Danbury, USA, Inc. (Danbury), the appellant, seeks review and reversal of an order of the district court wherein Danbury's request for restitution in a criminal proceeding was denied. The United States, the appellee, has filed a motion to dismiss the appeal on the grounds that Danbury has no standing to appeal the district court's restitution order, and then argues, alternatively, that the district court did not err in declining to enter a restitution order in favor of Danbury. Though the facts are not disputed, recital thereof is necessary to focus the precise issue.

In March, 1988, Robert K. Kelley (Kelley) obtained a personal loan in the amount of $150,000 from Great West Savings Bank (Great West) in Craig, Colorado. In his loan application, Kelley pledged as collateral for the loan his family residence, which he represented as being free of encumbrances, when in fact the property was already encumbered to the Citizens Bank of Glendale (Colorado) for $164,000.

In June, 1989, Kelley, as president of Danbury, obtained a second loan in the amount of $150,000 from Great West. Again, Kelley pledged his family home as collateral for the loan. In addition, Kelley pledged a promissory note in the amount of $745,000, which was owned and held by Danbury. Somatogen, Inc., a business concern located in Boulder, Colorado, was the maker of the note (hereinafter the Somatogen Note).

By January, 1990, Kelley had defaulted in his payments to Great West on both loans. Great West, then under the supervision of Resolution Trust Company (RTC), sent a letter to Somatogen, Inc., requesting that payments on the Somatogen Note be made directly to Great West. As a result of this letter, Somatogen, Inc. made subsequent payments on its note to Great West, and ultimately Great West's successor, RTC, rather than to Danbury. Such payments were divided to pay on the second loan, i.e. the loan which Kelley negotiated on behalf of Danbury, and to bring the first loan up to date. We are advised that payments on the Somatogen Note applied to the first loan approximated $100,000.1

On January 16, 1992, the United States filed a one-count information charging Kelley with making a false statement to Great West in his application for the first loan from Great West, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1014. The government filed no criminal charge against Kelley based on the second loan made by Great West, concluding that Kelley had the apparent authority to negotiate the second loan and pledge the Somatogen Note.

On March 6, 1992, Kelley, after negotiating with the government, pleaded guilty to the one count information based on the first loan with Great West. Prior to sentencing, counsel for Danbury, by letter, requested that the United States Attorney seek restitution for it from Kelley in the amount of the monies from the Somatogen Note which were applied on the first loan. This the government declined to do, asserting that under Hughey v. United States, 495 U.S. 411, 110 S. Ct. 1979, 109 L. Ed. 2d 408 (1990), any restitution order would be limited to losses caused by the specific conduct underlying the offense of conviction, i.e. the first loan.

The presentence report, in line with the plea bargain, recommended that by way of restitution Kelley be ordered to pay RTC $147,980. This sum apparently represented the amount still due on the first note, after crediting payments from the Somatogen Note to the first loan. The report did not recommend that Kelley pay any amount to Danbury, and such is the core of the present controversy.

At the sentencing hearing, counsel for Danbury was allowed to address the court and he urged the district court to enter an order commanding Kelley to make restitution to Danbury for approximately $100,000. This the district court declined to do. Instead, the district court placed Kelley on probation, with home confinement for a period of six months, and ordered him to pay $147,980 in restitution to RTC.

Nine days after sentencing, Danbury filed a Motion to Intervene in Regard to Restitution, nunc pro tunc to the date of sentencing. That motion was denied by the district court by minute order. The present appeal followed.

As indicated, the government's initial response to the present appeal was a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction, to which Danbury filed a response. By order, this court reserved its judgment "on the question of jurisdiction" and referred that matter "to the panel selected to determine the appeal on the merits." Thereafter, in their briefs, both parties again addressed the question of whether Danbury has standing to appeal the district court's restitution order, as well as the merits of the order itself.

Danbury's basic position is that it is a "victim" of a federal crime for which restitution is warranted under the Victim and Witness Protection Act, 18 U.S.C. § 3663 (VWPA), and that it has "implicit standing" to appeal the district court's order that Kelley make restitution only to RTC. We disagree and hold that Danbury has no standing to prosecute this appeal. In support of our holding, see United States v. Johnson, 983 F.2d 216 (11th Cir.1993) and United States v. Grundhoefer, 916 F.2d 788 (2d Cir.1990).

In Johnson, the defendant in a criminal proceeding pleaded guilty to several counts based on her forging endorsements and cashing Social Security checks made payable to a deceased relative, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 495. The defendant was ordered, inter alia, to make restitution to the victim bank in the amount of $18,273, in monthly installments. When the defendant became delinquent in her restitution payments, the district court held a revocation hearing, at which time the victim bank was present. At the conclusion of the revocation hearing, the district court revoked probation, sentenced her to six months imprisonment, and rescinded the restitution. The victim bank then filed an appeal. The Eleventh Circuit framed the sole issue as follows: "The sole issue we address is whether Bank, an intervenor, has standing to appeal the district court's rescission of the restitution order." Johnson, 983 F.2d at 218. After a thorough discussion of the various issues involved, the Eleventh Circuit concluded as follows:

We find that the legislative history and the Act's plain language do not indicate that Congress, either explicitly or implicitly, intended to provide a private cause of action to victims. Consequently, Bank has no standing under either Article III of the United States Constitution or the Victim and Witness Protection Act to challenge the district court's revocation of its restitution order. Because Bank has no standing to contest the district court's revocation of the restitution order, this appeal is dismissed.

Id. at 221.

In Grundhoefer, the defendants operated a computer training school which received federal monies. After pleading guilty to charges of conspiracy and fraud, the defendants were, inter alia, ordered to make restitution by payment of an amount agreed upon by the government and the defendants into a fund for the benefit of the school's former students. The trustee in bankruptcy for the school objected to the restitution order, believing that restitution should be in his favor for the benefit of the school's unsecured creditors. The trustee's objections were overruled, and the trustee appealed the district court's restitution order in favor of the school's former students. On appeal, the Second Circuit concluded that the VWPA did not provide a private remedy for victims denied restitution in a criminal proceeding, and in dismissing the appeal held that the trustee did not have standing under Article III to appeal the restitution order. Grundhoefer, 916 F.2d at 791-93.

We are in accord with the result and reasoning of both Johnson and Grundhoefer. Therefore, the present appeal is dismissed.