Amendment claim based upon this conduct are GRANTED.
Oyarzo's Third Cause of Action is based in part on his July 2010 validation action. (SAC ¶ 78.) Turner, Hutchins, and Hockett each move for summary judgment on this issue, arguing there is no evidence to support a retaliation claim based upon
Hart's Second and Fourth Causes of Action for deterrence and retaliation were pleaded against all defendants. Defendants Turner and Hutchins move for summary judgment as to these causes of action, arguing that there is no evidence they were involved in any conduct that could violate Hart's First Amendment rights. (Doc. 69-3 at 16-22; Doc. 70-1 at 17-22.) Hart offered no opposition. Accordingly, Defendants Turner's and Hutchins' motions for summary judgment as to these claims are GRANTED.
Hart's Second and Fourth Causes of Action are based in part on his participation in in the annexation effort. Defendants Powers, Turner, Hutchins, and Hockett move for summary judgment on this theory of liability, arguing Hart acted as a private citizen in connection with annexation, there was no evidence of any deterrence or retaliation based upon Hart's participation in the annexation effort, and that they were protected by qualified immunity. (Doc. 66-3 at 16, Doc. 67-1 at 18, 20-22; Doc. 69-3 at 16-17, 19-22; Doc. 70-1 at 18, 20-22.) Hart did not respond do these arguments, and maintains only that Hart was deterred and retaliated against based upon his support for Oyarzo. (See Doc. 78 at 5, Doc. 82 at 20-24.) Defendants Powers', Turner's, Hutchins', and Hockett's motion for summary judgment on any First Amendment claim based upon Hart's annexation effort theory of liability is GRANTED.
"The Supreme Court has clearly stated that public employees do not shed their First Amendment rights simply because they are employed by the government." Huppert v. City of Pittsburg, 574 F.3d 696, 702 (9th Cir.2009). The Ninth Circuit articulated the relevant general standards applicable to a First Amendment retaliation claim in Huppert:
Id.
Eng provides additional detail about how the five-step inquiry is to be implemented and the relative burdens of each party.
Defendants do not dispute that Oyarzo's expressive conduct in connection with pursuing annexation addressed a matter of public concern.
Defendants Hockett, Turner, and Hutchins move for summary judgment on Oyarzo's First Amendment claims, arguing that Oyarzo's speech and activities regarding annexation were performed as part of his official duties. (Doc. 67-1 at 9-10; Doc. 69-3 at 7-8; Doc. 70-1 at 7-8.)
The plaintiff "bears the burden of showing the speech was spoken in the capacity of a private citizen and not a public employee." Eng, 552 F.3d at 1071 (citing Garcetti, 547 U.S. at 421-22, 126 S.Ct. 1951). "Statements are made in the speaker's capacity as citizen if the speaker had no official duty to make the questioned statements, or if the speech was not the product of performing the tasks the employee was paid to perform." Posey v. Lake Pend Oreille Sch. Dist. No. 84, 546 F.3d 1121, 1127 n. 2 (9th Cir.2008) (internal citations and quotations omitted).
Eng, 552 F.3d at 1071 (internal citations and quotations omitted). Put another way: "[W]hether the plaintiff spoke as a public employee or a private citizen-is a mixed question of fact and law." Posey, 546 F.3d at 1129. If the pleadings and evidence "present genuine disputes of material fact regarding the scope and content" of a plaintiff's job responsibilities, summary judgment is inappropriate. Id.
"[T]he inquiry into whether employee speech is pursuant to employment duties is a practical one." Marable v. Nitchman, 511 F.3d 924, 932 (9th Cir. 2007). While a formal job description is by no means "dispositive" in determining whether a given task is within the scope of an employee's professional duties, it is nevertheless "informative." See id. at 933; see also Garcetti, 547 U.S. at 424-25, 126 S.Ct. 1951 ("We reject ... the suggestion that employers can restrict employees' rights by creating excessively broad job descriptions.... Formal job descriptions
The Parties spend a great deal of time discussing whether speaking on the issue of annexation fell within Oyarzo's job description. It is undisputed that Oyarzo was appointed "Fire Chief" by TFD's Board in May 2008. (Pltf. Ex. D1 (OH 281-283).) However, Oyarzo disputes the validity of that appointment and maintains he was at all relevant times actually serving as the lower-ranked "Captain." This debate is not purely academic. The job description of Fire Chief provides that the Chief is to "plan, organize, direct, supervise, coordinate, and review all the activities and operations of the Fire District...." (Pltf. Ex. D6.) The duties of Captain are more limited. (Pltf. Ex. D5 (Job description for Fire Captain includes responsibility for the "day-to-day operation of the fire station" and other, related operational duties).)
Plaintiff Oyarzo argues he was never legally a "Fire Chief" because one of the three TFD Board members who voted for his appointment
California Health and Safety Code § 13806 requires that actions to determine the validity of any action taken by a fire protection district be brought under the provisions of California Code of Civil Procedure § 860, et seq. Section § 860 allows a public agency to bring a validating proceeding (often referred to as a "reverse validation" action) "to determine the validity" of its own action. A related provision permits "any interested person" to bring a similar action within 60 days of the challenged action. Cal.Code Civ. Pro. § 863. Absent a timely challenge to the validity of an action, such actions "become immune from attack" by interested persons, "whether it is legally valid or not." McLeod v. Vista Unified Sch. Dist., 158 Cal.App.4th 1156, 1166, 71 Cal.Rptr.3d 109
Although § 860 does indicate on its face that public agencies are also subject to the 60-day limitations period, Plaintiffs argue that such agencies are nevertheless free to disregard the statute of limitations by virtue of language in Cal.Code Civ. Pro. § 869, which provides that the availability of a § 860 validating proceeding does not preclude any agency from utilizing other available remedies to determine the validity of a thing or matter, citing Kaatz v. City of Seaside, 143 Cal.App.4th 13, 30, 49 Cal.Rptr.3d 95 (2006). Plaintiffs maintain that the May 2008 appointment of Oyarzo as Chief was invalidated not by Oyarzo's lawsuit but by the TFD Board's own action to reconsider all of the challenged votes and then reject Oyarzo's reappointment as Chief.
Kaatz does not support this contention. Kaatz concerned whether the 60-day limitations period set forth in the validation statute applied to a taxpayer's challenge to a municipality's purchase of residential property on a decommissioned military base and immediate resale of that property to a developer at a deep discount. Id. at 19, 49 Cal.Rptr.3d 95. The court concluded that the transaction was simply not subject to the validation statute, but confirmed the general rule that actions which are covered by the validation statute are automatically deemed valid if neither the acting public entity nor any interested person challenges the act within the 60-day window. Nonetheless, in a footnote, Kaatz explained:
Id. at 30 n. 17, 49 Cal.Rptr.3d 95. Although this language suggests that a public agency could use other legal remedies bearing different statutes of limitations to invalidate a prior action of its own outside the 60-day statute of limitations, Plaintiffs point to no applicable remedy that was invoked in this case. The Board's post hoc "reconsideration" of its vote to promote Oyarzo is a far cry from the kind of remedy referenced section 869 (e.g., mandamus). To hold otherwise would totally ignore the California Supreme Court's more general observation that: "[A]n agency may indirectly but effectively `validate' its action by doing nothing to validate it; unless an `interested person' brings an action of his own under section 863 within the 60-day period, the agency's action will become immune from attack whether it is legally valid or not...." City of Ontario, 2 Cal.3d at 341-42, 85 Cal.Rptr. 149, 466 P.2d 693.
TFD's Board meeting minutes from 2009 and the first six months of 2010 repeatedly refer to Oyarzo as "Chief Oyarzo." (Turner Ex. C1.) In February 2009, Oyarzo was given a written evaluation as "Fire Chief Oyarzo." (Turner Ex. B3.) In March 13, 2010, he issued a letter to Hart as "Benjamin C. Oyarzo, Fire Chief."
There is simply no evidence that Oyarzo was anything other than the "Fire Chief" from the time of his promotion to that position in 2008 through his placement on administrative leave in late June 2010. He did not file his validation action until July 2010, which was far too late to invalidate his promotion to Chief. He was treated as the Chief and acted as the Chief. He cannot now escape the plain language of the Fire Chief's job description, which describes a Fire Chief's general duties to include "plan[ning], organiz[ing], direct[ing], supervis[ing], coordinat[ing], and review[ing] all the activities and operations of the Fire District...." (Pltf. Ex. D6.) Specific duties "include[e]" but are "not limited to" "provid[ing] highly responsible and complex administrative support to the Board of Directors," "coordinat[ing] Fire District activities with other departments and outside agencies, [and] ... act[ing] as public and intergovernmental relations representative...." Id.
Oyarzo states in his declaration that:
(Oyarzo Decl. ¶¶ 6-7.) Rather, he perceived his daily duties as "management and supervision of the fire station and personnel, acting as duty officer while on shift, responding to and organizing TFD's response to emergency calls, organizing and participating in fire prevention activities, and repairing the fire district's equipment." (Id. at ¶ 5.) Defendants argue these assertions in Oyarzo's declaration should be disregarded because they contradict his prior deposition testimony, where Oyarzo admitted he took direction from TFD's board regarding the pursuit of annexation:
(Oyarzo Depo. 114 at 19-25.)
A party cannot "create a triable issue of fact, and thus survive summary judgment, merely by contradicting his or her own sworn deposition testimony with a later declaration." Disc Golf Ass'n, Inc. v. Champion Discs, Inc., 158 F.3d 1002, 1008 (9th Cir.1998). This is because "if a party who has been examined at length on deposition could raise an issue of fact simply by submitting an affidavit contradicting his own prior testimony, this would greatly diminish the utility of summary judgment as a procedure for screening out sham issues of fact." Kennedy v. Allied Mut. Ins. Co., 952 F.2d 262, 266 (9th Cir.1991). The sham affidavit rule may be invoked only if a district court makes "a factual determination that the contradiction was actually a sham" and "the inconsistency between a party's deposition testimony and subsequent affidavit... [is] clear and unambiguous." Van Asdale v. Int'l Game Tech., 577 F.3d 989, 998-99 (9th Cir.2009). Here, Oyarzo's declaration is not clearly and unambiguously in conflict with this deposition testimony. Nothing in his deposition addresses the specific issue raised by his declaration, namely, whether anyone at TFD told Oyarzo pursuit of annexation was part of his job duties or instructed him to pursue annexation as part of his job.
For the purposes of summary judgment, the Court must assume the truth of Oyarzo's version of events (i.e., that he honestly believed his duties did not include pursuit of annexation). What remains unclear is whether an employee's self-serving testimony about his own subjective perception of his job duties can create a material dispute over whether he spoke as a public employee under the circumstances presented here, namely, where the job description of Chief plainly encompasses pursuit
According to Defendants, Oyarzo's work on annexation was always pursued in his capacity as a representative of TFD. In California, petitions for annexation of territory by a local government agency are governed by the Cortese-Knox-Hertzberg Local Government Reorganization Act of 2000. Cal. Gov.Code § 56000 et seq. Pursuant to that statute, annexation can only be initiated by a government agency or by a petition signed by at least 25% of the registered voters or landowners in the affected area. Cal. Gov.Code §§ 56654(b), 56700, 56864(a). It is undisputed that in this case, it was TFD that initiated the annexation process. Amy Augustine, a land use consultant, was hired by TFD's Board to prepare the annexation application for TFD. (Turner Ex. C1 (TFD 764).) The minutes of the February 18, 2010 Board meeting acknowledge that the meeting which resulted in the annexation being put on hold was between "Craig Pedro [County Administrative Officer], County Fire, Cal Fire, Tribal Fire and Tuolumne Fire." (Id. at TFD 775.) There is no evidence that any group of citizens initiated or participated in an annexation petition, let alone that Oyarzo was a member of any such group.
