FILED
                                                            United States Court of Appeals
                                                                    Tenth Circuit
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                 November 10, 2011
                            FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                    Clerk of Court

    THOMAS J. RICHARDSON,

                Plaintiff-Appellant,
                                                         No. 11-4096
    v.                                         (D.C. No. 2:09-CV-00851-BCW)
                                                          (D. Utah)
    MICHAEL J. ASTRUE, Commissioner
    of Social Security,

                Defendant-Appellee.


                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before TYMKOVICH, Circuit Judge, BRORBY, Senior Circuit Judge, and
EBEL, Circuit Judge.


         Thomas J. Richardson appeals from a district court order affirming the

Commissioner’s denial of his application under 42 U.S.C. § 402(d)(1) for

Childhood Disability Benefits. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291

and 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), we reverse and remand for further consideration by the

administrative law judge, consistent with this order and judgment.


*
       After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and
collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent
with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
                                          I.

      On November 22, 2006 (“application date”), Mr. Richardson filed two

applications for Social Security benefits: one for Childhood Disability Benefits

as a Disabled Adult Child under 42 U.S.C. § 402(d)(1) (“DAC claim”), and one

for Supplemental Security Income benefits under 42 U.S.C. § 1382 (“SSI claim”).

Under the Social Security Act, the child of an individual who is entitled to

old-age or disability insurance benefits may qualify for Childhood Disability

Benefits. See 42 U.S.C. § 402(d)(1). More specifically, and as relevant in this

case, an unmarried person over the age of eighteen is entitled to Childhood

Disability Benefits if he (1) files an application; (2) is the child of an insured

person; (3) is dependent upon the insured person; and (4) was disabled before his

twenty-second birthday. See id.; see also 20 C.F.R. § 404.350(a).

      Mr. Richardson was thirty-three years old on his application date. He filed

his DAC claim as a dependent of his father, claiming that he was disabled before

the age of twenty-two. Mr. Richardson was born in 1973, and therefore he turned

twenty-two at some point in 1995. 1

      After he filed his applications, Mr. Richardson was examined by

Dr. Carlisle, a consulting psychologist. Dr. Carlisle diagnosed him with

Asperger’s Disorder. The doctor ultimately opined that “[o]verall, it’s my


1
      Wherever Mr. Richardson’s exact date of birth appeared in the record, it
was redacted.

                                          -2-
impression that the claimant has a fairly severe disability and I doubt if he is

going to be able to obtain and hold down a job.” Aplt. App., Vol. I at 173.

      Both of Mr. Richardson’s applications were initially denied. He requested

a hearing and appeared and testified before an administrative law judge (“ALJ”).

The ALJ followed the five-step sequential-evaluation process for determining

whether Mr. Richardson is disabled and, as to his DAC claim, whether he was

disabled prior to his twenty-second birthday. See generally Williams v. Bowen,

, 750-52 (10th Cir. 1988) (describing five-step sequential-evaluation

process). The ALJ found that, as of his application date, Mr. Richardson has had

the following severe impairments: developmental delays, Autism, and Asperger’s

Syndrome. The ALJ concluded at step three that he became disabled on his

application date because the severity of his impairments met the requirements of

§ 12.10 of the Listing of Impairments. See 20 C.F.R. Pt. 404, Subpt. P, App. 1,

§ 12.10. The ALJ therefore granted his SSI claim. In concluding that

Mr. Richardson was disabled as of his application date, the ALJ indicated that he

agreed with Dr. Carlisle’s findings.

      The ALJ denied Mr. Richardson’s DAC claim, stating there was no

evidence he was under a disability beginning before his twenty-second birthday.

The ALJ found that, before his application date, 2 Mr. Richardson had a


2
      Having found that Mr. Richardson became disabled on his application date,
                                                                     continue...

                                          -3-
developmental delay that qualified as a severe impairment, but this impairment

did not prevent him from performing unskilled work. The ALJ concluded that

Mr. Richardson’s residual functional capacity (“RFC”) prior to his application

date allowed him to perform a full range of work at all exertional levels, but

limited to simple, repetitive tasks. Finally, using the Medical-Vocational

Guidelines (“the Grids”) as a framework, the ALJ determined that

Mr. Richardson’s non-exertional limitations had little or no effect on the

occupational base of unskilled work at all exertional levels. Therefore, the ALJ

concluded at step five that Mr. Richardson was not disabled prior to his

application date, making him ineligible for Childhood Disability Benefits as a

Disabled Adult Child.

      After the Appeals Council denied review, Mr. Richardson filed an action in

district court seeking reversal of the Commissioner’s decision denying his DAC

claim. The district court affirmed the Commissioner’s decision, and

Mr. Richardson filed a timely appeal.

