Filed: Jun. 22, 2007
Latest Update: Mar. 02, 2020
Summary: Considering the convening authority approved a 120-day, sentence to confinement approximately 120 days after appellants court-martial, concluded, in all likelihood appellant was released from confinement no later than, 9 June 2006 (the 120th day after sentencing) and placed on excess leave.
UNITED STATES ARMY COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
Before
SCHENCK, ZOLPER, and WALBURN
Appellate Military Judges
UNITED STATES, Appellee
v.
Second Lieutenant JAVIER O. MORALEZ
United States Army, Appellant
ARMY 20060123
National Training Center and Fort Irwin
Mark L. Toole, Military Judge
Lieutenant Colonel Claes H. Lewenhaupt, Staff Judge Advocate
For Appellant: Major Tyesha E. Lowery, JA; Captain Kathleena R. Scarpato (on
brief).
For Appellee: Major Tami L. Dillahunt, JA.
22 June 2007
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OPINION OF THE COURT ON RECONSIDERATION
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ZOLPER, Judge:
A military judge sitting as a general court-martial convicted appellant,
consistent with his pleas, of failing to obey a lawful general regulation, adultery on
divers occasions, fraternization, and fraternization on divers occasions, in violation
of Articles 92 and 134, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 U.S.C. §§ 892 and 934
[hereinafter UCMJ]. The military judge sentenced appellant to a dismissal, confine-
ment for six months, and forfeiture of all pay and allowances. Pursuant to a pretrial
agreement, the convening authority approved confinement for 120 days, but other-
wise approved the adjudged sentence. This case is before the court for review
pursuant to Article 66(c), UCMJ.
BACKGROUND
On 25 May 2007, this court issued an unpublished opinion affirming the
findings of guilty and the sentence. United States v. Moralez, ARMY 20060123
MORALEZ – ARMY 20060123
(Army Ct. Crim. App. 25 May 2007) (unpub.). We now sua sponte reconsider 1 our
opinion to highlight a common and recurring problem in the Army: misinterpret-
tation of the rules governing deferment and waiver of forfeitures. UCMJ art.
57(a)(2) and 58b(a)–(b). “Congress has recognized the serious impact that
[adjudged and automatic] forfeitures would have on the family of the accused by
providing the authority for deferment and waiver” to the convening authority.
United States v. Brown, 54 M.J. 289, 292 (C.A.A.F. 2000). Consequently, all parties
in the court-martial process must understand deferment and waiver concepts and how
to apply them in different factual settings. Although we affirm the findings of guilty
and the sentence in appellant’s case, we write to reinforce military justice
practitioners’ professional responsibility to recognize and properly apply
Congressionally-created deferment and waiver rules on a case-by-case basis.
Appellate defense counsel submitted this case to the court for consideration
on its merits. Although not raised by counsel, or personally by appellant in matters
submitted pursuant to United States v. Grostefon, 12 M.J. 431 (C.M.A. 1982), we
note the staff judge advocate (SJA) provided incomplete advice to the convening
authority regarding appellant’s request for deferment and waiver of forfeitures. This
matter merits discussion, but no relief.
FACTS
On 21 February 2006, trial defense counsel submitted a request for deferment
and waiver of forfeitures asking the convening authority to: (1) defer adjudged and
automatic forfeitures until initial action; and (2) at action, disapprove adjudged
forfeitures and waive automatic forfeitures until appellant’s release from
confinement. On 24 February 2006, the SJA advised the convening authority
regarding appellant’s request. The SJA recommended deferring appellant’s adjudged
and automatic forfeitures; however, he also advised: “The request to disapprove
[adjudged] and waive [automatic] forfeitures is more appropriately addressed at time
of [a]ction.”
On 3 March 2006, in a separate document titled “DIRECTION OF THE
CONVENING AUTHORITY,” the convening authority deferred adjudged and
automatic forfeitures until action, effective 23 February 2006. Pursuant to his SJA’s
advice, the convening authority further stated: “I will address the request to waive
the adjudged [sic] and automatic forfeitures, for the period of [appellant’s]
confinement, at the time of [a]ction.” Neither the SJA’s 28 April 2006 post-trial
1
Army Court of Criminal Appeals Internal Rules of Practice and Procedure Rule 19
(1 Apr. 2002).
2
MORALEZ – ARMY 20060123
recommendation nor his 5 June 2006 addendum further advised the convening
authority regarding disapproving adjudged forfeitures and waiving automatic
forfeitures, and appellant did not mention this matter in his 23 May 2006 clemency
submission. In his 9 June 2006 initial action, the convening authority approved that
part of appellant’s sentence extending to a forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and
did not act on the waiver request, effectively denying it.
DISCUSSION
By informing the convening authority that disapproval and waiver are “more
appropriately addressed at time of [a]ction,” the SJA rendered incomplete advice.