Defendants also point to evidence indicating that Oyarzo pursued annexation as a representative of TFD. The sign in sheet for the February 10, 2010 meeting discloses that everyone, including Oyarzo, appeared in a representative capacity. (Hutchins Ex. A9 ("Ben Oyarzo" signed in for "Tuolumne Fire District").) The minutes of the February 18, 2010 TFD Board meeting indicate that "Joe Turner asked Chief Oyarzo to set up a meeting with Kevin Day, Tribal Chairman, to discuss the annexation again...." (Turner Ex. C1 (TFD 775).) Craig Pedro testified that in carrying forward the annexation effort, Oyarzo represented himself as having the authority of TFD's board. (Pedro Depo. at 98:1-16.) Mr. Pedro indicated that when Oyarzo was dealing with him, Mr. Pedro believed he was dealing with "the chief of the department." (Id. at 98:6-9.)
Oyarzo testified at his Deposition that he did not identify himself as the Chief of TFD during meetings with representatives of the Local Area Formation Commission, but instead identified himself by name only. (Oyarzo Depo. at 118: 7-12.) But, this testimony, which amounts only to an assertion about how Oyarzo introduced himself to LAFCO representatives, cannot be considered in a vacuum. As explained above, Oyarzo admitted to working with and under the direction of TFD's board regarding the pursuit of annexation. (Id. at 114: 19-25.)
Plaintiffs admit that Hart participated in the annexation effort and that his work on the annexation effort was done for TFD. (MSUF #109.) It is not logical for Plaintiffs to assert that Hart worked for TFD in support of annexation while Oyarzo, Hart's superior, did not.
The above analysis demonstrates that there is no substantive evidence to support Oyarzo's contention that his speech in favor of annexation through February 2010 was made in his capacity as a private citizen. Accordingly, the Court makes a finding that any such speech is not protected conduct. However, such a finding is not required to rule on Defendants' motion. Even if one assumes, arguendo, that Oyarzo has presented evidence that raises a material dispute as to whether his speech in favor of annexation before February 2010 was as a private citizen, he does not complain that he was retaliated against for any of his speech in favor of annexation prior to February 2010. It is
The source of Oyarzo's entire First Amendment retaliation claim is the conversation he had with Defendant Turner in April 2010. According to Oyarzo's Declaration:
(Oyarzo Decl. ¶¶ 11-12.)
According to Oyarzo's Declaration, his interest in annexation was more than just professional. His own personal
However, this claim cannot proceed because Plaintiffs entirely failed to disclose this theory of First Amendment liability in discovery. Defendants' Fourth interrogatory asked Plaintiff to "describe all protected political activity to which [Oyarzo] refer[ed] in paragraph 71 of the Complaint." (TFD Ex. A4, A5, Interrogatory #4.) Oyarzo's initial response was:
(TFD Ex. A4, Response to Interrogatory #4.) Oyarzo's supplemental response was as follows:
(TFD Ex. A5, Response to Interrogatory #4.)
Defendants are correct that Plaintiff cannot, without substantial justification, now rely on a new theory of liability first raised in his Declaration. Fed.R.Civ.P. 37(c)(1) addresses failure to make discovery disclosures:
Plaintiffs' new theory of recovery was introduced for the first time in Oyarzo's Declaration, filed in response to Defendants' motions for summary judgment on May 24, 2010.
A court may refuse to allow new theories in response to a summary judgment motion where doing so would deprive the defendant the right to conduct discovery on the claim or to make pretrial motions regarding the theory of liability. Harry A. v. Duncan, 351 F.Supp.2d 1060, 1067 (D.Mont.2005); Ortiz v. Lopez, 688 F.Supp.2d 1072, 1082 (E.D.Cal.2010) ("[A] plaintiff cannot oppose summary judgment based on a new theory of liability because it would essentially blind side the defendant with a new legal issue after the bulk of discovery has likely been completed."). Although the operative complaint and discovery do raise First Amendment retaliation and deterrence claims, the factual basis for Plaintiff's "threat to speak after June 30, 2010" theory is entirely new, and was never disclosed in discovery. Defendants' discovery (including the questions posed at depositions) and opening motions papers focused on the disclosed evidence.
The Tenth Circuit succinctly articulated the problem with Plaintiffs' approach to this litigation:
Zokari v. Gates, 561 F.3d 1076, 1087 (10th Cir.2009).
Plaintiffs have been on notice since at least May 24, 2013 that Defendants believed this was a new theory of liability. (Doc. 90 at 11 (Defendants, in consolidated Reply brief, arguing that Oyarzo's Declaration is a sham).) Yet, Plaintiffs have neither offered an excuse for failing to disclose this new theory of recovery nor any basis for a finding of harmlessness. See also Yeti by Molly, Ltd. v. Deckers Outdoor Corp., 259 F.3d 1101, 1106-07 (9th Cir.2001) (party seeking to offer undisclosed evidence bars the burden of proving the delay was harmless). To permit Plaintiffs to proceed on this previously undisclosed theory would reward Plaintiff for waiting until the last minute to refine the theories upon which they intend to build their case and unfairly surprises defendants. Paragraphs 11 and 12 of Oyarzo's declaration will therefore be excluded.
As a result, Plaintiff Oyarzo has no evidentiary foundation for his First Amendment retaliation claim. Accordingly, Individual Defendants' motions for summary judgment on Oyarzo's First Amendment claim are GRANTED.
Hart claims that in June 2010 Defendant Powers approached Hart for assistance in Powers' "effort ... to force Mr. Oyarzo from his employment with the TFD." (Hart TFD Decl., Doc. 89-3, ¶ 3.) Hart claims that he refused to assist Powers and informed Powers of his belief that such activity was illegal. (Id. at ¶ 4.) Hart believed that Powers was retaliating against Oyarzo because Oyarzo disciplined and reported firefighters for safety violations. (Hart Depo. at 171:9-15.) Hart told members of TFD's board about his belief that Powers was improperly retaliating against Oyarzo because Oyarzo disciplined and reported firefighters for safety violations. (Id. at 171:9-13.) In August 2010, Hart submitted a letter in support of Oyarzo's continued employment to Virginia Van Bolt, Ben Orr, and Stephenie Burns, all of whom were TFD Board Members. (Hart TFD Decl. ¶ 7.)
All Individual Defendants argue that Hart's speech on behalf of Oyarzo was not a matter of public concern. (Doc. 66-3 at 17-18; Doc. 67-1 at 19-20; Doc. 69-3 at 17-18; Doc. 70-1 at 18-20.) The Ninth Circuit has "not articulated a precise definition of `public concern,'" but instead recognizes that the inquiry "is not an exact science." Desrochers v. City of San Bernardino, 572 F.3d 703, 709 (9th Cir. 2009) (internal citations omitted). In this Circuit, Courts must avoid "rigid multi-part tests that would shoehorn communication into ill-fitting categories," and should instead rely "on a generalized analysis of the nature of the speech." Id. The "essential question is whether the speech addressed matters of `public' as opposed to `personal' interest," and courts commonly examine "the content, form, and context of a given statement, as revealed by the whole record." Id. (citing Connick v. Myers, 461 U.S. 138, 147, 103 S.Ct. 1684, 75 L.Ed.2d 708 (1983)). Whether speech is a matter of public interest is "purely a question of law" on which plaintiffs bear the burden of proof. Id. (internal citations omitted).
The Ninth Circuit has defined the "scope of the public concern element broadly and adopted a liberal construction of what an issue of public concern is under the First Amendment." Id. at 709-10 (internal
"The "content" element is the greatest single factor in the Connick inquiry." Id. at 710 (internal quotations omitted). To address a matter of public concern, the content of the speech must involve "issues about which information is needed or appropriate to enable the members of society to make informed decisions about the operation of their government." Id. (internal quotation omitted); see also Gillette v. Delmore, 886 F.2d 1194, 1197 (9th Cir. 1989) (describing "matter[s] of political, social, or other concern to the community" as matters of public concern). "On the other hand, speech that deals with individual personnel disputes and grievances and that would be of no relevance to the public's evaluation of the performance of governmental agencies is generally not of `public concern." Id. (internal quotations omitted). "The same is true of `speech that relates to internal power struggles within the workplace,' and speech which is of no interest `beyond the employee's bureaucratic niche.'" Id. (quoting Tucker v. Cal. Dep't of Educ., 97 F.3d 1204, 1210 (9th Cir.1996)).
In Desrochers, two veteran police officers filed an internal, informal grievance about their supervising Lieutenant, complaining about his management style. Id. at 705. According to the officer who adjudicated the grievance, there was "an ongoing and continuing issue relative to a difference of personalities." Id. Learning of the grievance, the supervising Lieutenant requested and was granted a voluntary transfer, but the two officers did not believe this sufficiently addressed their grievance, so they filed a formal grievance against the Lieutenant and two of his superiors. Id. at 706. Their formal grievance again complained of the Lieutenant's management style, accusing him of, among other things, being "autocratic, controlling and critical." Id. One of the officers described several incidents in which the Lieutenant acted as a "micro-manager, who insults fellow officers [and] undermines efforts to develop team members." Id. Admitting that "taken individually" the incidents might "seem minor," the officer nonetheless thought the "incidents amount to added stress and distrust in the daily operations of the unit." Id. The formal grievance also asserted that the Lieutenant's superiors failed to take steps to remedy the "hostile work environment" created by the Lieutenant. Id. at 707. Repeatedly referencing the Lieutenant's "management style" in his grievance, the other officer believed complaining was "a necessary step forward in an attempt to change the culture of this police department and the way we treat each other." Id. The formal grievance was denied. Id.
Shortly thereafter, the two officers filed a confidential complaint with the municipality's human resources department. In addition to referencing their prior complaints, they raised concerns about the performance of the replacement Lieutenant, indicating they feared he would be used as a tool to retaliate against them. Id. The officers later amended their complaint, accusing the replacement Lieutenant of having a "long history of inappropriate and harassing comments given to coworkers, peers and subordinates," including making an offensive comment about one complainant's wife and, on another
Within weeks of filing their human resources complaint, one of the officers was transferred (an action he viewed as a demotion), while the other was suspended upon the conclusion of an internal affairs investigation involving a previous arrest. Id. at 705. Their lawsuit for First Amendment retaliation followed. Id. at 708. On appeal from a summary judgment ruling in favor of defendants, the officers attempted to "characterize their grievances as necessarily implicating issues such as the competency, preparedness, efficiency, and morale" of their department. Id. at 710 (internal quotations omitted). The Ninth Circuit rejected this rationale, reasoning that "a simple reference to government functioning" has never been held to "automatically qualif[y] as speech on a matter of public concern. To the contrary... the fact that speech contains passing references to public safety, incidental to the message conveyed weighs against a finding of public concern." Id. at 711 (internal quotation omitted).
Id. Moreover, a court must "look to what the employees actually said, not what they say they said after the fact." Id. "[T]he plain language of the grievances" in Desrochers did "not directly address police competence ... but rather indicates that [the officers] were involved in a personality dispute centered on [the Lieutenant]'s management style." Id. at 712.
Id. at 712. In sum, the Ninth Circuit concluded:
Id. at 713.
A different outcome may be appropriate where an employee complains about or
In Thomas, the Ninth Circuit emphasized that the superior's treatment of the clerk "need not have been actually unlawful for Thomas' opposition to be protected expression." Id. (citing Ceballos, 361 F.3d at 1179 (concluding that an assistant district attorney engaged in protected speech when he alleged criminal wrongdoing by an officer even though those allegations proved to be erroneous); Johnson v. Multnomah County, Or., 48 F.3d 420, 424 (9th Cir.1995) (holding that an employee's accusations of mismanagement and possible criminal conduct against her immediate supervisor constituted speech of public concern even though they were recklessly false)). Nor must an employee explicitly indicate to the defendant a belief that defendant's acts were unlawful; "[r]ather, she may convey an implicit message of disapproval of the illegality of the activity through her conduct by refusing to facilitate or participate in it." Id. (citing Nunez v. Davis, 169 F.3d 1222, 1227-28 (9th Cir. 1999) (holding that an employee's refusal to limit attendees at training seminars to those court employees who had worked on her supervisor's re-election campaign was expressive conduct on a matter of public concern)). The Ninth Circuit concluded that there was sufficient evidence to create a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Thomas' refusal to acquiesce in the defendant's allegedly retaliatory treatment of the clerk was expressive conduct on a matter of public concern. Id. at 811.
