FILED
                                                            United States Court of Appeals
                                                                    Tenth Circuit

                                                                   October 7, 2011
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                   Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                     Clerk of Court
                                   TENTH CIRCUIT


 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

          Plaintiff - Appellee,
                                                         No. 10-3327
 v.                                            (D.C. No. 5:10-CR-40013-SAC-2)
                                                           (D. Kan.)
 EUSEBIO LOPEZ-ESTRADA,

          Defendant - Appellant.


                              ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before GORSUCH, HOLLOWAY, and McKAY, Circuit Judges.


      This case began when Kansas Highway Patrol Trooper Josiah Trinkle saw a

pickup truck driving on Interstate 70 with a license plate hanging down on one

side. The trooper suspected a violation of K.S.A. § 8-133, which requires that a

vehicle’s license plate “shall at all times be securely fastened to the vehicle to

which it is assigned so as to prevent the plate from swinging.” Here’s what the

trooper saw:




      *
         This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th
Cir. R. 32.1.
As he followed the truck, the trooper came to think he saw another problem —

that one of the truck’s brake lights wasn’t working, also in violation of Kansas

law. Eventually, the trooper pulled the truck over and issued a warning to the

truck’s driver, Eusebio Lopez-Estrada. The trooper then asked if he could search

the truck. Mr. Lopez-Estrada consented, the trooper found methamphetamine

inside a toolbox, and Mr. Lopez-Estrada was charged with possession of a

controlled substance with intent to distribute in violation of 21 U.S.C.

§ 841(a)(1).

      Once before the district court, Mr. Lopez-Estrada filed a motion to suppress

the methamphetamine, arguing that Trooper Trinkle did not have reasonable

suspicion to pull him over because his license plate was securely fastened and

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because his brake lights were working at the time of the stop. The district court

denied Mr. Lopez-Estrada’s motion to suppress, finding that Trooper Trinkle had

reasonable suspicion to think that there had been an infraction of both the Kansas

license plate and brake light laws.

      Mr. Lopez-Estrada now appeals, and we affirm because the trooper had, as

a matter of law, reasonable suspicion to think he had witnessed a violation of

K.S.A. § 8-133. Mr. Lopez-Estrada contends otherwise, arguing that Trooper

Trinkle lacked reasonable suspicion because the trooper did not see the license

plate actually “swinging.” The Fourth Amendment’s reasonable suspicion

standard, however, does not require so much. A law enforcement officer need not

witness an ongoing violation of law to effect a traffic stop; he need only have a

reasonable basis for thinking an infraction is taking or has taken place. See, e.g.,

United States v. Tibbetts, 

, 1136-37 (10th Cir. 2005). And it was

certainly reasonable for the trooper to think that a jury-rigged job of affixing a

license plate might leave it poorly fastened and cause it to swing in violation of

Kansas law.

      Given that the trooper had reasonable suspicion to believe Mr. Lopez-

Estrada had violated K.S.A. § 8-133, the traffic stop was lawful and we don’t

need to decide whether the trooper also and independently had reasonable

suspicion to believe Mr. Lopez-Estrada’s brake lights weren’t working. The

subsidiary question raised by Mr. Lopez-Estrada — whether the district court

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abused its discretion in refusing to permit Mr. Lopez-Estrada to subpoena a

witness to testify about the condition of the truck’s brake lights — is likewise

mooted by our disposition. Affirmed.


                                       ENTERED FOR THE COURT



                                       Neil M. Gorsuch
                                       Circuit Judge




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