Rather than presenting only this advice, the SJA should have further advised that
although adjudged forfeitures can be disapproved only at action, 2 automatic
forfeitures can be waived as soon as they become effective. The convening
authority, though not told, had the option of: (1) first deferring adjudged
forfeitures—thus creating an entitlement to pay and allowances subject to automatic
forfeiture; 3 and then (2) waiving automatic forfeitures for the period of appellant’s
confinement, not to exceed six months, “when they bec[a]me effective by operation
of Article 57(a),” i.e., fourteen days after the military judge imposed the sentence in
this case. Rule for Courts-Martial 1101(d)(1); see UCMJ art. 57(a)(1)(A) and
58b(a)(1); United States v. Nicholson, 55 M.J. 551, 553 (Army Ct. Crim. App. 2001)
(“[W]e hold that a convening authority may act on an Article 58b, UCMJ, request for
waiver of automatic forfeitures at any time prior to or at the time of action.”); see
also
Adney, 61 M.J. at 556 (convening authority may waive “all or part of the
automatic forfeitures for six months or less,” starting “before or after action”).
Under the facts of this case, and absent any comment or objection by
appellant in his clemency submission or appellate filing, we find no prejudice
resulting from the SJA’s incomplete advice to the convening authority. 4 First, the
2
United States v. Adney, 61 M.J. 554, 556 (Army Ct. Crim. App. 2005) (“A
convening authority may defer adjudged forfeitures until action and then at action
may approve, disapprove, suspend, or modify adjudged forfeitures.”).
3
United States v. Emminizer,
56 M.J. 441, 445 (C.A.A.F. 2002) (“To the extent that
adjudged forfeitures are deferred, there is a corresponding increase in compensation
subject to mandatory forfeitures—and available to be waived on behalf of a
servicemember’s dependents for up to six months under Article 58b(b).”).
4
United States v. Capers,
62 M.J. 268, 269 (C.A.A.F. 2005) (applying plain error
analysis where SJAR error not raised, and using the “colorable showing of possible
(continued . . .)
3
MORALEZ – ARMY 20060123
convening authority deferred appellant’s adjudged and automatic forfeitures,
effective 23 February 2006, until he took initial action on 9 June 2006. Thus,
appellant received pay and allowances during this period, and was therefore able to
provide necessary support for his spouse, Mrs. Moralez. If, in the alternative, the
convening authority deferred adjudged and then waived automatic forfeitures during
the same period, the practical result would have been the same—available monetary
support for Mrs. Moralez. Arguably, deferred forfeitures inure to the direct benefit
of an appellant; they remain part of his military compensation and are directly
deposited into his designated bank account. On the other hand, waived forfeitures
inure to the direct benefit of an appellant’s dependents; they are paid directly to an
appellant’s spouse or the custodian of his minor children (if unmarried) by direct
deposit or treasury check.
We also note the record does not indicate Mrs. Moralez complained to the
convening authority about not receiving financial support from appellant. More
important, a direct deposit form (signed and dated by Mrs. Moralez) is attached to
appellant’s deferment and waiver request. Using this form to channel deferred
forfeitures directly into Mrs. Moralez’s bank account would ostensibly cause
deferred forfeitures to operate as though they had been waived, i.e., paid directly to
appellant’s dependents.
Second, even if the SJA rendered complete advice, and the convening
authority disapproved adjudged and waived automatic forfeitures at action, appellant
would not have been entitled to forfeiture relief. Appellant was sentenced on
9 February 2006. When the convening authority took initial action on 9 June 2006,
he approved a 120-day sentence to confinement in accordance with appellant’s
pretrial agreement. Considering the convening authority approved a 120-day
sentence to confinement approximately 120 days after appellant’s court-martial
concluded, in all likelihood appellant was released from confinement no later than
9 June 2006 (the 120th day after sentencing) and placed on excess leave. 5 The
record of trial does not indicate appellant was returned to duty status after his
(. . . continued)
prejudice” threshold in testing for prejudice); see United States v. Scalo, 60 M.J.
435, 436-37 (C.A.A.F. 2005).
5
Excess leave orders were not included in the record of trial. See Army Reg. 27-10,
Legal Services: Military Justice, para. 5-30d (16 Nov. 2005) (requiring the
convening authority to provide the Army Clerk of Court with excess leave orders or
a copy of Dep’t of Army, Form 31, Request and Authority for Leave (Sept. 1993)
(DA Form 31)).
4
MORALEZ – ARMY 20060123
release. “Soldiers on excess leave are not entitled to pay and allowances.” United
States v. Paz-Medina, 56 M.J. 501, 503 n.6 (Army Ct. Crim. App. 2001). “When a
servicemember is not entitled to compensation covered by the mandatory forfeiture
provisions of Article 58b, there is nothing to waive.”
Emminizer, 56 M.J. at 444. In
sum, a subsequent disapproval of adjudged forfeitures and waiver of automatic
forfeitures would not have resulted in continued support for Mrs. Moralez because at
action—which appears to have coincided with appellant’s release from
confinement—“there was no pay to forfeit, which meant that no funds were available
for [a]ppellant’s dependents, either through [deferred or waived] forfeitures.”
Capers, 62 M.J. at 269 (citing United States v. Smith,
56 M.J. 271, 275 (C.A.A.F.
2002)); see United States v. Hammond,
61 M.J. 676, 678–79 (Army Ct. Crim. App.
2005) (discussing other factors which may limit forfeiture relief).
CONCLUSION
The 25 May 2007 unpublished opinion of this court is vacated. We have
considered those matters personally asserted by appellant pursuant to Grostefon,
12 M.J. at 431, and find them to be without merit.
Accordingly, the findings of guilty and the sentence are affirmed.
Senior Judge SCHENCK and Judge WALBURN concur.
FOR THE COURT:
MALCOLM H. SQUIRES, JR.
Clerk of Court
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