Here, according to Hart's Declaration:
(Hart TFD Decl. ¶¶ 3-4.) This is evidence that Hart explicitly refused to participate in what he believed to be unlawful conduct. Defendants' contention that Hart's speech was limited to concerns about internal discipline and morale (see Doc. 81 at 4) are unfounded. The record indicates that, among other things, Hart believed that Powers was retaliating against Oyarzo because Oyarzo disciplined and reported firefighters for safety violations. (Hart Depo. at 171:9-15.) Hart based this belief on comments Powers made to him. (Id. at 172: 7-8). The record further indicates that Hart told members of TFD's board about his beliefs. (Id.) This goes beyond a personality dispute and raises issues of public concern. The conduct about which Hart complained need not actually be unlawful for it to qualify. Thomas, 379 F.3d at 809.
Analysis of the form of the speech supports the conclusion that Hart spoke on a matter of public concern. In Desrochers, the fact that the speech took the form of an internal employee grievance "means that the public was never made aware of [the two officers'] concerns." 572 F.3d at 714. Likewise, although Thomas communicated to her immediate supervisor and other court employees her disagreement with the allegedly unlawful treatment of the clerk, she did not "attempt to inform the general public about the allegedly retaliatory practices." Thomas, 379 F.3d at 810.
"That the employee expressed his views inside his office, rather than publicly, is not dispositive." Desrochers, 572 F.3d at 714 (quoting Garcetti, 547 U.S. 410, 126 S.Ct. 1951) (internal modification incorporated); Thomas, 379 F.3d at 810. However, "[a] limited audience weighs against a claim of protected speech." Desrochers, 572 F.3d at 714 (internal quotation and citation omitted).
Id. at 714-15 (internal quotations and citations omitted). Nevertheless, "[b]ecause content is the most important factor, we have concluded that speech about a matter of public concern may be protected even when made in a private context." Thomas, 379 F.3d at 810-11 (citing Ceballos, 361 F.3d at 1174 (holding that a memorandum given to the employee's supervisors was protected speech when the memorandum
Here, Hart maintains that he complained about Powers' treatment of Oyarzo to Powers himself and to several members of the TFD Board, thereby airing his views in an effective forum.
Finally, the context of the speech supports the conclusion that Hart spoke on a matter of public concern. "[I]n ascertaining when speech ... rises to a level of public concern," a court should also examine "the context of the speech, particularly the point of the speech." Id. at 715 (internal citation and quotation omitted). This boils down to a question of motivation.
Id. (quoting Connick, 461 U.S. at 148, 103 S.Ct. 1684). "The question of whether the speech was made to further some purely private interest is relevant to that inquiry, as is a determination of whether the speech was made in the context of a workplace power struggle." Id. (internal quotations and citations omitted).
In Desrochers, the two officers argued that "the context in which their speech was uttered suggests that they were motivated, not by a personal vendetta against [their superior], but rather out of a concern for the well-being of the" police department as a whole. Id. While finding that the record contained some support for their claims of altruistic motivation, the undisputed evidence also indicated that the two officers were motivated by their dissatisfaction with their employment situation brought on by "a difference of personalities between" them and their Lieutenant. Id. The Ninth Circuit concluded that the officers' speech was "merely an extension" of the running spat between the players. Id. at 716 (internal quotation and citation omitted). "The ultimate source of the grievances can be traced to the simple fact that the sergeants and [their Lieutenant] did not get along. They preferred a particular management style, and he employed another." Id. Accordingly, the speech was not a matter of public concern. Id.
Here, assuming the truth of Hart's undisputed Declaration, Hart spoke out on Oyarzo's behalf believing that Oyarzo had been the victim of unlawful retaliation. This was not a purely internal grievance about management style.
Defendants do not argue that Hart spoke as a public employee, as opposed to as a private citizen. This is logical because "common sense dictates that [p]laintiff's remark that she would not participate in illegal activity was not within Plaintiff's job duties — employees are generally not paid to inform a superior that they will not participate in illegal conduct proposed by that superior." Dowell v. Cnty. of Contra Costa, 2013 WL 2181653 (N.D.Cal. May 20, 2013).
If a plaintiff spoke on a matter of public concern as a private citizen, rather than as a public employee, the next step is to determine "whether the plaintiff's protected speech was a substantial or motivating factor in the adverse employment action." Huppert, 574 F.3d at 702. First, this requires inquiry into whether an adverse employment action took place. "To constitute an adverse employment action, a government act of retaliation need not be severe and it need not be of a certain kind. Nor does it matter whether an act of retaliation is in the form of the removal of a benefit or the imposition of a burden." Coszalter v. City of Salem, 320 F.3d 968, 975 (9th Cir.2003). "The proper inquiry is whether the action is `reasonably likely to deter employees from engaging in protected activity.'" Dahlia v. Rodriguez, 689 F.3d 1094, 1107, reh'g en banc granted, 704 F.3d 1043 (9th Cir.2012) (quoting Coszalter, 320 F.3d at 976).
To show that retaliation was a substantial or motivating factor behind an adverse employment action, a plaintiff can:
Anthoine v. N. Cent. Counties Consortium, 605 F.3d 740, 750 (9th Cir.2010) (emphasis added).
Defendant Powers moves for summary judgment on Hart's retaliation claim. (Doc. 66-3 at 11-21.) Hart alleges Powers subjected him to various adverse employment actions, including: (1) removing Hart from a shift in which he would have served
It is undisputed that Powers was Hart's superior at TFD. (PSUF #8.) Hart refused to assist Powers' efforts to gather complaints against Oyarzo in June 2010. (Hart Decl. ¶¶ 3-4). At some point during that summer, Powers transferred Hart to Powers' own shift, ostensibly so they could work together more "smoothly." (Id. at ¶¶ 5-6; Powers Depo. 132:3-143:3.) At the same time, two other firefighters, Nick Ohler and Jason Podesta, were each placed in charge of the remaining two shifts. (Powers Depo. 143:18-146:10; 147:17-148:15.) This, in effect, meant that Hart was removed from a shift on which he would have been the duty officer in Oyarzo's absence and moved to a shift where he was working under Powers' supervision, while two other firefighters were given "duty officer" responsibilities. There appears to be no dispute that these shift changes occurred. Transferring job duties from the target of alleged retaliation to others may constitute an adverse employment action. Yartzoff v. Thomas, 809 F.2d 1371, 1376 (9th Cir.1987).
Because this shift change occurred in close proximity to Hart's speech, Hart has established temporal proximity between his speech and the adverse action.
In addition, as discussed above, Hart has presented evidence that Powers requested Hart's assistance in the collection of complaints against Oyarzo. (Hart Decl. ¶ 3.) Hart refused to participate in the effort and indicated to Powers his belief that Powers' efforts were unlawful. (Id. at ¶ 4.) Powers then accused Hart of "playing both sides of the fence," which Hart interpreted as an accusation of disloyalty. (Id.; see also Hart Depo. 130:11-13.) For purposes of summary judgment this is sufficient proof that "the employer expressed opposition to [Hart's] speech." Anthoine, 605 F.3d at 750.
The burden then shifts to Defendants to demonstrate that they "would have reached the same adverse employment decision even in the absence of the employee's protected conduct." Eng, 552 F.3d at 1072.
Therefore, Defendant Powers' motion for summary judgment on this alleged adverse action is DENIED.
Hart also claims that some of his job duties were transferred to Interns. Specifically, on calls Hart previously would sit in the passenger seat, where he would talk on the radio to dispatch and use maps to get the firefighters to a scene. (Hart Depo. at 1374: 138:9.) Hart claims that after his falling out with Powers, Powers gave those responsibilities to an intern. (Id.)
Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to Powers, a finder of fact could conclude that Powers transferred a job responsibility from Hart to others, which arguably constitutes an adverse action. Yartzoff, 809 F.2d at 1376. Again, because all of this occurred in close temporal proximity to Hart's speech, Hart has satisfied his burden to establish an adverse action that is causally connected to his First Amendment activities.
Defendant does not dispute these facts. Instead Defendant argues that because it was undisputed that Powers was Hart's superior, Powers was "in charge when they went on calls together" and it was "reasonable for Powers to allow an intern to take the captain's seat and the duties that come along with that position for training purposes." (Doc. 81 at 8.) However, Defendant cites no evidence or caselaw in support of this assertion. The record does not even reflect that Powers claimed this shift in responsibilities was for training purposes. This is insufficient to sustain Defendant Powers' burden under the fifth Eng step.
Defendant Powers' motion for summary judgment is DENIED as to this asserted adverse action.
Hart also claims he was mocked and ostracized by his co-workers at Powers' direction. Hart's evidence in support of this assertion is vague and non-specific.
Moreover, being scolded and or bad-mouthed by others in the workplace does not constitute an adverse action. Nunez v. City of Los Angeles, 147 F.3d 867, 875 (9th Cir.1998). Defendants Powers' motion for summary judgment is GRANTED as to this asserted adverse action.
Hart complains that he was forced to work 48-hour shifts on his own while Oyarzo was on medical leave beginning in September 2010. This appears to be undisputed. Kenneth Hockett admits that he was unable to assign any other firefighter to Hart's shift because "we didn't have the staffing for that and folks weren't willing to work with [Hart]." (Hockett Depo. 157:12-18.)
However, there is no evidence connecting Powers to this conduct. Powers' motion for summary judgment as to this asserted adverse action is GRANTED.
Around the time of the other asserted adverse actions discussed above, Defendant Hockett instituted the use of a "passdown log" at the TFD firehouse, whereby certain daily activities would be logged in writing to ensure better communication when shifts changed. (See Hockett Depo. 93:18-20.) Hockett claims the procedure was designed simply to improve communication. (Id.) Defendant Powers believed use of the passdown log was meant to simulate the verbal communications that would normally occur between shifts; because the firefighters were not all getting along, the passdown log meant that they "didn't have to talk to one another." (Powers Depo. 176:3-7.) Powers also explained that firefighters were supposed to read the entries made by the shift immediately preceding their own. (Id. 178:15-20.)
On October 21, 2010, a community member contacted TFD to request that the District be present at the funeral of a former volunteer fire chief on Monday, October 25, 2010. (Podesta Depo. 98:9-99:9.) Jason Podesta, the duty officer in charge that day, recorded the phone call in the passdown log. (Id. 99:14-17.) Powers relieved Podesta on October 22, 2010 and worked through the morning of October 24, 2010. (Pltf. Ex. D11 (TFD 3440-41).) Powers recorded entries for October 22, 2010 and October 23, 2010, but made no mention of the funeral request in the entry immediately preceding Hart's shift. (Id.)
Plaintiffs assert that Powers deliberately omitted the funeral request from the passdown log entry just prior to Hart's shift, expecting that Hart would be disciplined if he failed to show up to represent the Department. The evidence cited in support of this assertion establishes only that Powers believed the next shift was only responsible for reading entries from the shift before, (Powers Depo. 178:17-20), and that Powers believed there should be some discipline for a firefighter who failed to show up at a location when required to do so, (id. 197:15-22). This fails to support, even circumstantially, the assertion and speculation that Powers' deliberately
Powers' motion for summary judgment as to this asserted adverse action is GRANTED.
Defendant Hockett moves for summary judgment on Hart's retaliation claim. (Doc. 66-3 at 11-21; Doc. 67-1 at 20-21.) Hart asserts that Hockett: (1) joined in the retaliation against Hart; (2) forced Hart to work his shifts alone while Oyarzo was on medical leave; and (3) disciplined Hart for allowing Nick Burns to volunteer at TFD; and (4) disciplined Hart for failing to attend the funeral on October 25, 2010. (See Doc. 82 at 20-23.)