                                         II.

      “We review the Commissioner’s decision to determine whether the factual

findings are supported by substantial evidence in the record and whether the



2
 ...continue
the ALJ’s subsequent findings addressed the entire period before that date, rather
than solely the period before he turned twenty-two.

                                         -4-
correct legal standards were applied.” Watkins v. Barnhart, 

, 1299

(10th Cir. 2003). Mr. Richardson raises the following claims of error regarding

the ALJ’s determination that he was not disabled prior to his application date:

(1) the ALJ failed to consider and discuss significantly probative evidence in the

record; (2) the ALJ’s RFC determination is not supported by substantial evidence;

(3) the ALJ should have consulted a medical advisor to determine

Mr. Richardson’s disability-onset date; and (4) the ALJ erred in conclusively

applying the Grids to find him not disabled before his application date. We

reverse and remand to allow the ALJ to explain the weight he gave to a

state-agency medical consultant’s opinion regarding Mr. Richardson’s mental

RFC before he attained age twenty-two.

                                         A.

      The ALJ found that “there is inconclusive evidence to support a

determination of disability back to 1995 – when the claimant attained age 22.”

argues that, in reaching this finding, the ALJ failed to

consider and discuss significantly probative evidence relevant to that time period,

as required by Clifton v. Chater, 

, 1009-10 (10th Cir. 1996). In

Clifton we stated that

      [t]he record must demonstrate that the ALJ considered all of the
      evidence, but an ALJ is not required to discuss every piece of
      evidence. Rather, in addition to discussing the evidence supporting
      his decision, the ALJ also must discuss the uncontroverted evidence


                                         -5-
      he chooses not to rely upon, as well as significantly probative
      evidence he rejects.

(citation omitted). Mr. Richardson maintains it was error for the

ALJ to fail to discuss the mental RFC opinion prepared by Dr. Hedges, a

state-agency medical consultant, as well as a statement from his special education

teacher.

                                           1.

      Dr. Hedges prepared both a Psychiatric Review Technique (“PRT”) form

and a Mental Residual Functional Capacity (“MRFC”) form. Both of these forms

explicitly covered a time period beginning in 1995 and extending through the date

that the assessments were completed in March 2007. 3 In the PRT form,

Dr. Hedges opined that Mr. Richardson has the medically determinable

impairment of Asperger’s syndrome, concluding further that he has moderate

restrictions or difficulties in his activities of daily living, maintaining social

functioning, and maintaining concentration, persistence, or pace. In the MRFC

form, Dr. Hedges included fourteen more specific moderate limitations in the

categories of understanding and memory, sustained concentration and persistence,

social interaction, and adaptation. Dr. Hedges did not indicate, with respect to


3
      The time period listed on the MRFC form begins in January 1995, but the
exact date during that month was redacted. The month and day in 1995 were
similarly redacted on the PRT form. But the parties do not dispute that
Dr. Hedges’ forms purported to provide an assessment of Mr. Richardson’s
condition prior to his twenty-second birthday.

                                          -6-
any of these categories, that Mr. Richardson’s limitations were not ratable based

on the available evidence. The doctor ultimately concluded, regarding

Mr. Richardson’s RFC, that “[a]lthough there is a relative paucity of information

about this claimant[], the available findings suggest that he is mentally capable of

simple, low-stress repetitive work.” Aplt. App., Vol. I at 194.

      The Commissioner initially asserts that the ALJ’s RFC findings were

largely consistent with, although marginally more restrictive than, Dr. Hedges’

RFC findings. The Commissioner then proceeds to argue that it was reasonable

for the ALJ not to adopt Dr. Hedges’ opinion wholesale because it was based on a

medical exam more than a decade after Mr. Richardson turned twenty-two. The

Commissioner maintains further that Dr. Hedges’ inclusion of a low-stress work

limitation in Mr. Richardson’s RFC was insufficiently supported by the record.

The Commissioner concludes: “Although the ALJ found the opinion to be

partially corroborated by other evidence, it was reasonable for him not to adopt

the uncorroborated portions.” Aplee. Br. at 21.

      The problem is that the ALJ made no such findings. The ALJ briefly

discussed Dr. Hedges’ PRT form, noting the doctor’s acknowledgment that

Mr. Richardson has an autistic and/or other developmental-delay disorders, and

reviewing the moderate limitations the doctor noted in that form. But the ALJ did

not mention Dr. Hedges’ RFC opinion or his additional, low-stress-work

limitation, much less evaluate whether it was supported by the record.

