FILED
                                                                        United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                            Tenth Circuit

                                   TENTH CIRCUIT                             December 19, 2011

                                                                            Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                                Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

       Plaintiff - Appellee,
                                                              No. 11-5000
v.                                                          (D. N.D. Okla.)
                                                   (D.C. No. 4:10-CR-00076-CVE-1)
MARK ANTHONY WILLIAMS, a/k/a
Tetris Pachino, a/k/a Lanique Lamarko,

       Defendant - Appellant.




                               ORDER AND JUDGMENT*


Before O'BRIEN, Circuit Judge, BRORBY, Senior Circuit Judge, and HOLMES,
Circuit Judge.


       Following a routine traffic stop, police charged Mark Williams with one count of

being a felon in possession of a firearm, see 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), and one count of

possessing a firearm after being convicted of a misdemeanor crime of domestic violence,

see 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(9). After the district court denied his motion to suppress, he

       *
        Oral argument would not materially assist the determination of this appeal. See
Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). We have decided this case on the briefs.
        This order and judgment is an unpublished decision, not binding precedent. 10th
Cir. R. 32.1(A). Citation to unpublished decisions is not prohibited. Fed. R. App. 32.1.
It is appropriate as it relates to law of the case, issue preclusion and claim preclusion.
Unpublished decisions may also be cited for their persuasive value. 10th Cir. R. 32.1(A).
Citation to an order and judgment must be accompanied by an appropriate parenthetical
notation B (unpublished). 

trial and was found guilty of both crimes. On the government’s motion, the

district court dismissed the § 922(g)(9) conviction, and sentenced Williams to eighty

months imprisonment. On appeal, he challenges the district court’s denial of his motion

to suppress. We affirm.

                                     BACKGROUND

       At the hearing on the motion to suppress, Tulsa police officer James Bohanon

recounted the details surrounding Williams’s arrest. Bohanon said he was patrolling a

high-crime area with his partner when they observed a group of men crossing the street at

less than a ninety-degree angle, in violation of the Tulsa traffic code. Still on the street,

the men proceeded to walk with the flow of traffic, another traffic violation. The officers,

who drove an unmarked pickup truck, initiated a traffic stop. As they pulled up, one man

turned his back and walked briskly from the truck. Bohanon’s partner followed on foot,

leaving Bohanon with the remaining four, including Williams, who by this point had

begun fidgeting with his waistband, raising Bohanon’s suspicion he may be concealing a

weapon. As a precautionary measure, Bohanon instructed the four men to place their

hands on the hood of the truck. As the men lined up, Bohanon saw Williams drop a

handgun from his waistband and kick it under the truck. Bohanon recovered the gun and

arrested Williams.

       Williams’s fiancée Lenora Davis recounted an entirely different sequence of

events. Davis testified she had been walking with Williams and his two stepsons in the

moments leading up to the traffic stop. She said they had been on a walking path, not the

street, and that two additional men had joined the group just seconds before the officers

                                             -2-
arrived. According to Davis, it was one of those men, a man she called “Black,” who

brought the gun. She said Black tried to hand the gun to Williams while the group was

lined up, but Williams refused it. Davis claimed to have witnessed the entire arrest from

just feet away, in plain sight of the officers.

       The district court found Davis’s testimony incredible and credited Bohanon’s

version of the story. It is implausible, the court explained, that four people could walk

on the path together, as Davis had testified, because the path was only one-foot wide.

And still more implausible is the notion that the officers would have secured everyone at

the scene except Davis, leaving her standing feet away while the rest of the group was

detained. In the end, Davis’s story did not add up, and the court found it “extremely

unlikely” that Officer Bohanon was mistaken as to who dropped the gun. (R. Vol. I at

40.)

                                        DISCUSSION

       Williams renews his objection to the stop resulting in his arrest, questioning both

the officers’ authority to seize the group and the propriety of their conduct once they did.

Without expressly challenging the findings of the district court, he maintains the officers

lacked a lawful basis under the Fourth Amendment for the stop because the minor traffic

offenses were not sufficiently weighty to justify the interference.

       Since traffic stops bear more in common with investigative detentions than

custodial arrests, we evaluate them under the principles set forth in Terry v. Ohio, 

(1968). United States v. Bradford, 

, 1156 (10th Cir. 2005). An

investigative detention is proper under Terry if justified from the start and “reasonably

                                              -3-
related in scope to the circumstances which justified the interference in the first 

. Where an officer has reasonable suspicion of criminal activity, an

investigative stop is reasonable under the Fourth Amendment without regard to the

officer’s motivations. Whren v. United States, 

, 811-13 (1996). This holds

true for minor offenses, like traffic violations, which commonly justify investigative

detentions. Id.; 

. In reviewing the denial of a motion to

suppress, we accept the factual findings of the district court unless they are clearly

erroneous. United States v. Wood, 

, 945 (10th Cir. 1997). Since Williams

does not challenge the district court’s findings, we accept them as correct. See United

States v. Andrus, 

, 716 (10th Cir. 2007).

       Williams’ objections to the traffic stop are without merit. The stop progressed in

three stages, and at each one the officers acted within the scope of their authority under

Terry. At the first stage, the officers made contact with the group. This was a routine

protocol, justified by the two traffic violations. See 

(traffic

violation sufficient to justify initial detention); United States v. McHugh, 

,

1255 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 

(2011); United States v. Botero-Ospina, 

, 787 (10th Cir. 1995). At the second stage, Bohanon instructed the men to place

their hands on the hood of the truck. This was a precautionary measure, justified by his

reasonable belief that two of the men were threatening to flee, and that Williams may

have been concealing a weapon. See United States v. Manjarrez, 

, 886-87

(10th Cir. 2003); United States v. Perdue, 

, 1462 (10th Cir. 1993) (Officers

may take steps “reasonably necessary to protect their personal safety and maintain the

                                            -4-
status quo during the course of [the] stop.”) (quoting United States v. Hensley, 

, 235 (1985)). At the final stage, Bohanon arrested Williams. This, too, was an

appropriate and logical response to what he had just witnessed: Williams taking a

handgun from his waistband, dropping it on the ground, and kicking it under the truck.

By this point, the investigative detention had ripened into an arrest.

       Williams contends an officer’s authority to conduct a Terry stop in response to a

traffic violation does not extend to pedestrian violations like the ones at issue here. He

provides no authority for this proposition, only his observation that most situations giving

rise to Terry stops involve motor vehicles. Our decisions applying Terry admit of no

such distinction. Indeed, we have upheld the authority of the police to initiate stops for

traffic violations committed on foot. See United States v. Burleson, 

, 1047

(10th Cir. 2011).

       AFFIRMED.

                                           Entered by the Court:

                                           Terrence L. O’Brien
                                           United States Circuit Judge




                                            -5-