Hart complains that "[d]espite having been informed by both Oyarzo and Hart of the retaliatory campaign instituted against Hart by TFD employees, [Hockett] took no action to protect Hart" and instead "joined in the retaliation against Hart." (Doc. 82 at 20-21.) First, although there may be a cause of action for failure to prevent certain types of harassment, Fuller v. City of Oakland, 47 F.3d 1522, 1528 (9th Cir.1995); see also Steiner v. Showboat Operating Co., 25 F.3d 1459, 1464 (9th Cir.1994) (when employee is sexually harassed, the "only question is whether [the employer] is relieved of liability for [the harasser's] actions because it took sufficient disciplinary and remedial action in response to [the employee's] complaints."), the Court is unaware of any authority that would render the supervisor himself personally liable under a failure to prevent theory, cf. Fiol v. Doellstedt, 50 Cal.App.4th 1318, 1326, 58 Cal.Rptr.2d 308 (1996) ("Mere knowledge that a tort is being committed and the failure to prevent it does not constitute aiding and abetting.... More specifically, a supervisor is not liable to third parties for the acts of his or her subordinates."); see also Hansen v. Black, 885 F.2d 642, 645-46 (9th Cir.1989) ("A supervisor may be liable [under 42 U.S.C. § 1983] if there exists either (1) his or her personal involvement in the constitutional deprivation, or (2) a sufficient causal connection between the supervisor's wrongful conduct and the constitutional violation.").
Hart's generic accusation that Hockett "joined in the retaliation" against Hart cannot be sustained. Hockett's conduct must be examined based upon Hockett's own affirmative conduct.
As described above, it is undisputed that Hart was required to work 48-hour shifts on his own while Oyarzo was on medical leave beginning in September 2010. Kenneth Hockett admits that he was unable to assign any other firefighter to Hart's shift because [TFD] "we didn't have the staffing for that and folks weren't willing to work with [Hart]." (Hockett Depo. 157:12-18.)
Defendants argue that placement of Hart on a shift by himself cannot possibly constitute an adverse action because he did not object to being assigned to the shift on his own. Although Hart initially informed Hockett via email that Hart was "not worried" about working alone and would "do fine" on a shift by himself (Hockett Exhibit B5), Hart stated in his declaration filed in response to TFD's motion for summary judgment that he later complained to both Hockett and Stephenie Burns about the "hazardous environment" that resulted from working
Hart has also satisfied his initial burden of demonstrating circumstantial evidence that this adverse action was motivated by his protected speech because he was assigned to work shifts on his own starting in September 2010, after Oyarzo left on medical leave. (See Hart Decl., Doc. 82-5, ¶ 8.) This was in very close proximity to Hart complaining to Hockett in August 2010 that he was being retaliated against for supporting Oyarzo. (Id. ¶ 8.)
Defendant Hockett's motion for summary judgment is DENIED as to this asserted adverse action.
Hart asserts that Hockett disciplined him for allowing a volunteer firefighter, Nick Burns, to volunteer with him at the firehouse; Hockett "contacted Hart by telephone and interrogated him for approximately 30 minutes before threatening Hart with discipline" for allowing Nick Burns to volunteer; and placed a written reprimand in Hart's file. (Doc. 82 at 21-22.)
It is undisputed that on October 12, 2010, Nick Burns, Board Member Stephenie Burns' son, volunteered at TFD during Hart's shift. (See MSUF #126; Hockett Ex. B8.) In a letter, Hart admits that on October 12, Nick Burns came by the firehouse and told Hart that he had turned in an application to volunteer but "never heard back." (Hockett Ex. B9.) Despite this, Hart simply "issued him a set of turnouts" (i.e., protective clothing) and permitted Hart to stay the night in the firehouse. (Id.) According to Hart's version of events, when Hockett learned of this, Hockett told Hart that no one could "be hired or fired" at that time, and that "we need to get our ducks in a row" by making sure Nick had a physical and was covered by TFD's insurance. (Id.) Hockett told Hart to call Burns to tell him not to come back to the firehouse "because of the `duck in a row' issues." (Id.)
On October 18, 2010, while Hart was on his next shift, Stephenie Burns called Hart to let him know that Nick Burns had his physical and that Nick Burns, who had "every right to volunteer" would be down to help on his shift. (Id.) On October 20, when Hockett found out that Nick Burns was once again volunteering at the firehouse, they had a conversation about the "hire and fire process" during which Hart explained that he didn't understand that using a volunteer was part of the "hire and fire process" and that he apparently misunderstood
Hockett wrote up a formal "Record of Discussion" on the incident, Dated November 1, 2010, that was added to Hart's personnel file. (Hockett Ex. B8.) Issuance of a formal letter of reprimand is an adverse action for First Amendment/Section 1983 purposes. See Fonseca v. Sysco Food Services of Arizona, Inc., 374 F.3d 840, 847 (9th Cir.2004) (warning letter or negative review can be an adverse employment action).
Plaintiff Hart has satisfied his initial burden of demonstrating circumstantial evidence that this adverse action was motivated by his protected speech because the issuance of the letter on November 1, 2012 was in close proximity to Hart complaining to Hockett in August 2010. (See Hart Decl. ¶ 8.) See Coszalter, 320 F.3d at 977 ("three to eight months is easily within a time range that can support an inference of retaliation"); Salem v. Terhune, 72 Fed. Appx. 670, 672 (9th Cir.2003) (where protected activity took place in May and retaliation occurred between August and October of the same year, temporal proximity sufficient to survive summary judgment).
The burden then shifts to Defendants to "that it would have reached the same adverse employment decision even in the absence of the employee's protected conduct." Eng, 552 F.3d at 1072. "In other words, it may avoid liability by showing that the employee's protected speech was not a but-for cause of the adverse employment action." Id. (citing Mt. Healthy City School Dist. Bd. of Educ. v. Doyle, 429 U.S. 274, 287, 97 S.Ct. 568, 50 L.Ed.2d 471 (1977)):
Id. (internal quotations and citation omitted). Summary judgment would be appropriate only if the public entity established "without dispute by the plaintiff, that it would have made the same employment decisions even absent the questioned speech." Id.
Here, it is undisputed that Hockett believed Hart's conduct in connection with Nick Burns was insubordination. (Hockett Ex. B8.) However, Hart has presented evidence tending to call into question Hockett's justification for reprimanding Hart over the incident in the form of Hart's own, contemporaneous letter in response to Hockett's "Record of Discussion," which recounts his own version of the events. (Hockett Ex. B9.) If Hart's version is believed, Hart simply misunderstood Hockett's instructions and/or received conflicting instructions from another TFD board member. Accordingly, Defendants' motion for summary judgment on this asserted adverse action is DENIED.
As described above, around the time of the other asserted adverse actions, Defendant Hockett instituted the use of the
Defendants do not question whether this constitutes an adverse action. As with the Nick Burns "Record of Discussion," this constitutes a disciplinary action. See Fonseca, 374 F.3d at 847. Likewise, this disciplinary action was taken less than three months after Hockett was informed by Hart and Oyarzo of their belief that Hart was suffering retaliation for supporting Oyarzo. See Coszalter, 320 F.3d at 977; Salem, 72 Fed.Appx. at 672.
The burden again shifts to Defendants to establish that Hart's protected speech was not the "but-for" cause of the disciplinary action. Defendants appear to suggest that the action was otherwise justified and therefore that they would have taken the action despite the speech, but the record calls this assertion into dispute. Among other things, Ben Orr, another Board member, testified to his belief that Hockett's insistence upon disciplining Hart for this incident was "petty." (Orr Depo. at 242: 19-25; 243:9-11 ("I have no idea what [Hockett] was thinking. I just didn't like it. I wasn't comfortable with it.").) The record does not permit a finding that Defendant Hockett is entitled to summary judgment as to this asserted adverse action.
Defendant Hockett's motion for summary judgment as to this asserted adverse action is DENIED.
The Individual Defendants maintain that even if summary judgment is not warranted on Hart's First Amendment claims, they are entitled to qualified immunity because they reasonably believed their actions were lawful. (Doc. 66-3 at 13-16, 21; Doc. 67-1 at 14-17, 22; Doc. 69-3 at 13-16, 22; Doc. 70-1 at 13-17, 22.)
Qualified immunity shields government officials performing discretionary functions from liability for civil damages unless their conduct violates clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known. Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 638-40, 107 S.Ct. 3034, 97 L.Ed.2d 523 (1987). "Qualified immunity is an entitlement not to stand trial or face the other burdens of litigation." Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 200, 121 S.Ct. 2151, 150 L.Ed.2d 272 (2001) (internal quotation omitted), abrogated on other grounds by Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 129 S.Ct. 808, 172 L.Ed.2d 565 (2009). This privilege is "an immunity from suit rather than a mere defense to liability; and like an absolute immunity, it is effectively lost if a case is erroneously permitted to go to trial." Id. at 200-01, 121 S.Ct. 2151. Thus, the Supreme Court "repeatedly [has] stressed the importance of resolving immunity questions at the earliest possible stage in litigation." Id. at 201, 121 S.Ct. 2151 (internal quotation omitted). Saucier established a two-step inquiry for determining whether an official is entitled to qualified immunity. See Pearson, 555 U.S. at 232, 129 S.Ct. 808; Saucier, 533
The Supreme Court subsequently determined that "while the sequence set forth [in Saucier] is often appropriate, it should no longer be regarded as mandatory." Pearson, 555 U.S. at 236, 129 S.Ct. 808. Instead, lower courts may "exercise their sound discretion in deciding which of the two prongs of the qualified immunity analysis should be addressed first in light of the circumstances in the particular case at hand." Id.
To determine whether the law was clearly established, courts in the Ninth Circuit must first look to binding precedent. Chappell v. Mandeville, 706 F.3d 1052, 1056 (9th Cir.2013) "If none is on point, we may consider other decisional law." Id. A court "need not find that the very action in question has previously been held unlawful, but, rather, [] whether a reasonable officer would have had fair notice that the action was unlawful, and that any mistake to the contrary would have been unreasonable." Id. at 1056-57.
Defendants point to Lytle v. Wondrash, 182 F.3d 1083, 1085 (9th Cir.1999), in which a teacher claimed her school district employer retaliated against her for previously filing a lawsuit. In the previous lawsuit, she alleged the district transferred and disciplined her for publically criticizing a school education program. Id. She prevailed in that lawsuit and was reinstated. Id. The plaintiff later claimed that after she returned to work she was again retaliated against for filing that lawsuit. Id. at 1085-86. The key question was whether her right to file the previous lawsuit was outweighed by "any adversely affected interest of the public employer in promoting efficient delivery of public services." Id. at 1088. This required application of the Pickering balancing test, which calls upon a court to consider the
Pickering, 391 U.S. at 568, 88 S.Ct. 1731.
The Lytle court found that several of the Pickering factors favored defendants, including the "employer's need to maintain an efficient and cohesive school environment" and "preventing disruption spawned by Lytle's prior litigation." Lytle, 182 F.3d at 1088. Finding that Lytle's prior
Defendants argue that a similar result is warranted here because at the time of Hart's speech and the alleged retaliatory acts, TFD was "an organization experiencing a near mutiny." (See Doc. 66-3 at 21 (qualified immunity arguments leveled against Oyarzo's claims); Doc. 67-1 at 22 (relying on the same arguments to attack Hart's claims).) Defendants assert that the discord within TFD concerned the complaints levied against Oyarzo by interns and other employees. (MSUF #44.) Hart's protected speech was allegedly made in support of Oyarzo. However, Hart has elicited evidence that at least arguably demonstrates that he spoke out because he believed the treatment of Oyarzo by others at TFD was unlawful. "A series of cases in the Ninth Circuit establish[] that the public's interest in learning about illegal conduct by public officials and other matters at the core of the First Amendment protection outweighs a [public] employer's interest in avoiding a mere potential disturbance to the workplace." Keyser v. Sacramento City Unified Sch. Dist., 265 F.3d 741, 748 (9th Cir.2001) (discussing previous holdings).