                                         -7-
      Mr. Richardson maintains that the Commissioner is engaging in post hoc

reasoning, and we agree. See Haga v. Astrue, 

, 1207-08 (10th Cir.

2007) (rejecting government’s post hoc attempt to support ALJ’s RFC findings

with reasoning ALJ did not articulate). We remanded in Haga “because the ALJ

failed to explain why he rejected some of [a doctor’s] restrictions while seemingly

adopting others.” 

Here the ALJ never stated that he rejected Dr.

Hedges’ opinion regarding Mr. Richardson’s condition and limitations prior to his

twenty-second birthday. Indeed, it is not clear whether the ALJ accepted some,

but not all, of Dr. Hedges’ limitations, or entirely failed to consider the doctor’s

RFC opinion with respect to that time period. “[T]his court may not create or

adopt post-hoc rationalizations to support the ALJ’s decision that are not apparent

from the ALJ’s decision itself.” 

                                          2.

      The Commissioner argues that a remand is not necessary because any error

resulting from the ALJ’s failure to include a limitation to low-stress work in

Mr. Richardson’s RFC was harmless. The Commissioner maintains that, even

with that additional restriction, Mr. Richardson would not have met the standards

for disability. In support of this contention, the Commissioner points to a

Disability Determination and Transmittal form finding Mr. Richardson not

disabled before age twenty-two, which listed Dr. Hedges as the physician or

medical specialist. See Aplt. App., Vol. I at 44. The Commissioner contends this

                                          -8-
document shows that Dr. Hedges, working with a disability examiner, determined

that even with a limitation to low-stress work there would have been jobs

available that Mr. Richardson could perform. 4

      We are not persuaded. The Commissioner bears the burden at step five of

the sequential-evaluation process to establish that “the claimant has the [RFC] to

perform other work in the national economy in view of his age, education, and

work experience.” 

(quotation omitted). While there is

no dispute that Mr. Richardson has no exertional limitations, the ALJ made no

finding whether a non-exertional limitation to low-stress work, in addition to the

limitations to simple and repetitive work, would “significantly limit his ability to

perform the full range of work in a particular RFC category on a sustained basis.”

(quotation omitted). “[W]e are not in a position to draw factual

conclusions on behalf of the ALJ.” Allen v. Barnhart, 

, 1144

(10th Cir. 2004) (quotation omitted). Nor is there evidence in the record

conclusively establishing the existence of jobs in the national economy that

Mr. Richardson could perform despite an additional limitation to low-stress work,

such that “we could confidently say that no reasonable administrative fact finder,




4
       The Commissioner fails to note that the disability examiner’s contemporary
assessment of the jobs available to Mr. Richardson was based inexplicably only
on a restriction against working at heights. See Aplt. App., Vol. I at 46.

                                         -9-
following the correct analysis, could have resolved the factual matter in any other

way.” 

      We therefore remand to allow the ALJ to perform a proper evaluation of

Dr. Hedges’ RFC opinion. See 

; see also 20 C.F.R.

§ 404.1527(f)(2)(i) & (ii) (stating ALJ must consider findings and other opinions

of state-agency psychologists as opinion evidence and, where no treating source

opinion is given controlling weight, must explain the weight given such opinion).

Mr. Richardson argues that the ALJ should have discussed not only Dr. Hedges’

opinion that he was limited to low-stress work, but also the fourteen more specific

moderate restrictions the doctor listed in the MRFC form. The Commissioner

responds that all of the moderate restrictions detailed in that form were

encompassed in Dr. Hedges’ ultimate RFC opinion limiting Mr. Richardson to

simple, low-stress, repetitive work. Mr. Richardson disagrees, citing as an

example the moderate limitation related to social functioning. In light of our

remand, the ALJ should determine in the first instance the significance of

Dr. Hedges’ fourteen moderate limitations vis-à-vis his conclusion that

Mr. Richardson could perform simple, low-stress, repetitive work.

                                         3.

      Mr. Richardson argues that the ALJ was also required to discuss a

statement submitted by his special-education teacher, Roberta Suttlemyre. She

stated generally that Mr. Richardson “has been challenged from birth by several

                                        -10-
learning problems, both educational and social.” Aplt. App., Vol. I at 155. She

said that, while she “struggled to help [him] with every aspect of his schoolwork

during his junior high and high school years,” she did not succeed in getting him

to function at a fifth-grade level. 

his difficulties in concentrating

and retaining information. 

also indicated that she had

observed Mr. Richardson both in school and at church, and she opined that his

ability to interact with others was very limited, and he was only comfortable with

his own family. She felt that, if Mr. Richardson were a student today, current

evaluation procedures would assess him as having a mild autistic/Asperger’s type

syndrome. She stated that he is at least “mildly retarded” with “a severe lack of

social skills.” 