Individual Defendants' motions for summary judgment as to Hart's First Amendment claims on qualified immunity grounds are DENIED.
To succeed on a claim for deterrence of protected speech, a plaintiff "must provide evidence showing that by his actions the defendant deterred or chilled the plaintiff's political speech and such deterrence was a substantial motivating factor in the defendant's conduct." Mendocino Envt'l Ctr. v. Mendocino Cnty., 192 F.3d 1283, 1300 (9th Cir.1999). A plaintiff need not "demonstrate that his speech was actually inhibited or suppressed." Id. Rather, plaintiff is only required to demonstrate that defendants "intended to interfere" with his or her First Amendment Rights. Id. (internal citations and quotations omitted). Intent to inhibit speech can be demonstrated either through direct or circumstantial evidence. Id. at 1300-01. "Because it would be unjust to allow a defendant to escape liability for a First Amendment violation merely because an unusually determined plaintiff persists in his protected activity, ... the proper inquiry asks whether an official's acts would chill or silence a person of ordinary firmness from future First Amendment activities." Id. at 1300 (internal citations and quotations omitted).
Plaintiffs do not clearly distinguish between the retaliation and deterrence claims in this case, citing the same evidence in support of both groups of
Hart claims to have spoken out on Oyarzo's behalf during the summer or early fall of 2010. (See Hart Depo. 150:13-21, 171:9-15, 186:15-188:15.) The latest actual date Hart gives for any such speech is in late August 2010. (Hart Depo at 187:17-18.) Oyarzo was returned to his job at the rank of Captain on September 6, 2010. (MSUF #9.) From September 27, 2010 through December 11, 2010, Oyarzo was on medical leave. (MSUF #11.) There is no suggestion in the record that Oyarzo's job status was in danger during his medical leave. However, the general standard for deterrence inquires whether a defendant's "acts would chill or silence a person of ordinary firmness from future First Amendment activities." Mendocino Envtl. Ctr., 192 F.3d at 1300 (emphasis added). Defendants do not identify and the Court cannot locate any authority limiting "future First Amendment activities" to speech on the very same subject about which plaintiff may have previously spoken.
Having been presented with no legal bases upon which to reach different conclusions as to the retaliation and deterrence claims, those claims rise and fall with the retaliation claims. Where there is proof of an adverse action, the Court
The Thirteenth Cause of Action is for "harassment" under California's Fair Employment & Housing Act, Cal. Gov.Code § 12940, et seq. This claim is brought by Oyarzo against Defendants Turner and Hutchins and by Hart against Defendants Hockett and Powers.
The FEHA Claim alleges that "Defendants Turner and Hutchins intentionally subjected [Oyarzo] to pervasive and harmful, annoying, humiliating, and distressing treatment on the basis of his age and marital status with the intent to annoy, threaten, or offend him." (SAC ¶ 130.) Defendants Turner and Hutchins move for summary judgment on this claim. (Doc. 69-3 at 22-24; Doc. 70-1 at 22-24.) Oyarzo does not oppose these motions because "discovery in this case has demonstrated that while animus regarding Oyarzo's age and marital status played a role in Turner's and Hutchins' willingness to terminate Oyarzo's employment, Turner's and Hutchins' repeated retaliatory acts against Oyarzo stemmed from their anger with Oyarzo for his actual and anticipated annexation efforts," meaning that "the harassment to which Oyarzo was subjected by Turner and Hutchins was not motivated by Oyarzo's protected status under Government Code § 12900 et seq." (Doc. 82 at 28.) Accordingly, Turner's and Hutchins' motions for summary judgment on Oyarzo's FEHA claim are GRANTED.
The FEHA claim alleges, among other things, that Defendant Powers "subjected him to pervasive and harmful, annoying, humiliating, and distressing treatment on the basis of his association with Mr. OYARZO who was harassed and discriminated against based on his age and marital status with the intent to annoy, threaten, or offend him." (SAC ¶ 131.)
Powers moves for summary judgment on this claim. (Doc. 66-3 at 21-23.) Hart does not oppose the motion because "discovery in this case has demonstrated that the associational harassment Hart suffered at the hands of Powers stemmed from Powers' anger with Oyarzo for having reported safety violations rather than from Powers' discriminatory animus toward Oyarzo's age or marital status." (Doc. 78 at 12.)
Defendant Hockett also moves for summary judgment on this claim. (Doc. 67-1 at 22-24.) For the same reason, Hart does not oppose this motion. (Doc. 82 at 28.)
Accordingly, Defendant Hockett's and Defendant Powers' motions for summary judgment on Hart's FEHA claim are GRANTED.
Powers moves for summary judgment as to Oyarzo's prayer for punitive damages against him. Oyarzo does not object to this motion. (Doc. 78 at 13.) Accordingly, and because Oyarzo's first amendment claims do not survive summary judgment,
All of the Individual Defendants move for summary judgment that Oyarzo and Hart cannot sustain claims for punitive damages as to any of their remaining claims. (Doc. 81 at 10; Doc. 90 at 25.) To recover punitive damages against an individual officer in a § 1983 case, a plaintiff must show that the officers' conduct is "motivated by evil motive or intent" or "involves reckless or callous indifference to the federally protected rights of others." Smith v. Wade, 461 U.S. 30, 56, 103 S.Ct. 1625, 75 L.Ed.2d 632 (1983). The Ninth Circuit has further explained that "[t]he standard for punitive damages under § 1983 mirrors the standard for punitive damages under common law tort cases," which extends to "malicious, wanton, or oppressive acts or omissions." Dang v. Cross, 422 F.3d 800, 807 (9th Cir.2005) (citing Wade, 461 U.S. at 49, 54, 103 S.Ct. 1625). Punitive damages may be available in a § 1983 suit "even in the absence of a compensable injury"; indeed, "[i]n such situations `punitive damages may be the only significant remedy available.'" Mendez v. Cnty. of San Bernardino, 540 F.3d 1109, 1122 (9th Cir.2008) (quoting Wade, 461 U.S. at 55 n. 21, 103 S.Ct. 1625).
The standard for awarding punitive damages under California law is similar. Under California law, punitive damages may be appropriate "where it is proven by clear and convincing evidence that the defendant has been guilty of oppression, fraud, or malice." Cal. Civ.Code § 3294. Malice may be shown where the defendant exhibits "the motive and willingness to vex, harass, annoy, or injure," Nolin v. Nat'l Convenience Stores, Inc., 95 Cal.App.3d 279, 285, 157 Cal.Rptr. 32 (1979) (internal quotation marks omitted), or a "conscious disregard of the rights and safety of others," Potter v. Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., 6 Cal.4th 965, 1000, 25 Cal.Rptr.2d 550, 863 P.2d 795 (1993). A plaintiff may establish malice "by indirect evidence from which the jury may draw inferences." Taylor v. Superior Court, 24 Cal.3d 890, 894, 157 Cal.Rptr. 693, 598 P.2d 854 (1979).
Defendants argue that there is no evidence to support punitive damages claims in this case because there is no evidence any of the Individual Defendants acted with an evil motive or reckless indifference to rights. This argument ignores the balance of authority indicating that if a plaintiff is able to establish intentional discriminatory conduct (an element of both retaliation and deterrence First Amendment claims), that plaintiff "would by definition have satisfied the requirement for showing the `reckless indifference' required for an award of punitive damages." Stender v. Lucky Stores, Inc., 803 F.Supp. 259, 324 (N.D.Cal.1992); see also Lucid v. City & Cnty. of San Francisco, 774 F.Supp. 1234, 1240 (N.D.Cal.1991) (refusing to grant defense motion regarding punitive damages in First Amendment case where plaintiffs contended defendants harassed plaintiffs and threatened plaintiffs with termination). Evidence of retaliation can satisfy the standard. Hemmings v. Tidyman's Inc., 285 F.3d 1174, 1199 (9th Cir.2002) (punitive damages award withstood challenge where defendants excluded plaintiffs from decision making process and harassed plaintiffs after they filed a discrimination complaint); Passantino v. Johnson Consumer Prods., Inc., 212 F.3d 493, 514-516 (9th Cir.2000) (evidence of retaliation was "unquestionably sufficient" to satisfy the "malice or reckless indifference"
Because none of Oyarzo's claims against Individual Defendants have survived summary judgment, the remaining Individual Defendants are entitled to summary judgment on Oyarzo's punitive damages prayer against them.
Because, based upon the undisputed evidence and Hart's evidence viewed in a light most favorable to him, a finder of fact might reasonably find that Powers and/or Hockett retaliated against Hart for protected speech, a finder of fact might also find that Powers and/or Hart acted with malice or reckless disregard of Hart's rights. Powers and Hockett's motions for summary judgment as to Plaintiffs' punitive damages prayers against them are DENIED.
Oyarzo's Third Cause of Action for retaliation is based in part on Oyarzo's July 2010 validation action. (SAC ¶ 78.) TFD moved for summary judgment on this issue, arguing there is no evidence to support this theory of relief. (Doc. 71-2 at 12.) Oyarzo does not oppose this argument. (See supra, Part IV.A.d.) Accordingly, TFD's motion for summary judgment as to Oyarzo's First Amendment retaliation claim based upon his validation action is GRANTED.
TFD moves for summary judgment on Hart's claims for First Amendment deterrence and retaliation based on his participation in in the annexation effort. (Doc. 71-2 at 8.) Hart did not respond to these arguments, and maintains only that Hart was deterred and retaliated against based upon his support for Oyarzo. (See Doc. 82 at 20-24.) TFD's motion for summary judgment on any First Amendment claim based upon Hart's annexation effort theory of liability is GRANTED.
Oyarzo and Hart's Fifth Cause of Action for violation of Due Process against TFD is based in part on the allegation that Oyarzo and Hart were deprived of a liberty interest in their employment. (SAC ¶¶ 86-87.) TFD moved for summary judgment on this claim. (Doc. 71-2 at 12-13; Doc. 72-1 at 14-15.) Neither Hart nor Oyarzo opposed this argument. Accordingly, TFD' motions for summary judgment as to any deprivation of a liberty interest claim are GRANTED.
Oyarzo and Heart's Sixth Cause of action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against TFD is premised in part on the existence of a TFD official policy, custom, or practice of tolerating, encouraging and/or approving violations of employee's constitutional rights to engage in political activity and to due process of law. (SAC ¶ 94.) TFD moved for summary judgment on this issue, arguing there is no evidence to support this theory of liability. (Doc. 71-2 at 15-16; Doc. 72-1 at 16-18.) Oyarzo and Hart fail to contest this argument. (Doc. 88 at 20-22 (asserting only theories of ratification and longstanding practice)). Accordingly, TFD's motions for summary
The First Cause of action arises under the Fair Labor Standards Act ("FLSA"), 29 U.S.C. § 201, et seq., and is brought by Plaintiffs Oyarzo and Hart against TFD to obtain relief for hours worked without compensation. (FAC ¶¶ 65-69.) Hart and TFD have reached a settlement on Hart's FLSA claim (Doc. 74), leaving only Oyarzo's claim for uncompensated hours worked.
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 7(b)(1) provides: "A request for a court order must be made by motion. The motion must ... (B) state with particularity the grounds for seeking the order; and (C) state the relief sought." Plaintiffs complain that Defendants failed to include in their notice of motion any request or grounds for summary judgment as to Oyarzo's first cause of action, but admit that such a request, along with legal argument, was presented in the accompanying legal memorandum. (Doc. 88 at 12.) The Court can find no support for applying Rule 7 to bar Defendants from challenging Oyarzo's FLSA claim. Omission from the notice of motion of an argument contained within the contemporaneously filed memorandum in support cannot possibly prejudice Plaintiffs in any way. See Wallace v. Am. Tel. & Tel. Co., Inc., 460 F.Supp. 755, 758 n. 5 (E.D.N.Y.1978) (considering argument even though it was not set forth in the notice of motion where it was raised in the memorandum of law and reply).
The relevant standards are well established. Under the FLSA, an employer must play employees for all "hours worked." Alvarez v. IBP, Inc., 339 F.3d 894, 902 (9th Cir.2003) (citing 29 U.S.C. § 207). "Work not requested but suffered or permitted is work time." 29 C.F.R. § 785.11. The words "suffer" and "permit" mean "with the knowledge of the employer." Fox v. Summit King Mines, Ltd., 143 F.2d 926, 932 (9th Cir.1944). An employer who "knows or should have known that an employee is or was working" without compensation must comply with the provisions of the FLSA. Forrester v. Roth's I.G.A. Foodliner, Inc., 646 F.2d 413, 414 (9th Cir.1981); 29 C.F.R. § 785.12 (If an "employer knows or has reason to believe that the work is being performed," the employer must "count the time as hours worked.").
"However, where an employer has no knowledge that an employee is engaging in overtime work and that employee fails to notify the employer or deliberately prevents the employer from acquiring knowledge of the overtime work, the employer's failure to pay for the overtime hours is not a violation of [the FLSA]." Forrester, 646 F.2d at 414. In Forrester, the defendant employer was entitled to summary judgment where the employee "deliberately omitted" to include overtime hours in a time sheet "even though he admittedly knew that he would have been paid for those hours." Id. This is the case even though the employer may have known that the worker was putting in extra hours; to violate the FLSA, the employer must have knowledge (actual or constructive) that the time was unreported. "The relevant knowledge is not `I know that the employee was working,' but `I know the employee was working and not reporting his time.'" Raczkowski v. TC
In Forrester, the employee was aware that overtime was supposed to be recorded and knew that his employer regularly paid for reported overtime. Forrester v. Roth's I.G.A. Foodliner, Inc., 475 F.Supp. 630, 631 (D.Or.1979). Although the store manager observed Forrester on occasions when Forrester later claimed he had been working uncompensated overtime, there was no evidence that the manager was aware that those hours were uncompensated. Id. Had the manager even known of Forrester's normal work schedule, any inquiry into Forrester's wage records would have shown that he was being paid for approximately sixteen hours of overtime each pay period. Id. Nothing put the employer on notice that Forrester might have been working more than he claimed in overtime. Id.
During the relevant time period, Oyarzo was compensated on an hourly basis. Although the Board expressed an intention to make Oyarzo a salaried employee, this never happened, and he was paid at the hourly rate of $21.00 per hour from the time of his promotion to Chief through the end of his employment with TFD. (JSF ##C, F, T; Plaintiffs' Consolidated Response to TFD's Statement of Undisputed Material Fact ("CTFDSUF") #68.
Oyarzo presents evidence that members of TFD's board had certain
Oyarzo presents some evidence that the Board tracked TFD's finances. (Turner Depo. 70:5-70:18.) Stephenie Burns, in testimony cited by Plaintiffs, states that she repeatedly requested payroll records, but her requests were resisted by Turner and Hutchins. She was eventually permitted to review some records, although it is unclear whether any of those records would have revealed that Oyarzo was working extra hours without compensation. (Burns Depo. 52:4-53:4 (describing her persistent efforts to view payroll records at a board meeting); 190:22-192:5 (explaining that because of her insistence, payroll records were presented to the board on one occasion, but she was never permitted to see "who's making what.").) With reasonable diligence (such as by complying with Stephenie Burns' request to see more detailed payroll records), TFD should have acquired knowledge of how many hours Oyarzo was claiming on his timesheets. In light of TFD Board members' undisputed knowledge that Oyarzo was working more than his regularly scheduled hours, Oyarzo has presented sufficient evidence for his FLSA claim to survive summary judgment.
TFD's motion for summary judgment on Oyarzo's FLSA claim is DENIED.
The FAC contains three independent First Amendment claims (Second Cause of
Defendant TFD moves for summary judgment as to all of the federal constitutional claims, arguing (1) that the underlying constitutional claims fail as a matter of law; and (2) Plaintiff has failed to satisfy the requirements of Monell v. Department of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658, 690-91, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978).
As discussed above, supra Part IVA.2.b(s)(d), Oyarzo's First Amendment claims do not survive summary judgment. Because his Section 1983 First Amendment claims against TFD is derivative of his underlying First Amendment claim, TFD is entitled to summary judgment on Oyarzo's Section 1983 First Amendment Claims and his stand-alone First Amendment Claims.
TFD's challenges to the merits of Hart's First Amendment Claims mirror those presented by the Individual Defendants. Because Hart's underlying First Amendment claims have survived summary judgment, see supra Part IV.A.2.c, TFD is not entitled to summary judgment that Hart's underlying First Amendment claims fail as a matter of law.
The Fourteenth Amendment's procedural protection of property is a safeguard of the security of interests that a person has already acquired in specific benefits. Bd. of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 576, 92 S.Ct. 2701, 33 L.Ed.2d 548 (1972). To have a property interest in a governmental benefit, including employment, an individual must have an entitlement to the benefit. Id. at 577, 92 S.Ct. 2701. Such entitlements are created by "rules or understandings" that stem from an independent source, such as relevant statutes, regulations, and ordinances, or express or implied contracts. Id. ("the procedural due process protections of the Fourteenth Amendment apply only to deprivations of property interests, the existence and dimensions of which are defined by existing rules or understandings
To determine whether a protected property interest exists in a given instance, courts look to state law. WMX Techs., Inc. v. Miller, 80 F.3d 1315, 1318 (9th Cir.1996) ("We look to state law to define the dimension of a protected property interest."). The presumption in California is that all employees are at-will employees. Cal. Lab.Code § 2922. At-will employees are those who can be fired with or without cause, subject only to limits imposed by public policy. Foley v. Interactive Data Corp., 47 Cal.3d 654, 665, 254 Cal.Rptr. 211, 765 P.2d 373 (1988). If an employee is one who can be fired with or without cause, that employee does not have an expectation of continued employment. "A mere expectation that employment will continue does not create a property interest. If under state law, employment is at-will, then the claimant has no property interest in the job." Portman v. County of Santa Clara, 995 F.2d 898, 904 (9th Cir.1993) (internal citations omitted). "There is no right [solely] under the substantive due process clause to be terminable only for cause." Id. at 902 n. 1.
A public employee in California who can establish the existence of rules and understandings, promulgated and fostered by state officials, that justify his legitimate claim to continued employment absent sufficient cause, has a property interest in such continued employment within the purview of the due process clause. Skelly v. State Personnel Board, 15 Cal.3d 194, 207, 124 Cal.Rptr. 14, 539 P.2d 774 (1975) (state civil servant who achieved "permanent employee" status had property interest protected by due process). Caselaw affirmatively establishes that a "California police officer has a protected property right in his or her employment [that] derives largely from Cal. Gov.Code § 3304(b)." Barberic v. City of Hawthorne, 669 F.Supp. 985, 989 (C.D.Cal.1987) (emphasis added). Section 3304(b) provides that "[n]o punitive action, nor denial of promotion on grounds other than merit, shall be undertaken by any public agency against any public safety officer who has successfully completed the probationary period that may be required by his or her employing agency without providing the public safety officer with an opportunity for administrative appeal." Plaintiffs point out, correctly, that the parallel Government Code provision applicable to firefighters provides essentially identical protections. See Cal. Gov.Code § 3254 ("Punitive action or denial of promotion on grounds other than merit shall not be undertaken by any employing department or licensing or certifying agency against any firefighter who has successfully completed the probationary period without providing the firefighter with an opportunity for administrative appeal."). This Chapter of California's Government Code, otherwise known as the Firefighters Procedural Bill of Rights ("FPBOR"), defines "punitive action" to mean "any action that may lead to dismissal, demotion, suspension, reduction in salary, written reprimand, or transfer for purposes of punishment." Cal. Gov.Code § 3251(c). Pursuant to these provisions, as a general rule, a California Firefighter has a property interest in continued employment.
Defendants correctly point out that the FPBOR contains provisions specifically addressing the rights of Fire Chiefs. Among other things, section 3254(c) provides that "[n]othing in this subdivision shall be construed to create a
Hart claims that he was deprived of a protected property right when Hockett placed into Hart's personnel record a "Record of Discussion" following Hart's involvement with permitting Nick Burns to volunteer at the firehouse and a "Formal Warning" following Hart's failure to attend the October 2010 funeral. (See Doc. 88 at 19.) However, Plaintiffs cite no authority for the proposition that merely placing a disciplinary record in a personnel file amounts to a deprivation of a property interest protected by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Rather, available authority suggests placement of a reprimand letter in a personnel file does not, on its own support a due process claim. Lowe v. Kansas City Bd. of Police Com'rs, 841 F.2d 857, 858 (8th Cir. 1988) (placing in a police officer's personnel file a letter of reprimand, which did not result in any loss of rank or pay, did not deprive the officer of a constitutionally protected interest); Linhart v. Glatfelter, 771 F.2d 1004, 1008-09 (7th Cir.1985); see also Bloodworth v. City of Phoenix, 26 Fed.Appx. 679, 682 (9th Cir.2002) (unpublished) (relying on Lowe and Linhart).
As discussed above, Hart did have a protected property interest in his employment as a firefighter. Defendants have not pointed to any possible basis for exempting Hart from this general rule.
"Once it is determined that due process applies, the question remains what process is due." Ass'n for Los Angeles Deputy Sheriffs v. Cnty. of Los Angeles, 648 F.3d 986, 991 (9th Cir.2011). To
Brewster v. Board of Educ. of Lynnwood Unified School Dist., 149 F.3d 971, 983 (9th Cir.1998) (quoting Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 335, 96 S.Ct. 893, 47 L.Ed.2d 18 (1976)). Stated a simpler way, due process requires that "a person deprived of property be given an opportunity to be heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner." Armstrong v. Manzo, 380 U.S. 545, 552, 85 S.Ct. 1187, 14 L.Ed.2d 62 (1965).
Defendants make several complex arguments why no pre-termination hearing was required, why the legislative process satisfied any entitlement to a pre-termination hearing, and/or why Plaintiffs' due process claims should fail because they did not request either a pre-termination or post-termination hearing. In the interest of efficiency and to avoid ruling on unnecessary questions of law, the Court declines to address these arguments because Plaintiffs' have failed to satisfy Monell.
The question then becomes whether Plaintiffs have elicited any Monell evidence in connection with their surviving constitutional claims. Monell, 436 U.S. at 690-91, 98 S.Ct. 2018, provides that a municipality cannot be liable under § 1983 on a respondeat superior theory (i.e., simply because it employs someone who deprives another of constitutional rights). Rather, liability only attaches where the municipality itself causes the constitutional violation through a "policy or custom, whether made by its lawmakers or those whose edicts or acts may fairly be said to represent official policy." Id. at 694, 98 S.Ct. 2018. Therefore, municipal liability in a § 1983 case may be premised upon: (1) an official policy; (2) a "longstanding practice or custom which constitutes the standard operating procedure of the local government entity;" (3) the act of an "official whose acts fairly represent official policy such that the challenged action constituted official policy"; or (4) where "an official with final policy-making authority delegated that authority to, or ratified the decision of, a subordinate." Price v. Sery, 513 F.3d 962, 966 (9th Cir.2008). Plaintiffs advance both "pattern and practice" and "ratification" theories. (Doc. 88 at 20-21.)
To prevail on a pattern and practice claim, plaintiff must prove "the existence of a widespread practice that ... is so permanent and well settled as to constitute a `custom or usage' with the force of law." Gillette v. Delmore, 979 F.2d 1342, 1348 (9th Cir.1992) (quoting City of St. Louis v. Praprotnik, 485 U.S. 112, 127, 108 S.Ct. 915, 99 L.Ed.2d 107 (1988)).