points out that evidence from a teacher may be used to

show the severity of a claimant’s impairments and how they effect his ability to

function. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1513(d)(2); see also Social Security Ruling

(“SSR”) 06-03p, 

, at *2 (stating information from non-medical

sources, such as teachers, “may provide insight into the severity of the

impairment(s) and how it affects the individual’s ability to function”). Therefore,

Mr. Richardson argues that Ms. Suttlemyre’s statement is significantly probative

evidence of the effects of his impairment on his ability to function, in light of

Dr. Hedges’ opinion stating that he had the medically determinable impairment of

Asperger’s syndrome prior to his twenty-second birthday.

                                         -11-
      The Commissioner responds that an ALJ is not required to discuss every

aspect of the evidence, and the ALJ’s discussion of the evidence in this case,

following his statement that he had carefully considered the entire record, was

legally sufficient. See Hackett v. Barnhart, 

, 1173 (10th Cir. 2005)

(noting general practice of taking “lower tribunal at its word when it declares that

it has considered a matter”). The Commissioner argues further that the ALJ was

clearly aware of Ms. Suttlemyre’s statement, noting that he acknowledged

receiving it on the record during a hearing. See Aplt. App., Vol. I at 41. Finally,

the Commissioner contends that the teacher’s statement was cumulative of the

other school-related evidence in the record, which showed only that

Mr. Richardson had some learning difficulties in school, not that he had an

impairment that made him unable to engage in substantial gainful activity.

      We agree with the Commissioner that it is clear from the record that the

ALJ was aware of Ms. Suttlemyre’s statement. See 

(stating record must demonstrate ALJ considered all evidence). This case is also

distinguishable from Clifton, in which the ALJ’s “bare conclusion [was] beyond

meaningful judicial review.” 

on the ALJ’s far more

extensive reasoning in this case, we would not order a remand solely for the ALJ

to expressly discuss Ms. Suttlemyre’s statement. See Wall v. Astrue, 

, 1069 (10th Cir. 2009). On the other hand, because we have already

determined that a remand is necessary to allow the ALJ to properly evaluate

                                        -12-
Dr. Hedges’ RFC opinion, we note that, contrary to the Commissioner’s assertion,

Ms. Suttlemyre’s statement does not appear to be entirely cumulative of the other

evidence related to Mr. Richardson’s condition before age twenty-two. While she

did describe his learning difficulties, she also addressed his problems with social

interaction. 5 Ultimately, we leave it to the ALJ, in the context of the remand we

have ordered, to determine the extent to which a discussion of Ms. Suttlemyre’s

statement is appropriate.

                                         B.

      In light of our remand to allow the ALJ to evaluate and weigh Dr. Hedges’

RFC opinion, we address only briefly Mr. Richardson’s remaining claims on

appeal. He contends the ALJ should have consulted a medical advisor to

determine the onset date of his disability. The Commissioner argues it is difficult

to see how a medical advisor could give an opinion with respect to disability

onset with a legitimate medical basis when the only medical evidence postdates

Mr. Richardson’s twenty-second birthday by a dozen years. Citing SSR 83-20,

, at *3, Mr. Richardson counters that consultation of a medical

advisor is appropriate here because it is possible to infer, based on the record, that

his disability began before his twenty-second birthday. Dr. Hedges purported to



5
      We note, as well, that prior to issuing his decision, the ALJ observed that
the Ms. Suttlemyre’s experience with Mr. Richardson was much like
Dr. Carlisle’s experience with him. See Aplt. App., Vol. I at 41.

                                        -13-
do just that. And in evaluating and weighing Dr. Hedges’ opinion on remand, the

ALJ is tasked with determining the extent to which it is supported by the relevant

evidence. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(d)(3) & (f)(2)(ii).

      Finally, Mr. Richardson concedes in his reply brief that the ALJ did not use

the Grids conclusively to find him not disabled. But he asserts that, in light of his

numerous, moderate mental limitations as set forth in Dr. Hedges’ RFC opinion, it

was error for the ALJ not to take testimony from a vocational expert (VE) in

order to identify the jobs available to him. On remand, after evaluating

Dr. Hedges’ opinion, the ALJ will need to determine whether VE testimony is

appropriate based upon Mr. Richardson’s resulting RFC.

                                         III.

      The judgment of the district court is REVERSED. We REMAND this case

to the district court with instructions to REMAND to the Commissioner for

further proceedings consistent with this order and judgment.


                                                     Entered for the Court



                                                     David M. Ebel
                                                     Circuit Judge




                                         -14-