Plaintiffs offer two examples of prior incidents they claim demonstrate a "widespread pattern and practice." First, according to Plaintiffs' evidence, former Chief Rex Buthmann was called before the Board three times in 2007, each time to receive some form of "performance evaluation,"
The remaining example offered by Plaintiffs concerns the treatment of former TFD Captain James Rafferty. According to Plaintiff's evidence, Rafferty was disciplined by the TFD Board and later placed on administrative probation without notice or a hearing. (See Doc. 88 at 21-22 (citing Rafferty Depo. 15-16, 24-27, 34-35).) Even assuming, arguendo, that Rafferty's placement on administrative probation without notice or a hearing violated Rafferty's due process rights, evidence of only one prior incident does not raise a triable fact as to whether there was a "pattern and practice" of unconstitutional conduct. See Meehan v. County of Los Angeles, 856 F.2d 102, 107 (9th Cir.1988). TFD is entitled to summary judgment as to any pattern and practice basis for a due process retaliation claim against TFD.
Neither the Buthmann nor the Rafferty examples even arguably support a pattern and practice of First Amendment retaliation, as there is absolutely no evidence that the Board's treatment of either was preceded by any protected activity. Accordingly, TFD is also entitled to summary judgment as to any pattern and practice basis for a First Amendment retaliation claim against TFD.
To show ratification, a plaintiff must prove that an "authorized policymaker[] approve[d] a subordinate's decision and the basis for it." Christie v. Iopa, 176 F.3d 1231, 1239 (9th Cir.1999) (quoting Praprotnik, 485 U.S. at 127, 108 S.Ct. 915); see also Lytle, 382 F.3d at 987.
Clouthier v. Cnty. of Contra Costa, 591 F.3d 1232, 1250 (9th Cir.2010) (internal citations and quotations omitted)
There is no ratification evidence presented regarding Hart's First Amendment claims. (See Doc. 88 at 20-22.) Therefore, TFD is entitled to summary judgment as to any ratification theory for Hart's First Amendment claims.
Plaintiffs assert that their ratification evidence comes in the form of "explicit ratification by the ultimate policymaker, the Board of Directors through the experiences of former employees Chief Rex Buthmann and Captain James Rafferty." (Doc. 88 at 21.) Plaintiffs misunderstand the nature of a ratification claim, which is concerned with whether the Board ratified the allegedly unlawful conduct of a subordinate at issue in this case, not whether they ratified prior incidents.
Plaintiffs advance no other Monell theories. Accordingly, Defendants are entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiffs' Section 1983 due process claims against TFD.
Hart alleges that TFD retaliated against him for reporting safety violations in violation of California Labor Code ("CLC") § 6310. (SAC ¶ 97.) CLC § 6310 prohibits
CLC § 6310(b).
"To establish a prima facie case of retaliation, a plaintiff must show that [1][]he engaged in a protected activity, [2] that [he] was thereafter subjected to adverse employment action by [his] employer, and [3] there was a causal link between the two." Muller v. Auto. Club of So. California, 61 Cal.App.4th 431, 451, 71 Cal.Rptr.2d 573 (1998), disapproved on other grounds by Colmenares v. Braemar Country Club, Inc., 29 Cal.4th 1019, 130 Cal.Rptr.2d 662, 63 P.3d 220 (2003), superceded by statute on other grounds as recognized by Bryan v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 307 F.Supp.2d 1108, 1113 (N.D.Cal. 2004) (internal citation and quotation omitted).
An activity is "protected" if it is "tethered to fundamental policies that are delineated in constitutional or statutory provisions." Green v. Ralee Eng'g Co., 19 Cal.4th 66, 71, 78 Cal.Rptr.2d 16, 960 P.2d 1046 (1998) (internal citation and quotation omitted).
Oyarzo states in his declaration that he reported safety violations to the TFD Board:
(Oyarzo TFD Decl., Doc. 89-4, ¶ 36.)
TFD argues that any reports Oyarzo made to the Board on this subject do not constitute "protected activity" for purposes of § 6310 because all such alleged safety violations were Oyarzo's direct responsibility and therefore cannot constitute "whistleblowing" activity under the Labor Code. (Doc. 72-1 at 19.) In support of this assertion, TFD cites Muniz v. United Parcel Serv., 731 F.Supp.2d 961, 969 (N.D.Cal. 2010) and Edgerly v. City of Oakland, 211 Cal.App.4th 1191, 1207, 150 Cal.Rptr.3d 425 (2012). Muniz concerned retaliation claims under California Labor Code § 98.6 and § 1102.5. Section 98.6 prohibits retaliation against employees who engage in a variety of protected conduct, while Section 1102.5 prohibits retaliation against employees who "disclos[e] information to a government
Muniz relied on McKenzie v. Renberg's Inc., 94 F.3d 1478, 1486 (10th Cir.1996), a case about the FLSA's retaliation prohibition, 29 U.S.C. 215 § (a)(3), which extends to employees who file a "complaint" or institute a "proceeding" or otherwise participate in such processes, see 29 U.S.C. § 215(a)(3). In McKenzie, the Tenth Circuit found that "it is the assertion of statutory rights (i.e., the advocacy of rights) by taking some action adverse to the company — whether via formal complaint, providing testimony in an FLSA proceeding, complaining to superiors about inadequate pay, or otherwise — that is the hallmark of protected activity under § 215(a)(3)." 94 F.3d at 1486. Because "McKenzie never crossed the line from being an employee merely performing her job as personnel director to an employee lodging a personal complaint about the wage and hour practices of her employer and asserting a right adverse to the company, McKenzie did not initiate a FLSA claim against the company on her own behalf or on behalf of anyone else." Id. Rather, "in her capacity as personnel manager, she informed the company that it was at risk of claims that might be instituted by others as a result of its alleged FLSA violations." Id. In order to engage in protected activity under § 215(a)(3), the employee must "step outside his or her role of representing the company and either file (or threaten to file) an action adverse to the employer, actively assist other employees in asserting FLSA rights, or otherwise engage in activities that reasonably could be perceived as directed towards the assertion of rights protected by the FLSA." Id. at 1486-87.
Likewise, in Edgerly, 211 Cal.App.4th at 1206-07, 150 Cal.Rptr.3d 425, an employee's refusal to honor reimbursement requests she believed were inappropriate did not constitute protected conduct under § 1102.5, which makes it unlawful for an employer to, among other things, retaliate against an employee "for refusing to participate in an activity that would result in a violation of state or federal statute, or a violation or noncompliance with a state or federal rule or regulation." Absent a showing of conduct that fell outside her normal work involvement, Edgerly did not engage in protected conduct. Id. at 1207, 150 Cal.Rptr.3d 425.
Here, CLC § 6310 protects employees who "ha[ve] made a bona fide oral or written complaint ... to his or her employer." While Oyarzo states that he
Accordingly TFD's motion for summary judgment on Oyarzo's § 6310 claim is GRANTED.
It is undisputed that when Oyarzo went on leave, Hart worked some shifts on his own. Hockett testified that this occurred because TFD "didn't have the staffing" to place someone else on Hart's shift and because "folks weren't willing to work with [Hart]." (Hockett Depo. 157:17-18). This was despite the fact that Hockett didn't believe Hart was capable of working a shift on his own. (Id. at 156:12-14.) Although Hart initially informed Hockett via email that Hart was "not worried" about working alone and would "do fine" on a shift by himself (Hockett Exhibit B5), Hart stated in his declaration that he later complained to both Hockett and Stephenie Burns about the "hazardous environment" that resulted from working alone and responding to emergency calls alone. (Hart TFD Decl. ¶ 20.)
Hart states in his declaration that he complained to Hockett and Burns about working alone in mid-October 2010. Less than two months later, he was subject to disciplinary action. Hockett created the "Record of Discussion" concerning the Nick Burns incident on or about November 1, 2011 and the "Formal Warning" concerning the funeral on or about December 11, 2010. (Hockett Exhs. B8 & B10.) Soon thereafter, Hart was laid off, ostensibly as part of the reorganization that took place in December 2010. (TFDMSUF, Doc. 91, #63.) For the purposes of their motion for summary judgment on Hart's § 6310 claim, TFD does not dispute that these were adverse actions. In addition, Hart may establish causation by inference derived from circumstantial evidence, "such as the employer's knowledge that the employee engaged in protected activities and the proximity in time between the protected action and allegedly retaliatory employment decision." Fisher v. San Pedro Peninsula Hospital, 214 Cal.App.3d 590, 615, 262 Cal.Rptr. 842 (1989) (internal citation and quotation omitted). Hart has shown temporal proximity between his protected activity and an adverse action. TFD's motion for summary judgment as to Hart's § 6310 claim is DENIED.
Both Oyarzo and Hart claim they were also retaliated against in violation of CLC § 1102.5 (SAC ¶¶ 102-108), which makes it unlawful for an employer to "retaliate against an employee for disclosing information to a government or law enforcement
Defendants move for summary judgment on the ground that Plaintiffs have admitted they failed to exhaust their administrative remedies. Whether exhaustion is required under CLC § 1102.5 has been much debated in the caselaw. The underlying argument for exhaustion is derived in part from Campbell v. Regents of University of California, 35 Cal.4th 311, 25 Cal.Rptr.3d 320, 106 P.3d 976 (2005), which required a plaintiff to exhaust the University of California's own internal grievance procedures before proceeding to suit under CLC § 1102.5.
Plaintiffs maintain that exhaustion is not required, and cite a number of more recent cases, including a Second Appellate District decision in Lloyd v. County of Los Angeles, 172 Cal.App.4th 320, 90 Cal.Rptr.3d 872 (2009), which found that exhaustion of administrative remedies before the Labor Commissioner before filing suit for statutory violations of the Labor Code is not required under California law. This Court has addressed this dispute in detail in previous decisions. Toth v. Guardian Indus. Corp., 2012 WL 1076213 (E.D.Cal. Mar. 29, 2012), reviewed many of the cases cited by the Parties, along with numerous others, on this issue:
Toth v. Guardian Indus. Corp., 2012 WL 1076213 (E.D.Cal. Mar. 29, 2012) (parallel citations omitted); see also LaCava v. Merced Irr. Dist, 2012 WL 913697 (E.D.Cal. Mar. 16, 2012).
The Court has reviewed the other recent, out-of-District cases cited by Plaintiffs, including Mango v. City of Maywood, 2012 WL 5906665, *13 (C.D.Cal. Oct. 5, 2012), and Ortiz v. Permanente Med. Grp., Inc., 2013 WL 1748049, *4-5 (N.D.Cal. Apr. 23, 2013), and find the reasoning therein to be too cursory to warrant a conclusion different than that reached in Toth and LaCava. Exhaustion is required. It is undisputed that Plaintiffs failed to do so. TFD is entitled to summary judgment on its § 1102.5 claim.
It is undisputed that Plaintiffs are both "firefighters" protected by the Firefighters Procedural Bill of Rights ("FPBOR"), Cal. Gov.Code. § 3250, et seq. It provides Firefighters with a variety of procedural protections against disciplinary action.
The FPBOR provides procedural protections that apply "[w]hen any firefighter is under investigation and subjected to interrogation by his or her commanding officer, or any other member designated by the employing department or licensing or certifying agency, that could lead to punitive action ..." Cal. Gov.Code § 3253.
TFD argues that the Board meetings attended by Oyarzo cannot constitute an interrogation, but rather qualify as "routine... contact with, a supervisor or any other firefighter" which is exempted from coverage under § 3253. See Cal. Gov. Code § 3253(i). This contention finds no support in the law. Cases interpreting the parallel (and substantively similar) Peace Officers Procedural Bill of Rights ("POPBOR") provide some guideposts. The relevant cases are summarized and applied in Paterson v. City of Los Angeles, 174 Cal.App.4th 1393, 1402-04, 95 Cal.Rptr.3d 333 (2009):
(Parallel citations omitted) (emphasis added).
The TFD Board placed the following item on the agenda for June 8, 2010: "Closed Session — Chief's Evaluation (Chief Oyarzo present)." (See Plaintiffs TFD Ex. A1, Doc 89-1.) The June 28 meeting identified its second agenda item as "Closed session — Personnel Evaluation," and the July 13, 2010 agenda announced yet another "Closed Session," this time about "Public Employee Discipline/Dismissal/Release (Authority GC54957) — Fire Chief." (Id.) At least one of these meetings, the June 8 session, Oyarzo was questioned about the complaints leveled against him by other TFD employees and interns. (Oyarzo TFD Decl. ¶¶ 20-21.) This is not routine communication between a Board of Directors and the Chief of a fire department covered
TFD next argues that FPBOR does not apply to Oyarzo because at the time of the June 8, June 28 and July 13 Board meetings, Oyarzo was the commanding officer and no one on the Board was "designated" to interrogate him. Specifically, Defendants argue that the fact that "more than two Board members questioned Oyarzo at these meetings" demonstrates no single individual was designated to interrogate Oyarzo. The Parties cite no authority related to the definition of "designated" in section 3253 and the Court has been unable to locate any relevant cases. Yet, it cannot be disputed that the Board was Oyarzo's direct supervisor. To permit a group of supervisors to escape the requirements of FPBOR simply because the individual members acted in concert would circumvent the purpose of the statute. The Board designated itself to interrogate Oyarzo when it noticed "disciplinary hearings" on its agenda for the June 8, June 28, and July 13 Board meetings. Nothing in the FPBOR suggests only one individual may be so designated, and TFD does not dispute that Oyarzo was questioned during these hearings.
TFD's motion for summary judgment that FPBOR does not apply to questioning during a TFD Board meeting is DENIED.
Oyarzo's FPBOR claim alleges in part that "Defendant, through its actions and omissions, violated Mr. OYARZO's rights to be informed of investigations into his activities, to be informed of the identity of the individual conducting the investigations, to be compensated for time during which he was interrogated, to be provided the opportunity to obtain representation, and to view the complaints lodged against him." (SAC ¶ 113.)
TFD's motion for summary judgment only challenged this claim on the ground discussed above (i.e. by arguing Oyarzo was not interrogated within the meaning of that term as used in § 3253). For the first time in reply, TFD argues that there is no evidence to support Oyarzo's assertion that he was not compensated for the time he spent in interrogation and/or that Oyarzo was aware of who the presiding Board members were, so did not need to be informed about who would be present. (Doc. 95 at 21.) The Court will not consider an argument raised for the first time in reply, United States v. Romm, 455 F.3d 990, 997 (9th Cir.2006) ("Arguments not raised by a party in its opening brief are deemed waived."); Zamani v. Carnes, 491 F.3d 990, 997 (9th Cir.2007) (A "district court need not consider arguments raised for the first time in a reply brief"), particularly given the extensive briefing that accompanied Defendants' seven separate motions for summary judgment in this case, which provided ample opportunity for Defendants to raise relevant arguments.
Hart asserts he was interrogated on two occasions by Hockett. The first occurred during a half-hour telephone call on October 20, 2010, during which time Hockett questioned Hart about the Nick Burns incident. (See Plaintiffs' TFD Ex. A1 (TFD 147-150)). That conversation ended with the threat of disciplinary action.
TFD argues that these communications constituted "counseling, instruction, or informal verbal admonishment by, or other routine or unplanned contact with, a supervisor, or any other firefighter," Cal. Gov. Code § 3253, and therefore that the communications were not covered by FPBOR. As was the case in Paterson, 174 Cal.App.4th 1393, 95 Cal.Rptr.3d 333, where a supervisor seeks to confirm a suspicion of improper conduct, any communication that follows is covered by the FPBOR, here, both conversations followed Hockett's receipt of information from third parties that made Hockett suspect Hart had acted improperly. If the FPBOR is to have any meaning, it must apply to such situations.
TFD's motion for summary judgment on this ground is DENIED.
TFD argues that it is entitled to summary judgment on any FPBOR claim based upon the theory that TFD's reorganization was a punitive action because Plaintiffs failed to include this allegation in any discovery response. Hockett's Interrogatory #7 asked Hart to "Describe in detail each act and/or omission of TFD to which [Hart] refer[red] in paragraph 114 of the complaint."
It is impermissible for Plaintiffs to assert for the first time in opposition to TFD's motions for summary judgment that TFD violated their rights under the FPBOR by laying them off in December 2010, ostensibly as part of a reduction in force. (See supra Part IV.A.2.b(2)(d).) Defendant is entitled to summary judgment as to any FPBOR claim based upon this conduct.
One section of the FPBOR provides procedures that must be followed whenever "any comment adverse to [the firefighter's] interest is entered in [that firefighter's] personnel file":
Cal. Gov't Code § 3255. Plaintiffs each assert that their rights under this provision were violated. Defendants move for summary judgment on the ground that Plaintiffs have failed to adduce evidence in support of these assertions.
Hart's § 3255 claim concerns the Record of Discussion and Formal Warnings discussed above. It is undisputed that Hart had an opportunity to review the Record of Discussion, as he eventually filed a response to the document. However, the document itself is not signed by Hart nor does it bear any indication of his refusal to sign along with his initials. (Plaintiff's TFD Ex A1 (TFD 147-48.)) As to the Formal Warning issued December 11, 2010, while there is an indication on the warning that Hart refused to sign it, that fact is not signed or initialed by Hart. (Id. at TFD 146.) Essentially, Hart's complaint is totally procedural. The documents do not bear his initials where the statute says they must. Neither TFD's motion nor its reply addresses whether such a purely technical omission can make out a claim under § 3255. TFD's motion for summary judgment on this ground is DENIED. The Court questions, however, whether any remedy of any significance would be warranted in response to such a technical violation. De minimis non curat lex.
Oyarzo's § 3255 claim is premised on his assertion that his personnel file was improperly tampered with by Hutchins and Ben Ohler, who, according to Oyarzo, placed a forged disciplinary write up in Oyarzo's file. In support of this claim, Oyarzo cites Exhibit 21 (TFD 1173-74) to the Deposition of Darlene Hutchins,
TFD's motion for summary judgment as to Oyarzo's § 3255 is GRANTED.
The FPBOR provides that if a court "finds that the employing department or licensing or certifying agency has violated any of the provisions of [the FPBOR], the court shall render appropriate injunctive or other extraordinary relief to remedy the violation and to prevent future violations of a like or similar nature, including, but not limited to, the granting of a temporary restraining order or preliminary or permanent injunction prohibiting the employing department or licensing or certifying agency from taking any punitive action against the firefighter." Cal. Gov.Code § 3260(c)(1).
If the court finds "that a fire department, its employees, agents, or assigns, with respect to acts taken within the scope of employment, maliciously violated any provision of [the FPBOR] with the intent to injure the firefighter, the fire department shall, for each and every violation, be liable for a civil penalty not to exceed twenty-five thousand dollars ($25,000) to be awarded to the firefighter whose right or protection was denied and for reasonable attorney's fees as may be determined by the court." § 3260(d) (emphasis added). If malice is found, "and there is sufficient evidence to establish actual damages suffered by the firefighter whose right or protection was denied, the fire department shall also be liable for the amount of the actual damages." Id.
TFD moves for summary judgment as to any damages remedy on the ground that there is no evidence of malice in this record. Although malice is not defined in the FPBOR, the legislative history of POPBOR suggests that "malice" in that statute was meant mirror the definition set forth in in California Civil Code § 3294. See San Diego Cnty. Deputy Sheriff's Ass'n v. Cnty. of San Diego, 2006 WL 1493772 (Cal.Ct.App. May 31, 2006) (citing Cal. Sen. Com. on Judiciary, Analysis of Sen. Bill No. 1516 (2001-2002 Reg.
Here, in contrast to San Diego where the conduct in question was not targeted at the individual plaintiff, there is evidence that the conduct that forms the basis for Plaintiffs' remaining investigation/interrogation and punitive action FPBOR claims was targeted at Plaintiffs. For example, if Plaintiffs' evidence is credited, the alleged interrogations were targeted at gathering information that could be used to discipline Plaintiffs. Although the record is not robust on this issue, it is sufficient to permit the question of malice to go to the finder of fact. In contrast, there is absolutely no evidence of malice in connection with Hart's remaining § 3255 claim, as there is no suggestion in the record that this violation was anything other than an accidental omission.
TFD's motion for summary judgment on any damages claim under the FPBOR is GRANTED as to Hart's § 3255 claim and DENIED as to all other remaining FPBOR claims.
Plaintiffs' opposition contains a lengthy section arguing that TFD's "Legitimate Non-Discriminatory, Non-Retaliatory Reason" was pretext for carrying out actions motivated by retaliatory and/or discriminatory animus. Plaintiffs raise pretext in the context of their due process claims (see Doc. 88 at 19-20, 22), but those claims fail on other grounds. Although evidence of pretext also might be relevant to Hart's California Labor Code § 6310 claim, Defendants have not yet raised any defense that involves a legitimate, non-discriminatory, non-retaliatory basis for its action in the context of that claim, so there is no reason to consider pretext in that context. (See Doc. 88 at 26-27.) Moreover, even if this argument is directed at the merits of Plaintiffs' First Amendment claims, Oyarzo's First Amendment Claim fails on other grounds and Hart's First Amendment claims survive summary judgment for other reasons.
In the event the Court believes additional evidence is needed in support of Plaintiffs' "pattern and practice" allegation under Monell and/or Plaintiffs' theory that Hart's termination was pretextual, Plaintiffs request a Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(d) continuance. Rule 56(d) permits a court to defer consideration of or deny a motion for summary judgment in order to allow time for Plaintiff to obtain additional evidence, but only if Plaintiff has "shown by affidavit or declaration that, for specified reasons, it cannot present facts essential to justify its opposition" without that additional evidence.
As to Plaintiffs' theory that Hart's termination was pretextual
Plaintiffs' request for a Rule 56(d) continuance is therefore DENIED.
For the reasons set forth above:
The pretrial conference is reset for July 31, 2013 at 8:15am.
SO ORDERED.
Defendants maintain Oyarzo cannot argue that his work on annexation was not part of his official duties because he was paid for some of his work on annexation and claims in this case that he should be paid for additional hours spent on the project. See, e.g., Doc. 67-1 at 10 (Hockett MSJ); SAC ¶¶ 65-69 (FLSA claim). Plaintiffs are correct that Oyarzo is permitted to plead alternative theories of relief. See MB Fin. Grp., Inc. v. U.S. Postal Serv., 545 F.3d 814, 819 (9th Cir.2008) ("a plaintiff is generally entitled to plead alternative or multiple theories of recovery on the basis of the same conduct on the part of the defendant"). This is not the kind of situation in which judicial estoppel applies. See In re An-Tze Cheng, 308 B.R. 448, 453 (B.A.P. 9th Cir.2004) (Courts "ultimately must be mindful that judicial estoppel is in tension with `the well-entrenched principle that modern procedure welcomes inconsistent positions in the course of a single litigation.'") (citing 18B Charles Alan Wright., et al., FED. PRAC. & PRO., § 4477 (2d ed.)).
(Oyarzo Depo. 140:21-141:21.)
(Oyarzo Depo. 303:13-305:7.) Elsewhere in the briefing, Defendants note the following passage from Oyarzo's deposition that contains related content:
(Oyarzo Depo. at 234:13-18.)
(See supra at IV.A.2.b(2)(b) for an explanation of the sham affidavit standard.) These colloquies, particularly the latter one, inquired into whether and to what extent the Board and Mr. Turner criticized the work Oyarzo had been doing on annexation. They do not probe into the related question of whether Oyarzo communicated any intent to continue on with the annexation project, nor any reaction Mr. Turner may have had to such a communication. Oyarzo's failure to mention at his deposition the April 2010 communication in which Turner became "visibly angry" may raise credibility issues for a trier of fact. However, the deposition questioning was not specific enough to permit a finding of a "clear and unambiguous conflict" between the declaration and deposition testimony. While a court "may find a declaration to be a sham when it contains facts that the affiant previously testified he could not remember," Yeager v. Bowlin, 693 F.3d 1076, 1080-81 (9th Cir.2012), here, Oyarzo was never specifically questioned about his intent to continue to pursue annexation after the June 30, 2010 deadline. This portion of his declaration is not a sham.
Id. at 1229-31.
